NICOTINAMIDE

Nicotinamide= Niacinamide= Vitamin PP= Nicotinic acid amide=Vitamin B3= Pyridine-3-carboxylic acid amide= NSC 27452
CAS: 98-92-0
European Community (EC) Number: 202-713-4
Molecular Formula: C6H6N2O
Molecular Weight: 122.12 g/mol

IUPAC Name of Nicotinamide: pyridine-3-carboxamide

DESCRIPTION:
A form of niacin (vitamin B3) that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Nicotinamide is found in many plant and animal products and in dietary supplements.
Nicotinamide is water-soluble (can dissolve in water) and must be taken in every day. 
Nicotinamide may be used to treat diabetes and certain skin conditions and is being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer. 
Nicotinamide may increase blood flow to cancer cells and block certain enzymes they need to repair damage to their DNA. 
Nicotinamide may make cancer cells easier to kill with radiation therapy and chemotherapy. 
Nicotinamide is a type of radiosensitizing agent and a type of chemosensitizing agent. 
Nicotinamide is also called niacinamide.
Nicotinamide (NSC 13128, Niacinamide, Vitamin PP, Nicotinic acid amide, Vitamin B3, NSC 27452), a water-soluble vitamin, is an active component of coenzymes NAD and NADP, and also act as an inhibitor of sirtuins.
Nicotinamide is an ingredient found in a variety of cosmetic products.
The term ‘niacin’ is used as a generic description of nicotinic acid and nicotinamide with pyridine as the basic structure. 

Uses of Nicotinamide:
Vitamin B3 (nicotinamide) reduces the risk of some skin cancers in high-risk people. 
Vitamin B3 also treats and prevents solar keratoses.
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation causes skin cancer by damaging the DNA in cells, reducing the amount of energy available to repair damage, and interfering with the immune system in skin cells. 
DNA provides “instructions” for cells to grow normally. 
Damaged DNA can result in uncontrolled growth — skin cancer.
Vitamin B3 helps repair UV-damaged cells and reduce the risk of skin cancer by:
-Making more energy available to cells
-Helping repair damaged DNA
-Reducing the immune suppression caused by UV radiation

Vitamin B3 prevents basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma in people at high risk.
In high-risk people who have already had a non-melanoma skin cancer, i.e. a basal cell carcinoma (BCC) or a squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), taking vitamin B3 tablets daily reduces the risk of future non-melanoma skin cancer.

The largest trial of vitamin B treatment showed that it is an effective and low-risk treatment. 
At a dose of 500mg twice daily, taken for a year, the rate of new non-melanoma skin cancers was reduced by approximately 23 percent:

-Basal cell carcinomas were reduced by 20 per cent. 
Less serious superficial basal cell carcinomas were prevented more effectively than more aggressive forms of basal cell carcinoma.
-Squamous cell carcinomas were reduced by 30 per cent. 
This reduction was the same for superficial and more aggressive squamous cell carcinomas.
Some people get better results than this. 
In an earlier study, nicotinamide was found to reduce non-melanoma skin cancer rates by up to 75 per cent, but these figures have not been reproduced across larger numbers of patients.

Vitamin B seems to work best in people with the highest levels of risk, i.e. those who have had many BCCs or SCCs.

Oral nicotinamide is now recognised as an important part of the routine treatment of people at high risk of BCC and SCC and is part of the Cancer Council’s national treatment guidelines for BCC and SCC.

Protection from vitamin B3 only lasts while it is being taken.
In other words, for long term reduction of non-melanoma skin cancer, nicotinamide needs to be taken indefinitely.

Vitamin B3 treats and prevents solar keratoses
Vitamin B3 is an effective treatment for managing solar keratoses (“sun spots”).

Nicotinamide helps treat pre-existing solar keratoses.
Nicotinamide helps prevent the development of new solar keratoses.
At a dose of 500mg twice daily, nicotinamide has been shown to reduce solar keratoses by about 35 percent following two months of treatment.
 A lower dose of 500mg once daily is also effective, resulting in a 29 percent reduction after 4 months of treatment .

Vitamin B3 is not a cure for solar keratoses. 
For the best results, people with advanced or multiple solar keratoses should also use other treatments such as prescriptions creams/ointments (fluorouracil/calcipotriol, fluorouracil, diclofenac or imiquimod) together with vitamin B3.
Vitamin B3 in people with low immunity:
Early studies show that vitamin B3 seems to protect people with poor immunity against basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and solar keratoses.
This has been specifically researched in organ transplant recipients, but the findings may also apply to people with low immunity due to immune-suppressing medications and diseases affecting the immune system such as some types of leukaemia

Nicotinic acid and nicotinamide function mainly as precursors of the co-enzymes NAD and NADP. Thus, nicotinamide has physiologically critical roles in mitochondrial respiration and in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids. 
Oral administration routes of nicotinamide via feed or water for drinking are considered bioequivalent. 
Nicotinamide is safe for the target animals with a margin of safety that is at least ten times the requirements and use levels. 
The FEEDAP Panel assumes that exposure figures for a population already include the contribution of edible tissues and products of animals fed niacin-supplemented diets.
Information on niacin metabolism and the limited data available on retention in edible tissues and products indicate that supplemental levels in feeds even far higher than the requirements (1–35 mg/kg feed) are highly unlikely to lead the tolerable upper intake level being exceeded. 
The FEEDAP Panel considers that the use of nicotinamide in animal nutrition is not of safety concern for consumers. 
Nicotinamide is not irritant to skin, but can cause irritancy to eyes and mucous membranes. 
Nicotinamide is unlikely to cause skin sensitisation. 
Workers might be exposed to a respirable dust when handling nicotinamide, which should be regarded as being potentially harmful to their health. 
The use of nicotinamide in animal nutrition does not pose a risk to the environment.
Nicotinamide is regarded as an effective source of niacin in animal nutrition.

