PEG 1000

Applications:

PEG 1000 is a polymer used to precipitate proteins, viruses, DNA and RNA
Adhesives
Chemical Intermediates
Creams and Lotions
Excipients: Ointments/Topical, Suppository Base
Inks
Lubricants
Mold Release Agent
Plasticize
Addition polymers of ethylene oxide and water usually designated by a
number roughly corresponding to the molecular weight

Typical Physical Properties(1)
Property
Value
Physical Form Waxy solid
Average Number of Repeating Oxyethylene Units 22.3
Range of Average Molecular Weight 950 – 1050
Range of Average Hydroxyl Number, mg KOH/g 107 – 118
Density, g/cm3 at 60°C 1.093
Melting or Freezing Range, °C 34 – 40
Solubility in Water at 20°C, % by weight 80
Viscosity at 100°C, cSt 17.2
Heat of Fusion, Cal/g 38

Polyethylene Glycol 1000, NF acts as a lubricant, coating the surfaces in aqueous and non-aqueous environments. All Spectrum Chemical NF products, including all NF polyethylene glycol products are manufactured, packaged and stored under current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) per 21CFR part 211 in FDA registered and inspected facilities.
CARBOWAX™ Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 1000 by Dow is a plasticizer and mold release agent. It possesses lubricity and humectant properties. It maintains wet-tack strength. CARBOWAX™ Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 1000 is used in pressure sensitive and thermoplastic adhesives.

The line of ULTRAPEG® products is made up of ethylene oxide polymers. It is represented by
the following general formula:
HO(CH2CH2O)n H
According to the degree of ethoxylation (n), products with different molecular weights and
melt points can be obtained, allowing the use of these products in various applications. 

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a synthetic polymer produced via polymerization of ethylene oxide molecules to make joining units of ethylene glycol by an ether linkage.2,3 PEGs are water-soluble polymers that can form hydrogen bonds in a ratio of 100 water molecules per one PEG molecule.2 Molecular weights of PEGs vary by time of the polymerization process and the molecular weight represents the weighted average of the individual PEG molecules. PEGs differ in their physical and chemical properties depending on their molecular weight: PEGs are liquids when molecular weights are <1000 and the molecule turns to waxy solids with increasing molecular weights.3 The most common preparations of PEGs include PEG 3350 and PEG 400. PEGs have various applications in many fields, ranging from medical to industrial areas. PEGs have a long history of gastroenterology: PEG 3350 is a common over-the-counter osmotic laxative used to relieve occasional constipation.8 PEG 3350 is also used for cleansing of the colon in preparation for colonoscopy in adults.5

The rationale of using PEG in gastroenterology is due to the physical properties of the compound: its potent water-binding capacity, negligible intestinal absorption with increasing molecular mass, lack of significant toxicity, and limited intestinal enzymatic degradation or bacterial metabolism all make PEG a useful therapeutic agent for the treatment of occasional constipation and bowel cleansing for preparation in colonoscopy.

Polyethylene Glycol 1000, NF acts as a lubricant, coating the surfaces in aqueous and non-aqueous environments. All Spectrum Chemical NF products, including all NF polyethylene glycol products are manufactured, packaged and stored under current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) per 21CFR part 211 in FDA registered and inspected facilities.

Polyethylene glycol is used as an excipent in pharmaceutical products. It is used in the precipitation of proteins as well as in the separation and purification of biomolecules and in the induction of cell hybridization. It acts as a fusing agent to enhance the effect of macrophages on hybridoma; as a vascular agent in preclinical work; as an anti-foaming agent in food and as the gate insulator in an electric double-layer transistor to enhance superconductivity in an insulator.
Notes : Hygroscopic. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.

Uses:
Carrier for epoxy adhesives
Reactant with isocyanate in urethane adhesives
Ceramic glaze
Chemical intermediates
Inks
Lubricants
Modifier for water-dispersible alkyd resins in paints and coating applications
Mold release agent
Plasticizer
Penetrant and protectant in wood stains
Solvent and flow control in aqueous dispersion thermoset coatings
Base and carrier in tarnish remover
Lubrication and consistency in abrasives
Benefits:
Completely soluble in water
Molecularly stable and non-volatile
Excellent hygroscopicity
Low toxicity
High lubricity and solvency

