HYDROLYZED POLYMALEIC ANHYDRIDE (HPMA)

HYDROLYZED POLYMALEIC ANHYDRIDE = HPMA

CAS NO:26099-09-2
EC NO:248-666-3

What Is Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride (HPMA)
Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride is a phosphorus-free water treatment chemical. 
Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride forms a chelate with calcium and magnesium ions in water. And hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride can cause lattice distortion. After the anion is adsorbed by the calcium carbonate nucleus, the nucleus can be charged.

Due to the homophobic electrical repelling, tiny grains are dispersed in the aqueous solution. Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride is converted into a loose slag with good fluidity. 
Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride has a good effect on peeling off the old scale.

Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride (HPMA) is compatible with other low-phosphorus corrosion and scale inhibitors such as ATMP and PBTCA. 
The formed composite corrosion and scale inhibitor can be widely used in the treatment of circulating cooling water, boiler water, oil field water injection, industrial water.

Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride Structural Analysis
Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride (HPMA) is the product of partial hydrolysis of polymaleic anhydride.
Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride has been determined that about 60% to 70% of the polymaleic anhydride is hydrolyzed to a carboxylic acid. That is not completely hydrolyzed.

Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride is shown by the study of the structure-effect relationship of molecular microstructure. 
The increase in the degree of hydrolysis is advantageous for HPMA chemical improvement in scale inhibition performance. Therefore, a large degree of hydrolysis is ensured as much as possible during synthesis of hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride.

From hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride structural analysis, its carboxyl group in the molecule can form compounds with calcium and magnesium ions in water. 
And Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride can promote lattice distortion and turn the precipitation into a loose slag with good fluidity.

Hydrolysed polymaleic anhydride is the same as a polymer having a hydroxyl group or a sulfonic acid group.
Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride can be dissociated into hydrogen ions and acid anions after being dissolved in water. The chain molecules are then negatively charged.

This long-chain negatively charged anion is adsorbed by calcium carbonate nucleus and fine crystal grains. 
Then bring Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride with a more negative charge.

The crystallites are dispersed into the aqueous solution due to the homophobic electrical repelling. 
This prevents the fine grains from coagulating to form larger crystals. 
Thus, Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride has a dissolution limiting effect. 
Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride has high scale inhibition performance when used at low doses.

In addition, the carbonyl group of Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride has a strong complexation as an electron donor. 
This changes the normal morphology of calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate crystals. And can prevent hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride from growing into a larger crystal. 
Thereby Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride has the effect of inhibiting scale formation and peeling off the old scale.

Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride Characteristics
Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride chemical is a class of polycarboxylic acid scale inhibitors.
Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride can be matched with other corrosion inhibitors and scale inhibitors. 
The molecular weight of Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride is about 600~1200. The aqueous solution is brownish yellow or brownish red, viscous, acidic liquid. 
Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride (HPMA) is chemically stable. 
Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride can be used at temperatures below 350 °C.

Hydrolysed polymaleic anhydride has excellent scale inhibition performance for carbonate and phosphate. 
Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride has significant solubility effects and significant dispersion effects. 
Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride can be adapted to water quality at different pH values. 
Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride chemical is phosphorus-free, non-toxic and environmentally friendly. 
Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride can be degraded by microorganisms in the natural environment. The degradation products have no effect on the ecological environment.

Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride Scale Inhibition Performance
The hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride has the following scale inhibition characteristics.

(1)Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride is quite effective for calcium carbonate scale. At the same time, it has both lattice distortion and threshold effect (ie, unidirectional conductivity). Even if it is scaled, it is relatively loose.
Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride is easily washed away by water and not formed into a hard scale.

(2) Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride has high-temperature resistance. Decomposition usually occurs above 350 °C. Can be used at high temperatures.

(3) Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride has a certain ability to disperse calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, calcium sulfate and the like.

(4)Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride can be compounded with a zinc salt. There is a synergistic effect on corrosion inhibition of carbon steel.

(5) Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride is non-toxic. No significant impact on the environment.

The Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride chemical corrosion inhibition mechanism is as follows.

The oxygen atom in the polar group (—COOH) and (—OH) in the HPMA molecule can become the adsorption center.
Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride can form a chelate with metal ions in water. Adsorbed on the metal surface. A protective film is formed along the metal surface. Thereby playing a role in corrosion inhibition.

A single polymaleic anhydride is an excellent scale inhibitor. The corrosion inhibition performance is poor. Compared with polyacrylic acid and polymethacrylic acid, Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride corrosion inhibition performance is slightly stronger. C-P bonds and phosphinic acid groups (-PO2H2) are usually introduced to enhance corrosion inhibition performance.