Niacinamide is a supplement used to treat niacin deficiency. 
Niacinamide may also help with acne, arthritis, and other conditions.

Always ask your doctor before you start taking niacinamide or any other supplement.
Niacinamide supplements are generally safe and may help with various medical conditions. 
Before taking any supplements containing niacinamide, though, it's best to talk to your doctor. 
This will ensure you know the right dosage for your own health needs and goals.

An important compound functioning as a component of the coenzyme NAD. 
Nicotinamide’s primary significance is in the prevention and/or cure of blacktongue and pellagra. 
Most animals cannot manufacture Nicotinamide in amounts sufficient to prevent nutritional deficiency and it therefore must be supplemented through dietary intake.
Packaging of Nicotinamide: 
-1 kg in poly bottle
-100, 500 g in poly bottle
Application of Nicotinamide:
Add to toners, serums, leave-on & rinse-off treatments: daily skin care products, formulations for dry, sensitive & blemish skin, skin brightening & anti-spot products, cleasing, hair and scalp products.
Used as a cofactor for certain enzymes
Biochem/physiol Actions of Nicotinamide:
Nicotinamide is an amide derivative of vitamin B3 and a PARP inhibitor.

Nicotinamide is the catalyst for multiple molecular reactions throughout the body, and is converted into several coenzymes, including nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP), both of which are essential to support energy metabolism in our cells.

People who consistently supplement with Nicotinamide often remark of improved energy levels after several weeks.

Nicotinamide is the water-soluble, amide isotype of vitamin B3. 
The body gets Nicotinamide from the diet, including legumes, beans, nuts, seeds, and green leafy vegetables. 
However, most of us don't get enough of these items in our diet, and we may need to supplement with additional Nicotinamide capsules.
Nicotinamide is a water soluble amide of nicotinic acid and has a long heritage of use in dermatology. In recent years  Nicotinamide has become the preferred choice among many dermatologists.
Nicotinamide can help support your body’s natural response to skin blemishes by supporting the skin’s natural ability to regenerate a smooth outer layer clear of blemishes, red spots, bumps, and warts.
Preliminary clinical evidence suggests that nicotinamide may help support the body’s natural ability to control Polymorphous light eruption, a type of photosensitivity.
Nicotinamide may support the body’s natural mechanisms that improve energy production due to Nicotinamide’s role as a precursor of NAD, an important molecule involved in energy metabolism.

Nicotinamide is well tolerated. 
Nicotinamide is a different form of vitamin B3 to nicotinic acid or niacin. 
Nicotinic acid commonly causes headaches, flushing and low blood pressure, but these side effects are generally not seen with nicotinamide.
 Preliminary evidence suggests that nicotinamide may support the body’s natural ability to support healthy joint mobility and comfort, while other studies have shown that nicotinamide may support healthy blood glucose levels.

Niacinamide or Nicotinamide (NAM) is a form of vitamin B3 found in food and used as a dietary supplement and medication.
As a supplement, NICOTINAMIDE is used by mouth to prevent and treat pellagra (niacin deficiency). 
While nicotinic acid (niacin) may be used for this purpose, niacinamide has the benefit of not causing skin flushing.
Nicotinamide, also known as niacinamide or nicotinic acid amide, is the water-soluble, active form of vitamin B3. 
It has been increasingly studied for many different indications in the field of dermatology, but more research is needed to clarify its value.
Niacinamide is required for the function of fats and sugars in the body and to maintain healthy cells. Niacin is converted to niacinamide when Niacinamide is taken in amounts greater than what is needed by the body. 
Unlike niacin, niacinamide doesn't help treat high cholesterol.
People use niacinamide to prevent vitamin B3 deficiency and related conditions such as pellagra.
Niacinamide is also used for acne, diabetes, cancer, osteoarthritis, aging skin, skin discoloration, and many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support most of these uses.
Do not confuse niacinamide with niacin, NADH, nicotinamide riboside, inositol nicotinate, or L-tryptophan. 
These are not the same.

As a cream, NICOTINAMIDE is used to treat acne.
NICOTINAMIDE is a water-soluble vitamin. 
Niacinamide is the supplement name while Nicotinamide (NAM) is the scientific name.
Niacinamide is the active form of vitamin B3 and a component of the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). 
Niacinamide acts as a chemo- and radio-sensitizing agent by enhancing tumor blood flow, thereby reducing tumor hypoxia. 
Nicotinamide is a white powder. 

This agent also inhibits poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases, enzymes involved in the rejoining of DNA strand breaks induced by radiation or chemotherapy.
Normal amounts of NICOTINAMIDE are safe for use during pregnancy. 
Niacinamide is in the vitamin B family of medications, specifically the vitamin B3 complex.
NICOTINAMIDE is an amide of nicotinic acid. 
Foods that contain niacinamide include yeast, meat, milk, and green vegetables.

