OXONE

Synonyms:
OXONE; Potassium peroxymonosulfate; Potassium peroxy monosulfate;  37222-66-5; Potassium Peroxomonosulfate; Potassium monopersulfate triple salt; MFCD00040551; PotassiumPeroxomonosulfate; DTXSID8051415; KS-00000EUF; OXONE(R), monopersulfate compound; Potassium monoperoxysulfate OXONE(R); AKOS015912003; AKOS030228420; SC-26713; FT-0697154; O0310; Potassium monopersulfate triple salt, >=47% KHSO5 basis; Oksone; Oxonee; Okson; OXONE; Oxon; ОКСОН; MPS, KMPS, potassium monopersulfate, potassium caroate

OXONE

Potassium peroxymonosulfate (also known as MPS, KMPS, potassium monopersulfate, potassium caroate, the trade names Caroat and Oxone, and as non-chlorine shock in the pool and spa industry[2][3][4]) is widely used as an oxidizing agent. It is the potassium salt of peroxymonosulfuric acid.

The triple salt 2KHSO5·KHSO4·K2SO4 (known by the tradename Oxone) is a form with higher stability.[5] The standard electrode potential for this compound is +1.81 V with a half reaction generating the hydrogen sulfate (pH=0).[6]

HSO5− + 2 H+ + 2 e− → HSO4− + H2O

Reactions
MPS is a versatile oxidant. It oxidizes aldehydes to carboxylic acids; in the presence of alcoholic solvents, the esters may be obtained.[7] Internal alkenes may be cleaved to two carboxylic acids (see below), while terminal alkenes may be epoxidized. Sulfides give sulfones, tertiary amines give amine oxides, and phosphines give phosphine oxides.

Illustrative of the oxidative power of this salt is the conversion of an acridine derivative to the corresponding acridine-N-oxide.[8]

Acridine oxidation by oxone, standardized.png
MPS will also oxidize a sulfide to a sulfone with 2 equivalents.[9] With one equivalent the reaction converting sulfide to sulfoxide is much faster than that of sulfoxide to sulfone, so the reaction can conveniently be stopped at that stage if so desired.

Oxidation of an oragnic sulfide by oxone.png
MPS can also react with ketones to form dioxiranes, with the synthesis of dimethyldioxirane (DMDO) being representative. These are versatile oxidising agents and may be used for the epoxidation of olefins. In particular, if the starting ketone is chiral then the epoxide may be generated enantioselectively, which forms the basis of the Shi epoxidation.[10]

The Shi epoxidation
Uses
Swimming Pools
Oxone can be used in swimming pools to keep the water clear, thus allowing chlorine in pools to work to sanitize the water rather than clarify the water, resulting in less chlorine needed to keep pools clean.[11] One of the drawbacks of using Oxone in pools is it can cause the common DPD #3 water test for combined chlorine to read incorrectly high.[12] Moreover, byproducts can be formed during the peroxymonosulfate treatment, which are sometimes even more toxic than the original contaminants.[13]

Laboratory Disinfection
Oxone is the main active ingredient in Virkon, which is used for disinfection of laboratory equipment.

Oxone
KHSO5.png
Names
IUPAC name
Potassium peroxysulfate
Other names
Caroat
Oxone
potassium monopersulfate
MPS
Identifiers
CAS Number    
10058-23-8 ☒
37222-66-5 (triple salt, see text) ☒
3D model (JSmol)    
Interactive image
ChemSpider    
8053100 ☒
ECHA InfoCard    100.030.158 Edit this at Wikidata
PubChem CID    
11804954

Properties
Chemical formula    KHSO5
Molar mass    152.2 g/mol (614.76 as triple salt)
Appearance    off-white powder
Solubility in water    decomposes

Oxone, Potassium peroxomonosulfate
The composition of the oxidizing agent Oxone® is 2KHSO5.KHSO4.K2SO4. The active component potassium monopersulfate (KHSO5, potassium peroxomonosulfate) is a salt from the Caro´s acid H2SO5.

The use of Oxone has increased rapidly. Reasons for this are the stability, the simple handling, the non-toxic nature, the versatility of the reagent and the low costs.

As long as Oxone is stored under dry and cool conditions, it loses about 1% activity per month under release of oxygen and heat. Decomposition to SO2 and SO3 takes place under the influence of heat (starting at 300°C). 

Acidic, aqueous solutions of the pure reagent in distilled water are relatively stable. The stability reaches a minimum at pH 9, where the mono anion (HSO5-) has the same concentration as the dianion (SO52-). Iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, manganese and further transition metals can catalyze the decay of Oxone in solution.

The following secondary reactions should be avoided: Halides can be oxidized to halogens (e.g. chloride to chlorine), cyanides react with Oxone under release of hydrogen cyanide, "heavy" transition metals (Cu, Mn, Co, Ni) and their salts lead to the decomposition of Oxone under release of oxygen.

OXONE™ MONOPERSULFATE COMPOUND
Whenever strong oxidation is needed Oxone™ monopersulfate compound is the right choice for a wide variety of industrial and consumer applications.

Oxone™ is available in both granular and liquid forms. By screening, grinding, or compaction/granulation processing, several granular grades (Regular, PS16, and CG) are produced which differ in particle size distribution. Liquid products are specially formulated to optimize active oxygen stability.