Compound Scale Inhibitor
1.HPMA-ATMP Compound
ATMP plays a major role as a water quality stabilizer. One is the cooperation of ATMP. It can both soften water and descale. Second, ATMP interferes with the growth of the CaCO3 scale layer. ATMP causes a large distortion of the CaCO3 crystal structure.

2.HPMA-PESA Compound
PESA has a phosphorus-free, non-nitrogen structure. It can be biodegraded in the natural environment. PESA has the dual functions of scale inhibition and corrosion inhibition.

The complex paired calcium carbonate scale of HPMA-PESA has good scale inhibition performance. The concentration, temperature and concentration time of the scale inhibitor have a great influence on the scale inhibition effect.

Increasing the amount of HPMA-PESA compounding agent can also increase the scale inhibition performance of calcium carbonate. When HPMA-PESA is added to a certain amount, it will tend to be saturated and gentle. This composite formulation was the largest at a concentration time of 10 hours. As the concentration-time is further extended, the scale inhibition rate begins to decrease slowly.

3.HPMA-EDTMPS Compound
EDTMPS water miscible energy is chelated with multiple metal ions. A plurality of monomeric structure macromolecular network complexes is formed. EDTMPS destroys the normal crystallization of calcium scale. HPMA-EDTMPS compound scaling rate is greatly improved.

4.HPMA-PAA Compound
PAA is an excellent scale inhibitor and dispersant. It has a good effect of inhibiting the formation of scale and peeling off the old scale. The reaction can be carried out under alkaline and medium concentration multiple conditions without fouling.

As a new type of composite scale inhibitor, HPMA-PAA has the advantages of good scale inhibition effect and good thermal stability.

5.HPMA and HEDP, AMPS Ternary Compounding
The polymer corrosion and scale inhibitor molecules contain two important groups of “stabilizing groups” and “docking groups”. The docking group is adsorbed on the crystallites. Poor water solubility and strong adsorption. The stabilizing group has a good affinity with the solvent.

A large number of carboxyl groups on Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride are negatively charged after ionization. 
Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride is an excellent stable group. The amide group on 2-acryloyl-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS) has strong adsorption to the scale-forming crystallites. 
It is an excellent docking group. HEDP easily forms a six-membered ring chelate with metal ions and has a synergistic effect.

Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride is compounded with APMS and HEDP. Excellent docking groups are introduced in the polymaleic anhydride molecule. The adsorption of the polymer is improved. Thereby increasing the “lattice distortion” and “adsorption dispersion” of the polymer. And temperature resistance and timeliness. Very few scale inhibitors can achieve higher scale inhibition rate.

Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride Synthesis
A 250 mL four-necked flask was charged with a thermometer, a stirrer, a condenser, and a dropping funnel, and a certain amount of maleic anhydride and water was added. The water is warmed to 55 to 60 °C.

After all the maleic anhydride has been dissolved, an appropriate amount of the catalyst is added. The stirrer was turned on while raising the temperature to the reaction temperature. The initiator was added dropwise through a dropping funnel over a period of time.

Pay attention to controlling the temperature during the addition of the initiator. After the completion of the dropwise addition, the reaction was continued for 1 hour to obtain a polymaleic acid product.

Properties:
Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride is a low molecular weight polymeride, with average molecular weight 400-800. No toxicity, soluble in water, high chemical and thermal stability, decomposed temperature above 330℃. 
Polymaleic anhydride has an obvious threshold effect under high temperature (350℃) and high pH(8.3) level, suitable to be used in the alkaline water system or built with agents.

Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride has good scale inhibition against carbonate and phosphate scales under temperature 300℃ with effective time as long as 100 hours. Due to its good scale inhibition and high-temperature tolerance properties, polymaleic acid is widely used in the desalination plant of flash vaporization equipment, low-pressure boiler, steam locomotive, crude oil evaporation, petroleum pipeline, and industrial circulating cool water systems.

In addition, hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride has good corrosion inhibition effect when used together with the zinc salt. Poly maleic anhydride can also be used as additives for cement.

Usage:
Hydrolyzed poly maleic anhydride is usually used together with organic phosphonate at a dosage of 1-15ppm for circulating cool water system, oilfield fill water, crude oil dewatering, and low-pressure boilers.

Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride has good scale inhibition (98%) and scales stripping properties. When used together with zinc salts, it can effectively inhibit carbon steel corrosion.

Used in Oil Fields and Gas Wells
In a closed gas well and a cement mud well, 0.01 to 5.0% by weight of polymaleic anhydride is added as a fluidity improver.
Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride also acts as a turbulence inducer. The amount of the auxiliary agent is preferably about 0.1% to 2.0% by dry weight of the cement.