Niacinamide was discovered between 1935 and 1937. 
NICOTINAMIDE is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.
Niacinamide is available as a generic medication and over the counter.
Commercially, niacinamide is made from either nicotinic acid (niacin) or nicotinonitrile. 
In a number of countries grains have niacinamide added to them.

Effectiveness of Niacinamide:
Niacinamide is likely Effective for:
A disease cause by niacin deficiency (pellagra). 
Niacinamide prescription products are US FDA approved for preventing and treating pellagra. 
Niacinamide is sometimes preferred over niacin because Niacinamide doesn't cause flushing, a side effect of niacin treatment.
Niacinamide is possibly Effective for:
Acne:
Applying a cream containing niacinamide seems to improve the appearance of skin in people with acne.
Diabetes: 
Taking niacinamide by mouth might help slow the progression of type 1 diabetes. 
But Niacinamide doesn't seem to prevent diabetes.
High levels of phosphate in the blood (hyperphosphatemia):
In people who need hemodialysis due to kidney failure and have high levels of phosphate, taking niacinamide by mouth seems to help decrease phosphate levels.
Nonmelanoma skin cancer:
Taking niacinamide by mouth seems to help prevent new skin cancer or precancerous spots from forming in people with a history of nonmelanoma skin cancer.
Osteoarthritis:
 Taking niacinamide by mouth seems to improve joint flexibility and reduce pain and swelling in people with osteoarthritis.

Interactions of NIACINAMIDE with other substances:
Moderate Interaction:
Be cautious with this combination

Carbamazepine (Tegretol) interacts with NIACINAMIDE:
Carbamazepine is broken down by the body. 
Niacinamide might decrease how fast the body breaks down carbamazepine. 
But it isn't clear if this is a major concern.

Medications that slow blood clotting (Anticoagulant / Antiplatelet drugs) interacts with NIACINAMIDE
Niacinamide might slow blood clotting. 
Taking niacinamide along with medications that also slow blood clotting might increase the risk of bruising and bleeding.

Primidone (Mysoline) interacts with NIACINAMIDE:
Primidone is broken down by the body. 
Niacinamide might decrease how fast the body breaks down primidone. 
But there isn't enough information to know if this is a major concern.

Dosing of Niacinamide:
In supplements, niacinamide might be listed on the label in niacin equivalents (NE). 
1 mg of niacinamide is the same as 1 mg NE. 
Niacinamide is found in many vitamin B complex supplements with other B vitamins.
Niacinamide is also used in many topical creams and gels.
Niacinamide is also found in many foods, including meat, fish, milk, eggs, vegetables, and cereals. 
The amount that should be consumed on a daily basis is called the recommended dietary allowance (RDA). 
In males, the RDA is 16 mg NE. 
In females, the RDA is 14 mg NE. 
While pregnant, the RDA is 18 mg NE. 
While breast-feeding, the RDA is 17 mg NE.
In children, the RDA depends on age. 
Speak with a healthcare provider to find out what dose might be best for a specific condition.

Medical uses:

Niacin deficiency:

Niacinamide is the preferred treatment for pallegra, caused by niacin deficiency. 
While niacin may be used, niacinamide has the benefit of not causing skin flushing.

Acne:
Niacinamide cream is used as a treatment for acne.
Niacinamide has anti-inflammatory actions, which may benefit people with inflammatory skin conditions.

Niacinamide increases the biosynthesis of ceramides in human keratinocytes in vitro and improves the epidermal permeability barrier in vivo.
The application of 2% topical niacinamide for 2 and 4 weeks has been found to be effective in lowering the sebum excretion rate.
Niacinamide has been shown to prevent Cutibacterium acnes-induced activation of toll-like receptor 2, which ultimately results in the down-regulation of pro-inflammatory interleukin-8 production.

Other skin benefits from topical niacinamide may include relief to a stripped moisture barrier in the skin, reduced irritation, increase of collagen production, and the lessening of hyperpigmentation in one's skin.

Skin cancer:
Niacinamide at doses of 500 to 1000 mg a day decreases the risk of skin cancers, other than melanoma, in those at high risk.
Chemistry of Nicotinamide:
The structure of nicotinamide consists of a pyridine ring to which a primary amide group is attached in the meta position. 
Nicotinamide is an amide of nicotinic acid. 
As an aromatic compound, it undergoes electrophilic substitution reactions and transformations of its two functional groups. 
Examples of these reactions reported in Organic Syntheses include the preparation of 2-chloronicotinonitrile by a two-step process via the N-oxide from nicotinonitrile by reaction with phosphorus pentoxide,and from 3-aminopyridine by reaction with a solution of sodium hypobromite, prepared in situ from bromine and sodium hydroxide.

Industrial production of Nicotinamide:

The hydrolysis of nicotinonitrile is catalysed by the enzyme nitrile hydratase from Rhodococcus rhodochrous J1, producing 3500 tons per annum of nicotinamide for use in animal feed. 
The enzyme allows for a more selective synthesis as further hydrolysis of the amide to nicotinic acid is avoided. 
Nicotinamide can also be made from nicotinic acid. 
According to Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, worldwide 31,000 tons of nicotinamide were sold in 2014.