Oxone®
Monopersulfate Compound
GENERAL TECHNICAL ATTRIBUTES
Oxone® monopersulfate compound is a white, granular, freeflowing peroxygen that provides powerful non-chlorine oxidation for a wide
variety of industrial and consumer uses.
Applications
•     Swimming pool shock oxidizer
•     Printed wiring board microetchant
•     Repulping aid for wet-strength-resin destruction
•     Odor control agent in wastewater treatment
•     Bleach component in denture cleanser and laundry formulations
•     Activator in antimicrobial compositions
•     Other uses where its combination of powerful oxidation and relative
safe handling properties are of value
The active ingredient of Oxone® is potassium peroxymonosulfate, KHSO5
(CAS 10058-23-8), commonly known as potassium monopersulfate,
which is present as a component of a triple salt with the formula
2KHSO5·KHSO4·K2SO4 potassium hydrogen peroxymonosulfate sulfate
(5:3:2:2), [CAS 70693-62-8]).
The oxidizing power of Oxone® is derived from its peracid chemistry; it is
the first neutralization salt of peroxymonosulfuric acid H2SO5 (also known
as Caro’s acid).
Standard Potential
The standard electrode potential (E°) of KHSO5 is given by the following
half cell reaction:
The thermodynamic potential is high enough for many room temperature
oxidations including:
•     Halide to active halogen
•     Oxidation of reduced sulfur and nitrogen compounds
•     Cyanide to cyanate
•     Epoxidation of olefins
•     Baeyer-Villigar oxidation of ketones
•     Copper metal to cupric ion
•     Ferrous to ferric ion
•     Manganous to manganic ion

Stability

Oxone® is a very stable peroxygen in the solid state
and loses less than 0.5% (relative) of its activity per month when stored under recommended conditions. However, like all other peroxygens, Oxone® undergoes very slow disproportionation with the liberation of heat and oxygen gas. If a decomposition is associated with high temperature, decomposition of the constituent salts of Oxone® may generate sulfuric acid, sulfur
dioxide, or sulfur trioxide. 

The stability is reduced by the presence of small amounts of moisture, alkaline chemicals, chemicals that contain water of hydration, transition metals in any form, and/or any material with which Oxone® can react. Since the decomposition of Oxone® is exothermic, the decomposition can self-accelerate if storage conditions allow the product temperature to rise.

Product Grades
Oxone® is available in both granular and liquid forms. By
screening, grinding, or compaction/granulation processing, several granular grades (Regular, PS16, and CG) are produced which differ in particle size distribution (Table 3). Liquid products are specially-formulated to optimize active oxygen stability.

Oxone PS-16
Oxone PS-16 known as KPMS or potassium peroxymonosulfate. Oxone is a white granular product that provides non-chlorinated oxidation in a wide variety of applications such as: industrial processing, pulp and paper production, waste water treatment, industrial and household cleaning, oil and gas production, and denture cleaning.

Product Overview
Oxone PS-16 made provides a green method for industrial and consumer oxidation needs. Oxone™ PS-16 is a non-chlorinated solution to oxidation needs and is highly stable and easy to use in solution.

Product Specifications
Triple salt molecular weight: 614.7
Active oxygen min: 4.5%
Active oxygen typical analysis: 4.7%
Active oxygen theoretical: 5.2%
Active component: KHSO5
KHSO5 min: 42.8%
KHSO5 typical: 44.7
pH, at 25°C of 1% solution: 2.3
pH, at 25°C of 3% solution: 2.0
Primary Chemistry: Potassium Monoper-Sulfate, KHSO5
Features & Benefits
Non-chlorinate oxidizer in free flowing solid form.
High water solubility at ambient temperatures.
Solution stability (even under acidic conditions).
Low toxicity when compared to chlorinated. options and other oxidizers.
No oxidizer label required.
Highly predictable etch rate for production of micro electronics.

Problems Solved
Chlorinated oxidizers are not desired. Looking for a greener and easier to handle oxidizing agent
Scale formation and white precipitation caused by calcium hypochlorites and solid form oxidizers
Oxidizer label required with the use of bleach in formulations
Limited to no control over etching rate in the production of electronics and microelectronics
Pool turns dark or green due to algae bloom
High level of free and combined chlorine in pool and spa applications
Frequent cleaning or replacement of paper mill felts is required or of felts in paper mills
Insufficient bleaching in denture cleansers, textiles, and cleaning applications

Pool & Spa shock treatment
Printed circuit board microetchant
Repulping aid for wet-strength resin destruction
Oxidizing agent for Felt Wash
Odor control agent in wastewater treatment
Cyanide destruction in mining
Bleach functionality for denture cleanser, textiles, and cleaning applications
Active ingredient for disinfection applications

Molecular Weight of Oxone:     614.8 g/mol    Computed by PubChem 2.1 (PubChem release 2019.06.18)
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count of Oxone:    3    Computed by Cactvs 3.4.6.11 (PubChem release 2019.06.18)
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count of Oxone:    18    Computed by Cactvs 3.4.6.11 (PubChem release 2019.06.18)
Rotatable Bond Count of Oxone:    0    Computed by Cactvs 3.4.6.11 (PubChem release 2019.06.18)
Exact Mass of Oxone:    613.638755 g/mol    Computed by PubChem 2.1 (PubChem release 2019.06.18)
Monoisotopic Mass of Oxone:    613.638755 g/mol    Computed by PubChem 2.1 (PubChem release 2019.06.18)
Topological Polar Surface Area of Oxone:    365 Ų    Computed by Cactvs 3.4.6.11 (PubChem release 2019.06.18)
Heavy Atom Count of Oxone:    27    Computed by PubChem
Formal Charge of Oxone:    0    Computed by PubChem
Complexity of Oxone:    239    Computed by Cactvs 3.4.6.11 (PubChem release 2019.06.18)
Isotope Atom Count of Oxone:    0    Computed by PubChem
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count of Oxone:    0    Computed by PubChem
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count of Oxone:    0    Computed by PubChem
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count of Oxone:    0    Computed by PubChem
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count of Oxone:    0    Computed by PubChem
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count of Oxone:    9    Computed by PubChem
Compound  of Oxone Is Canonicalized    Yes