Especially when pumping mud into the required location during the well-sealing operation. Polymaleic anhydride greatly increases the flow rate and turbulence of the mud. 
Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydrides main advantage is able to reduce the pump pressure required at a specific flow rate. Or get a higher flow rate under a fixed pumping condition.

Used in Daily Chemicals
Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride may be added to detergents of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate. This can improve the quality of the detergent. 
Generally, the amount of Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride added is only 2.5%. After the addition, the detergent or soap can prevent the inorganic salt insoluble matter from sinking on the textile when washing the textile. This is especially effective when washing textiles with hard water. This not only saves resources but also improves washing efficiency.

Other Uses
Reacts with a diamine to form a powder resin which is excellent in thermal stability. The heat resistance of this powder resin can reach 400 °C.

Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride can be used as a dispersing agent for inorganic pigments to increase the fineness of inorganic pigments.

As a soil conditioner. 
Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride can improve the alkali field and has a protective effect. This is because it is a polyelectrolyte and is water-absorptive.

In the emulsion suspension polymerization process, polymaleic anhydride can be used as a particle size modifier for the polymer.

Polymaleic anhydride and amine react to form semi amide. Semiamide can be used as a modifier for oil. Such as slurry dispersant, viscosity improver, rust inhibitor, flocculant.

Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride of different molecular weights can also be used as thickeners, dispersants, foam stabilizers, suspending agents, and the like.

In addition, Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride has good corrosion inhibition effect when used together with zinc salt.

Application:
Flash vaporization equipment, low pressure boiler, steam locomotive, crude oil evaporation, petroleum pipeline, and industrial circulating cool water systems. 
Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride with zinc salt for corrosion inhibition.  
Additives for cement. 

Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride is a low weight polymeride that is water soluble and used in the inhibition of carbon steel corrosion and scale inhibition.

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Specification:
- Appearance: Pale yellow to amber transparent liquid
- Solid Content%: 48.0 min
- Bromine Value Mg/g: 80.0 max
- Average molecular weight: 1.2 min

Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride is widely used in desalination plant of flash vaporization equipment, low pressure boiler, steam locomotive, crude oil evaporation, petroleum pipeline and industrial circulating cool water systems. 
Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride is usually used together with organic phosphonate at dosage of 1-15 ppm for circulating cool water systems oilfield water, crude oil dewatering and low-pressure boilers. 
Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride can also be used as additives for cement, cooling water treatment, boilers, evaporators, RO membrane, secondary oil recovery.

Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride is a low molecular weight polymeride, with average molecular weight 400-800. No toxicity, soluble in water, high chemical and thermal stability, decomposed temperature above 330℃. 
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride has obvious threshold effect under high temperature (350℃) and high pH（8.3）level, suitable to be used in alkaline water system or built with agents. 
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride can also used as additives for cement.

Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride is usually used together with organic phosphonate at dosage of 1-15ppm for circulating cool water system, oilfield fill water, crude oil dewatering and low-pressure boilers.
 Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride has good scale inhibition (98%) and scale stripping properties. When used together with zinc salts, it can effectively inhibit carbon steel corrosion.

Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride is a low molecular weight polymeride, with average molecular weight 400-800. No toxicity, soluble in water, high chemical and thermal stability, decomposed temperature above 330 degree. 
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride has obvious threshold effect under high temperature (350degree) and high pH(8.3) level, suitable to be used in alkaline water system or built with agents. 

Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride is a very efficient calcium carbonate antiscalant showing excellent performance in high temperature as well as high alkaline cooling water systems. 
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride is stable in presence of chlorine or other oxidizing biocides. Due to its good scale inhibition and high temperature tolerance properties, 
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride is used in water desalination plants. 
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride does also perform as corrosion inhibitor when being combined with zinc salts.

Applications
Cooling water systems / industrial water treatment
Concrete additive
Water desalination
Crude oil evaporation

Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride is the homopolymer of maleic acid. 
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydrideis very stable in presence of chlorine and other oxidizing biocides. 
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride has good scale inhibition and high temperature resistance properties. 
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride can be used in the water desalination plants. 
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride is also an excellent calcium carbonate antiscalant upon high temperature and in the high alkaline cooling water systems. 
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride can be used in combination with zinc salts as a corrosion inhibitor. 
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride can also be used as concrete additive and for crude oil evaporation. 
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydridecan be manufactured through the polymerization of maleic anhydride I an aromatic hydrocarbon upon 60° to 200° C.