Biochemistry of Nicotinamide:

The active Nicotinamide group on the molecule NAD+ undergoes oxidation in many metabolic pathways.
Nicotinamide, as a part of the cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH / NAD+) is crucial to life. 
In cells, nicotinamide is incorporated into NAD+ and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+). 
NAD+ and NADP+ are cofactors in a wide variety of enzymatic oxidation-reduction reactions, most notably glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain.
If humans ingest nicotinamide, it will likely undergo a series of reactions that transform it into NAD, which can then undergo a transformation to form NADP+. 
This method of creation of NAD+ is called a salvage pathway. 
However, the human body can produce NAD+ from the amino acid tryptophan and niacin without our ingestion of nicotinamide.
NAD+ acts as an electron carrier that helps with the interconversion of energy between nutrients and the cell's energy currency, adenosine triphosphate (ATP). 
In oxidation-reduction reactions, the active part of the cofactor is the nicotinamide. 
In NAD+, the nitrogen in the aromatic nicotinamide ring is covalently bonded to adenine dinucleotide. 
The formal charge on the nitrogen is stabilized by the shared electrons of the other carbon atoms in the aromatic ring. 
When a hydride atom is added onto NAD+ to form NADH, the molecule loses its aromaticity, and therefore a good amount of stability. 
This higher energy product later releases its energy with the release of a hydride, and in the case of the electron transport chain, it assists in forming adenosine triphosphate.
When one mole of NADH is oxidized, 158.2 kJ of energy will be released.

Biological role of Nicotinamide:

Nicotinamide occurs as a component of a variety of biological systems, including within the vitamin B family and specifically the vitamin B3 complex.
Niacinamide is also a critically important part of the structures of NADH and NAD+, where the N-substituted aromatic ring in the oxidised NAD+ form undergoes reduction with hydride attack to form NADH. 
The NADPH/NADP+ structures have the same ring, and are involved in similar biochemical reactions.
Nicotinamide can be methylated in the liver to biologically active 1-Methylnicotinamide when there's sufficient methyl donors.

Food sources of Nicotinamide:
Niacinamide occurs in trace amounts mainly in meat, fish, nuts, and mushrooms, as well as to a lesser extent in some vegetables.
Nicotinamide is commonly added to cereals and other foods. 
Many multivitamins contain 20–30 mg of vitamin B3 and Nicotinamide is also available in higher doses.
A 2015 trial found niacinamide to reduce the rate of new nonmelanoma skin cancers and actinic keratoses in a group of people at high risk for the conditions.

Niacinamide has been investigated for many additional disorders, including treatment of bullous pemphigoid nonmelanoma skin cancers.

Niacinamide may be beneficial in treating psoriasis.

There is tentative evidence for a potential role of niacinamide in treating acne, rosacea, autoimmune blistering disorders, ageing skin, and atopic dermatitis. 
Niacinamide also inhibits poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARP-1), enzymes involved in the rejoining of DNA strand breaks induced by radiation or chemotherapy.
ARCON (accelerated radiotherapy plus carbogen inhalation and nicotinamide) has been studied in cancer.
Research has suggested niacinamide may play a role in the treatment of HIV.
Physical Description of Niacinamide:
Nicotinamide is a white powder solid
Nicotinamide is colorless needles
Nicotinamide is odorless
Nicotinamide has bitter taste
Boiling Point of Nicotinamide is 302 to 320 °F at 760 mm Hg (157 °C at 5.00E-04 mm Hg
)
Melting Point of Nicotinamide is 264 to 268 °F or 130 °C
Flash Point of Nicotinamide is    182 °C
Solubility of Nicotinamide is 2.8 [ug/mL] , greater than or equal to 100 mg/mL at 70° F
In water, Solubility of Nicotinamide is 5X10+5 mg/L at 25 °C

Density    of Nicotinamide is 1.400 g/cu cm at 25 °C
Specific heat of Nicotinamide is solid at 55 °C: 1.30 kJ/kg
Specific heat of solution of Nicotinamide in water: -148 kJ/kg; 
heat of fusion of Nicotinamide: 381 kJ/kg
density of melt of Nicotinamide at 150 °C: 1.19 g/cu cm

Vapor Density of Nicotinamide
Relative vapor density Nicotinamide (air = 1)is 4.2
Vapor Pressure of Nicotinamide: 4.2X10-4 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure of Nicotinamide kPa at 35 °C: 3.1
Henry's Law constant for Nicotinamide = 2.90X10-12 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C 

Stability/Shelf Life of Nicotinamide:    
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Niacinamide is incompatible with alkalis and strong acids.

Autoignition Temperature of Nicotinamide: 480 °C

Hazard Statement(s) of     Nicotinamide H319: 
Nicotinamide causes serious eye irritation.
Precautionary Statement(s) of Nicotinamide:
P264: Wash skin thoroughly after handling.
P280: Wear eye protection/ face protection.
P305 + P351 + P338: IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. 
Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. 
Continue rinsing.
P337 + P313: If eye irritation persists, get medical advice/ attention.
Signal Word: Warning
RTECS:QS3675000
Storage class: 10 - 13 Other liquids and solids
WGK: WGK 1 slightly hazardous to water
Disposal: 3
Relatively unreactive organic reagents should be collected in container A. 
If halogenated, they should be collected in container B. 
For solid residues of Nicotinamide, use container C.
Safety Information of Nicotinamide:
Categories of danger: irritant
Storage and Shipping Information of Nicotinamide:
Storage    Store of Nicotinamide is at +15°C to +25°C.
Specifications of Nicotinamide:
Assay (perchloric acid titration, calculated on dried substance): 99.0 - 101.0 %
Assay (HPLC, calc. on dried substance): 98.5 - 101.0 %
Identity (IR-spectrum) (Ph Eur): passes test
Identity (IR-spectrum) (USP): passes test
Identity (coloring 1): passes test
Identity (coloring 2): passes test
Identity (UV/VIS-Spectrum): passes test
Appearanceof Nicotinamide: White to almost white, crystalline powder
Appearance of solution (50 g/l; water): Clear, colourless, not more intense in color than reference solution BY₇
pH (50 g/l; water): 6.0 - 7.5
Melting range (lower value): ≥ 128 °C
Melting range (upper value): ≤ 131 °C
Absorption ratio (A 245 nm/A 262 nm): 0.63 - 0.67
Chloride (Cl): ≤ 210 ppm
Sulfate (SO₄): ≤ 190 ppm
Heavy metals (as Pb) (JP): ≤ 30 ppm
As (Arsenic): ≤ 3 ppm
Cu (Copper): ≤ 20 ppm
Pb (Lead):≤ 2 ppm
Zn (Zinc): ≤ 25 ppm
Residual solvents (ICH Q3C): excluded by production process
Readily carbonisable substance: passes test
Related substances (HPLC) (Major unspecified impurity). ≤ 0.10 %
Related substances (HPLC) (Sum of all impurities): ≤ 0.2 %
Sulfated ash (600 °C): ≤ 0.1 %
Loss on drying (Vacuum; 18 h): ≤ 0.5 %

Description of first-aid measures for Niacinamide
General advice:
Show Niacinamide safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
If Niacinamide is inhaled:
After inhalation: fresh air is required.
In case of skin contact with Niacinamide:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. 
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
In case of eye contact with Niacinamide:
After eye contact: rinse out with plenty of water. 
Call in ophthalmologist. 
Remove contact lenses.
If swallowed:
After swallowing: immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
Most important symptoms and effects, both acute and delayed:
The most important known symptoms and effects are described in the labelling.
Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available

Firefighting measures for Nicotinamide:
 Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Water Foam Carbon dioxide (CO2) Dry powder
Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
Special hazards arising from the Nicotinamide or mixture:
-Carbon oxides
-Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
-Combustible.
Fire may cause evolution of:
-nitrous gases
-nitrogen oxides
Vapors are heavier than air and may spread along floors.
Forms explosive mixtures with air on intense heating.
Development of hazardous combustion gases or vapours possible in the event of fire.

Advice for firefighters:
In the event of fire, wear self-contained breathing apparatus.
Further information about Nicotinamide:
Suppress (knock down) gases/vapors/mists with a water spray jet. 
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.

Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Advice for non-emergency personnel: Avoid inhalation of dusts of Nicotinamide. 
Avoid Nicotinamide contact.
Ensure adequate ventilation. 
Evacuate the danger area, observe emergency procedures, consult an expert.

Environmental precautions of Nicotinamide:
Do not let Nicotinamide enter drains.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains. 
Collect, bind, and pump off spills. 
Observe possible material restrictions
Take up dry. 
Dispose of properly. 
Clean up affected area. 
Avoid generation of dusts.
Handling and storage of Nicotinamide:
Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Storage conditions:
Nicotinamide must be protected from light.
Nicotinamide must be tightly closed. 
Nicotinamide must be kept dry.
Recommended storage temperature see Nicotinamide label.
Storage class:
Storage class (TRGS 510): 11: Combustible Solids
Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Ingredients with workplace control parameters
Exposure controls:
Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU). 
Use safety glasses
Skin protection from Nicotinamide:
This recommendation applies only to the product stated in the safety data sheet, supplied by us and for the designated use. 
When dissolving in or mixing with other substances and under conditions deviating from those stated in EN374 please contact the supplier of CE-approved gloves.
Full contact with Nicotinamide:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:KCL 741 Dermatril® L
This recommendation applies only to the product stated in the safety data sheet,
supplied by us and for the designated use. 
When dissolving in or mixing with other substances and under conditions deviating from those stated in EN374 please contact the supplier of CE-approved gloves.
Splash contact with Nicotinamide:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:KCL 741 Dermatril® L
Body Protection: use protective clothing
Respiratory protection is required when dusts of Nicotinamide are generated.
Our recommendations on filtering respiratory protection are based on the following
standards: DIN EN 143, DIN 14387 and other accompanying standards relating to the used respiratory protection system.
Recommended Filter type: Filter type P2
The entrepeneur has to ensure that maintenance, cleaning and testing of respiratory protective devices are carried out according to the instructions of the producer.
These measures have to be properly documented.
Control of environmental exposure
Do not let Nicotinamide enter drains.

Nicotinamide is naturally present in small quantities in yeast, lean meats, fish, nuts and legumes.
 Nicotinamide is also often added to cereals and other foods. 
Oral nicotinamide is available as 20–30 mg in multivitamin combinations, and on Nicotinamide is own as inexpensive 500-mg tablets. 
Nicotinamide has also been incorporated in many topical agents including sunscreens and cosmetic agents.
In high-risk individuals, nicotinamide supplementation had protective effects against certain types of skin lesions and nonmelanoma skin cancers.