Applications areas:
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride used in the preparation of solid and emulsion polymers, acrylic dispersions in combination with other (meth) acrylates, which are used in various industries, especially for textile coatings and dressings.
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride is widely used in the production of acrylic polyols for automotive components, refurbishment coatings, and industrial coatings. 
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride is also used as a comonomer in styrene-based unsaturated polyesters, PMMA-based acrylic resins, and vinyl ester formulations in anchor bolts and chemical anchors. 
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride is particularly useful as a hydrophobic hydroxy monomer in the manufacture of sealants for vacuum impregnation of cast aluminum components. 
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride is also widely used in the production of flexible UV-curable photopolymer printing plates.

Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride is applied in the production of:
Automotive coatings
Architectural coatings
Industrial coatings
Plastics
Hygiene products
Adhesives & Sealants
Textile finishes
Modifications
Photosensitive materials
Additives for oil production and transportation

Uses:
Chemical Manufacturing and Industrial
Paints, Inks and Coatings

Benefits:
Hydrophilicity
Improved adhesion to substrates
Crosslinking sites, free hydroxy group reacts readily with isocyanate, anhydrides and 
epoxy resins
Corrosion, fogging, and abrasion resistance, as well as contribute to low odor, color, and 
volatility

Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride. 
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride is a clear, colourless liquid with a characteristic odour. 
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride is an ester of methacrylic acid. 
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride is relatively non-volatile, non-toxic and non-yellowing. 
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride copolymerizes readily with a wide variety of monomers, and the added hydroxyl groups improve adhesion to surfaces, incorporate cross-linking sites, and impart corrosion, fogging, and abrasion resistance, as well as contribute to low odour, colour, and volatility. 
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride is used in the manufacture of acrylic polymers for adhesives, printing inks, coatings and metal applications. 
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride is also used as reactive diluent and alternative to styrene in unsatured polyester (UPR).
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride compared to HEMA is more suitable when a better water resistance is required, together with a better shrinkage resistance.

Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride is a functional monomer that can copolymerize with other monomers to produce copolymers with a hydroxy group in the side chain. Hydroxyesters are recommended for heat or room temperature cured coatings with permanent marring and solvent resistance, high gloss retention and weatherability.
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride is a difunctional, hydrolytically stable, hydrophilic monomer, a building blocks of modified and new biomaterials.

Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride is the monomer used to make the polymer poly(N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide). 
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride is water-soluble (highly hydrophilic), non-immunogenic and non-toxic, and resides in the blood circulation well. 
Thus,Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride is frequently used as macromolecular carrier for low molecular weight drugs (especially anti-cancer chemotherapeutic agents) to enhance therapeutic efficacy and limit side effects. 
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride conjugate preferably accumulates in tumor tissues via the passive-targeting process (or so-called EPR effect). Due to its favorable characteristics, HPMA polymers and copolymers are also commonly used to produce synthetic biocompatible medical materials such as hydrogels.

Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride has a role as a polymerisation monomer.
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride derives from a propane-1,2-diol and a methacrylic acid.

IUPAC names
(2R,3R)-2,3-dimethylbutanedioic acid
2-Butenedioic acid (2Z)-, homopolymer
2‐Butenedioic acid (2Z)‐, homopolymer
ACIDO POLIMALEICO
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride
POLY(MALEIC ACID)
Poly(maleic acid)
poly(maleic acid)
Polymaleic Acid
Polymaleic acid
polymaleic acid

SYNONYMS:
Maleic acid [Wiki]
(2Z)-2-Butendisäure [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
(2Z)-2-Butenedioic acid [ACD/IUPAC Name]
(2Z)-But-2-enedioic acid
110-16-7 [RN]
2-Butenedioic acid, (2Z)- [ACD/Index Name]
605762 [Beilstein]
Acide (2Z)-2-butènedioïque [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
Acidum maleicum
but-2-enedioic acid
cis-Butenedioic acid
toxilic acid
trans-but-2-enedioic acid
(2Z)-But-2-ene-1,4-dioic acid
(2Z)-but-2-enedioate
(2Z)but-2-enedioic acid
(2Z)-Butene-2-dioate
(2Z)-Butene-2-dioic acid
(Z)-1,2-Ethenedicarboxylic Acid
(Z)-2-butenedioate
(Z)-2-Butenedioic acid
(Z)-2-Butenedioic acid homopolymer
(Z)-but-2-enedioic acid
(z)-butenedioate
(Z)-butenedioic acid
1,2-dihydropyridazine-3,6-dione
1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid, (Z)
1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid, cis-
1903639 [Beilstein]
203-742-5 [EINECS]
203-743-0 [EINECS]
26099-09-2 [RN]
2-Butenedioic acid [ACD/IUPAC Name]
2-Butenedioic acid (2Z)-
2-Butenedioic acid (Z)-
2-Butenedioic acid, (Z)-