Nicotinamide is a water-soluble form of vitamin B3 or niacin. 
Nicotinamide is made in the body by eating niacin-rich foods such as fish, poultry, nuts, legumes, eggs, and cereal grains. Nicotinamide supplements are used to treat skin conditions and niacin deficiencies.

Recent studies suggest nicotinamide may protect against some forms of skin lesions in patients with sun-damaged skin. Additional studies are needed to confirm safety and effectiveness across different types of skin cancer and in different people. In addition, the protective effects of nicotinamide against UV exposure does not mean that it protects against sunburn.
The broad clinical effects of nicotinamide may be explained by its role as:
-a cellular energy precursor
-a modulator of inflammatory cytokines
-an inhibitor of the nuclear enzyme poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose [ADP]) polymerase [PARP], which plays a significant role in DNA repair, maintenance of genomic stability, and cellular response to injury including inflammation and apoptosis (cell death).

Does vitamin B3 reduce the risk of melanoma?
The protective effects of vitamin B3 should theoretically also work against melanoma. 
This protection hasn’t been demonstrated in studies, but this is probably because melanoma is much less common than BCC and SCC. 
To get significant results, a trial would need to examine many more people over a longer period.

Unfortunately, we don’t yet have evidence that vitamin B3 reduces the risk of melanoma.

Other potential benefits of vitamin B3:
Topical vitamin B3 (i.e. applied directly to the skin as a cream) has been shown to reduce visible signs of sun damage and ageing, including pigmentation  and fine wrinkles, as well as reducing blotchiness and increasing elasticity.

Topical vitamin B3 has been shown in an experimental setting to improve skin healing after excision procedures.

These benefits have not been seen with oral vitamin B3 tablets to date.

To prevent skin cancer:
A large study found that taking nicotinamide can reduce the risk of getting certain types of skin cancers. 
A few small studies suggest Nicotinamide may also reduce the occurrence of rough scaly patches. Additional long-term studies are needed.

To treat acne and other skin conditions:
Nicotinamide is used as a medicine for treating skin conditions such as acne and rosacea.

Vitamin B3 is essential for good health; deficiency leads to a serious illness, pellagra. 
Oral nicotinamide can be used effectively to treat pellagra.
Nicotinamide used as medicine may benefit the skin in several different ways:
-Nicotinamide has anti-inflammatory properties, which may be used for the treatment of bullous (blistering) diseases.
- Nicotinamide may improve acne by its anti-inflammatory action and by reducing sebum.
- Nicotinamide can improve skin barrier function by decreasing water loss through the epidermis (the outer skin layer) thus increasing skin hydration.
- Nicotinamide is reported to improve complexion, by improving the pigmentation, blotchiness and redness of ageing skin; it is used in some cosmeceutical products.
- Nicotinamide may reduce actinic keratoses and the risk of skin cancer, particularly squamous cell carcinoma.
Oral nicotinamide:
Bullous pemphigoid:
A combination of oral nicotinamide and tetracycline appears to be a useful alternative to systemic steroids in the treatment of bullous pemphigoid.
Nicotinamide is less toxic and safer than dapsone and prednisone.

In at least one open-labeled clinical trial comparing the combination of 500 mg of nicotinamide, three times daily, and 500 mg of tetracycline four times daily, with prednisone, in 20 patients with bullous pemphigoid, there were five complete responses and five partial responses, in the nicotinamide and tetracycline group compared with one complete response and five partial responses in the prednisone group, after 8 weeks of treatment. 
All five complete- response patients in the nicotinamide and tetracycline group remained disease-free during medication tapering over a 10-month follow-up period, while three patients in the prednisone group had repeated disease flare-ups with steroid tapering during the same period.

Topical nicotinamide:
Acne:
Nicotinamide, available in a topical cream, gel and oral forms (eg, Nicomide®), has been shown to be effective in clearing acne. In a controlled clinical trial, 4% nicotinamide gel was found to be as effective as the topical antibiotic 1% clindamycin gel in the treatment of acne vulgaris in 76 patients with moderate acne. 
The study concluded that the anti-inflammatory properties of nicotinamide might have contributed to its success in acne.

Nicotinamide also reduces facial sebum production. 
Sebum is responsible for facial shine and contributes to noninflamed comedones and inflammatory acne lesions. 
Results of a well-controlled clinical trial in Caucasian and Japanese women have shown that application of 2% nicotinamide moisturiser to the face for 4-6 weeks reduces sebum production with significant differences in facial shine and oiliness.

Nicotinamide gel is marketed as an over-the-counter treatment for acne in Canada, Australia, NZ, UK, USA and Ireland. 
If a twice-daily application causes excessive drying of the skin, one may reduce to once a day, or every other day.

Rosacea:
The clinical signs and symptoms of rosacea include increased facial skin dryness, redness and sensitivity. 
In at least two studies, moisturisers containing nicotinamide have been shown to improve skin barrier function in rosacea patients, leading to diminished reaction to irritants including cleansers and cosmetics.

Anti-ageing skin care:
Nicotinamide serves as a precursor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP), which are co-enzymes (facilitators of enzymatic reactions) essential for numerous metabolic pathways. 
These co-enzymes play a role in the metabolism of glucose, cellular energy production, and synthesis of lipids. 
The levels of NADH / NADPH (the reduced forms of NAD and NADP) decrease with age and topical nicotinamide appears to reverse the decline.

In multiple clinical studies, topical nicotinamide improved fine lines and wrinkles, hyperpigmented spots, red blotchiness, and skin sallowness (yellowing) as well as elasticity. 
One study showed nicotinamide to increase the skin's production of ceramides, which are natural emollients and skin protectants, thus improving skin hydration.

A double-blind, placebo-controlled, split-face, left-right, randomised 12-week study in 50 women evaluated the effects of 5% topical nicotinamide on various signs of skin ageing. 
The researchers reported topical nicotinamide resulted in significant improvement in fine lines/wrinkles, pigmentation, texture and red blotchiness. 
The study was sponsored by Proctor and Gamble.

Another study of 30 healthy Japanese females reported improvement of eyelid wrinkles after eight weeks of application of a cosmetic containing 4% nicotinamide.

Nicotinamide is well tolerated and often can be used by those who cannot tolerate topical retinoids or fruit acids.

Anticancer effects of Nicotinamide:
Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is the main risk factor for skin cancer development. 
The mechanisms by which UVR leads to cancer are complex including direct damage to DNA and effects on the immune system. 
Nicotinamide has been shown to enhance the repair of direct and oxidative DNA damage in human keratinocytes and human skin. 
Nicotinamide has the potential to prevent UV-induced immune suppression, shown in a study of volunteers with a positive Mantoux test (positive tuberculin sensitivity test). 
The Mantoux reaction can be suppressed by exposure to UVR. 
Nicotinamide reduced this immune suppression when it was applied either before or after exposure to UVR (simulating sunlight exposure).
In a randomised controlled clinical trial in 50 patients, 1% nicotinamide gel applied twice daily to the head, forearms and hands for six months reduced the mean number of precancerous actinic keratoses by 28%.

Nicotinamide does not work as a sunscreen (and does not prevent sunburn). 
Nicotinamide does not have antioxidant properties, but Nicotinamide may affect the complement cascade, cell energy metabolism, and apoptosis (cell death).

Nicotinamide (NAM) is a cell culture supplement used in the differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. 
Nicotinamide is an amide derivative of vitamin B3, a poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor, and represents the primary precursor of NAD+. 
Nicotinamide has also been shown to modulate stem cell differentiation in various applications, most notably for the differentiation of pancreatic mouse ES and iPS cells to pancreatic islet-like insulin-secreting cells.
Cell Type: Endoderm, PSC-Derived, Pancreatic Cells, Pluripotent Stem Cells
Species: Human, Mouse, Rat, Non-Human Primate, Other
Application: Differentiation, Expansion
Area of Interest: Epithelial Cell Biology, Stem Cell Biology
CAS Number: 98-92-0

Niacin is the general term for vitamin B3, as it can occur in several forms including nicotinic acid, niacinamide, and nicotinamide, the latter of which we think niacinamide is the best form to use in supplements. 
Niacinamide contributes to the normal function of the nervous system, as well as to the maintenance of normal skin and mucous membranes.
Like many of the B vitamins niacinamide is also involved in the metabolic processes that release energy from food, and niacinamide contributes to the reduction of tiredness and fatigue.

Computed Chemical and Physical Properties of Niacinamide:
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count:1    
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count:2    
Rotatable Bond Count:1    
Exact Mass:122.048012819 gram 
Monoisotopic Mass:122.048012819 g 
Topological Polar Surface Area:56 Ų    
Heavy Atom Count:9    
Formal Charge:0    
Complexity:114    
Isotope Atom Count:0    Defined Atom Stereocenter Count:0    
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count:0    
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count:0    
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count:0    
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count:1    
Compound Is Canonicalized:Yes    
MeSH Entry Terms:
3 Pyridinecarboxamide

3-Pyridinecarboxamide

B 3, Vitamin

B3, Vitamin

Enduramide

Jenapharm, Nicotinsäureamid

Niacinamide

Nicobion

Nicotinamide

Nicotinsäureamid Jenapharm

Papulex

Vitamin B 3

Vitamin B3

Vitamin PP

Synonyms of  nicotinamide:

nicotinamide

niacinamide

98-92-0

3-Pyridinecarboxamide

pyridine-3-carboxamide

Nicotinic acid amide

vitamin PP

Papulex

Aminicotin

Amixicotyn

Nicobion

Nicotylamide

Nikotinamid

Savacotyl

Benicot

Dipegyl

Endobion

Hansamid

Pelmine

Nicotinic amide

Delonin amide

Pelonin amide

Vi-Nicotyl

Austrovit PP

Inovitan PP

Vitamin B

Nicosylamide

Nicotilamide

Nicotililamido

Amnicotin

Niacevit

Nicamina

Nicamindon

Nicofort

Nicomidol

Nicotamide

Nicovitina

Nicovitol

Nicozymin

Niocinamide

Niozymin

Niamide

Nicasir

Nicogen

Nicota

Nicotol

Nicovit

Niko-tamin

3-Carbamoylpyridine

Nicotine acid amide

Nandervit-N

Pyridine-3-carboxylic acid amide

Niavit PP

Nicosan 2

Nicotine amide

beta-Pyridinecarboxamide

Nikotinsaeureamid

Nicotylamidum

Mediatric

Nicotinsaureamid

Pyridine, 3-carbamoyl-

3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid amide

Nicotinamidum

m-(Aminocarbonyl)pyridine

Acid amide

Factor pp

Nicotinamida

Nicovel

Vitamin B (VAN)

Pelmin

Amid kyseliny nikotinove

Witamina PP

PP-Faktor

Amide PP

Nicotinsaureamid [German]

Nikotinsaeureamid [German]

Amid kyseliny nikotinove [Czech]

Nicotinamidum [INN-Latin]

Nicotinamida [INN-Spanish]

NAM

Nictoamide

CCRIS 1901

Dipigyl

HSDB 1237

Vi-noctyl

AI3-02906

NSC 13128

b-Pyridinecarboxamide

Niacinamide [USP]

UNII-25X51I8RD4

3-(aminocarbonyl)pyridine

MFCD00006395

.beta.-Pyridinecarboxamide

Nicotinamide (Vitamin B3)

CHEMBL1140

MLS000069714

CHEBI:17154

25X51I8RD4

NSC13128

Niacinamide (USP)

NSC-13128

NSC-27452

NCGC00093354-03

NCGC00093354-05

SMR000058212

DSSTox_CID_929

Niacinamide;Nicotinic acid amide;Vitamin B3

WLN: T6NJ CVZ

DSSTox_RID_75873

DSSTox_GSID_20929

Niacinamide [USAN]

Enduramide

CAS-98-92-0

B3, Vitamin

Vitamin B 3

B 3, Vitamin

3 Pyridinecarboxamide

SR-01000721872

Nicotinsaureamid Jenapharm

EINECS 202-713-4

Jenapharm, Nicotinsaureamid

Niacotinamide

Nicotinamid

nicotin-amide

Nicotinsaeureamid

3-Amidopyridine

DEA No. 1405

Nicotinamide,(S)

Vitamin B3 amide

3-yridinecarboxamide

Nicotinamide [INN]

Mediatric (Salt/Mix)

niacin - Vitamin B3

1yc5

Opera_ID_775

Niacinamide(Vitamin B3)

bmse000281

MolMap_000061

EC 202-713-4

SCHEMBL2926

Nicotinamide (JP17/INN)

MLS001424246

Nicotinamide-(amide-[15N])

SCHEMBL6278767

SGCUT00176

ZINC5878

DTXSID2020929

SCHEMBL19978192

BDBM27507

Nicotinamide, niacin, vitamin B3

HMS2052M21

HMS2090B05

HMS2093H03

HMS2236J03

HMS3370F21

HMS3394M21

HMS3655M20

HMS3713B22

HMS3884A16

Pharmakon1600-01505397

BCP07322

HY-B0150

Nicotinamide (Vitamin B3) solution

NSC27452

to_000073

Nicotinamide 1.0 mg/ml in Methanol

Nicotinamide, >=98.5% (HPLC)

Nicotinamide, >=99.5% (HPLC)

Tox21_111202

Tox21_201716

Tox21_302776

BBL013003

NSC759115

s1899

STL163867

AKOS005715850

Tox21_111202_1

CCG-101149

CS-1968

DB02701

MCULE-3532732201

NC00399

NSC-759115

SB74497

Nicotinamide, >=98% (HPLC), powder

NCGC00093354-04

NCGC00093354-06

NCGC00093354-09

NCGC00256432-01

NCGC00259265-01

AS-13845

BN166252

K774

Nicotinamide, puriss., 99.0-101.0%

SY024804

Nicotinamide 10 microg/mL in Acetonitrile

Nicotinamide, tested according to Ph.Eur.

SBI-0206826.P001

DB-057754

FT-0631517

FT-0672696

FT-0773644

N0078

N1651

SW197779-3

EN300-15612

Niacinamide, meets USP testing specifications

3418-EP2281816A1

3418-EP2281818A1

3418-EP2285778A1

3418-EP2287165A2

3418-EP2295424A1

3418-EP2307377A1

3418-EP2307378A1

3418-EP2308858A1

3418-EP2308874A1

3418-EP2311808A1

3418-EP2311829A1

C00153

D00036

J10422

Nicotinamide (Niacinamide), analytical standard

11783-EP2269610A2

11783-EP2289510A1

11783-EP2316457A1

11783-EP2316458A1

11783-EP2316825A1

11783-EP2316826A1

11783-EP2316827A1

11783-EP2316828A1

AB00373895-13

AB00373895_15

AB00373895_16

Nicotinamide, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, >=98%

A845925

AC-907/25014114

Q192423

Q-201470

SR-01000721872-3

SR-01000721872-4

SR-01000721872-5

Z33546463

F2173-0513

Niacinamide;Nicotinic acid amide;Vitamin B3; Vitamin PP

Nicotinamide, British Pharmacopoeia (BP) Reference Standard

A186B02E-6C70-4E54-9739-79398D439AAA

Nicotinamide, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard

Niacinamide, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard

Niacinamide, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material

Nicotinamide, BioReagent, suitable for cell culture, suitable for insect cell culture

Nicotinamide (Vitamin B3) solution, 1.0 mg/mL in methanol, ampule of 1 mL, certified reference material