Because PEG is a hydrophilic molecule, it has been used to passivate microscope glass slides for avoiding non-specific sticking of proteins in single-molecule fluorescence studies.[6]
Polyethylene glycol has a low toxicity and is used in a variety of products.[7] The polymer is used as a lubricating coating for various surfaces in aqueous and non-aqueous environments.[8]
Since PEG is a flexible, water-soluble polymer, it can be used to create very high osmotic pressures (on the order of tens of atmospheres). It also is unlikely to have specific interactions with biological chemicals. These properties make PEG one of the most useful molecules for applying osmotic pressure in biochemistry and biomembranes experiments, in particular when using the osmotic stress technique.
Polyethylene glycol is also commonly used as a polar stationary phase for gas chromatography, as well as a heat transfer fluid in electronic testers.
PEG has also been used to preserve objects that have been salvaged from underwater, as was the case with the warship Vasa in Stockholm,[9] and similar cases. It replaces water in wooden objects, making the wood dimensionally stable and preventing warping or shrinking of the wood when it dries.[4] In addition, PEG is used when working with green wood as a stabilizer, and to prevent shrinkage.[10]
PEG has been used to preserve the painted colors on Terracotta Warriors unearthed at a UNESCO World Heritage site in China.[11] These painted artifacts were created during the Qin Shi Huang (first emperor of China) era. Within 15 seconds of the terra-cotta pieces being unearthed during excavations, the lacquer beneath the paint begins to curl after being exposed to the dry Xi'an air. The paint would subsequently flake off in about four minutes. The German Bavarian State Conservation Office developed a PEG preservative that when immediately applied to unearthed artifacts has aided in preserving the colors painted on the pieces of clay soldiers.[12]
PEG is often used (as an internal calibration compound) in mass spectrometry experiments, with its characteristic fragmentation pattern allowing accurate and reproducible tuning.
PEG derivatives, such as narrow range ethoxylates, are used as surfactants.
PEG has been used as the hydrophilic block of amphiphilic block copolymers used to create some polymersomes.[13]
PEG has also been used as a propellent on the UGM-133M Trident II Missile, in service with the United States Air Force.[14]

Polyethylene glycol is used as an excipent in pharmaceutical products. It is used in the precipitation of proteins as well as in the separation and purification of biomolecules and in the induction of cell hybridization. It acts as a fusing agent to enhance the effect of macrophages on hybridoma; as a vascular agent in preclinical work; as an anti-foaming agent in food and as the gate insulator in an electric double-layer transistor to enhance superconductivity in an insulator.

Commercial uses
PEG is the basis of many skin creams (as cetomacrogol) and personal lubricants (frequently combined with glycerin).
PEG is used in a number of toothpastes[4] as a dispersant. In this application, it binds water and helps keep xanthan gum uniformly distributed throughout the toothpaste.
PEG is also under investigation for use in body armor, and in tattoos to monitor diabetes.[21][22]
In low-molecular-weight formulations (e.g. PEG 400), it is used in Hewlett-Packard designjet printers as an ink solvent and lubricant for the print heads.
PEG is also used as an anti-foaming agent in food and drinks[23] – its INS number is 1521[24] or E1521 in the EU.[25]

Industrial uses
A nitrate ester-plasticized polyethylene glycol (NEPE-75) is used in Trident II submarine-launched ballistic missile solid rocket fuel.[26]
Dimethyl ethers of PEG are the key ingredient of Selexol, a solvent used by coal-burning, integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power plants to remove carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide from the gas waste stream.
PEG has been used as the gate insulator in an electric double-layer transistor to induce superconductivity in an insulator.[27]
PEG is also used as a polymer host for solid polymer electrolytes. Although not yet in commercial production, many groups around the globe are engaged in research on solid polymer electrolytes involving PEG, with the aim of improving their properties, and in permitting their use in batteries, electro-chromic display systems, and other products in the future.
PEG is injected into industrial processes to reduce foaming in separation equipment.
PEG is used as a binder in the preparation of technical ceramics.[28]

Production 

The production of polyethylene glycol was first reported in 1859. Both A. V. Lourenço and Charles Adolphe Wurtz independently isolated products that were polyethylene glycols.[40] Polyethylene glycol is produced by the interaction of ethylene oxide with water, ethylene glycol, or ethylene glycol oligomers.[41] The reaction is catalyzed by acidic or basic catalysts. Ethylene glycol and its oligomers are preferable as a starting material instead of water, because they allow the creation of polymers with a low polydispersity (narrow molecular weight distribution). Polymer chain length depends on the ratio of reactants.

HOCH2CH2OH + n(CH2CH2O) → HO(CH2CH2O)n+1H
Depending on the catalyst type, the mechanism of polymerization can be cationic or anionic. The anionic mechanism is preferable because it allows one to obtain PEG with a low polydispersity. Polymerization of ethylene oxide is an exothermic process. Overheating or contaminating ethylene oxide with catalysts such as alkalis or metal oxides can lead to runaway polymerization, which can end in an explosion after a few hours.

Polyethylene oxide, or high-molecular weight polyethylene glycol, is synthesized by suspension polymerization. It is necessary to hold the growing polymer chain in solution in the course of the polycondensation process. The reaction is catalyzed by magnesium-, aluminium-, or calcium-organoelement compounds. To prevent coagulation of polymer chains from solution, chelating additives such as dimethylglyoxime are used.

Alkaline catalysts such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH), or sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) are used to prepare low-molecular-weight polyethylene glycol.

Polyglykol 1000 is a polethylene glycol with a mean molecular weight of 1000. It is a pasty material with a low melting range.
Benefits
Excellent solubility in water
Very low water content
Compatible with hard water
Non-volatile
Outstanding toxicological safety
Good biodegradability

PEG-1000 used in the pharmaceutical, textile, cosmetics industry as a matrix or lubricant, softener; used as a dispersant in the coating industry; improve the water dispersibility, flexibility of the resin, the amount is 20~ 30%; the ink can improve the solubility of the dye and reduce its volatility. It is especially suitable for use in wax paper and printing pad ink. It can also be used to adjust the ink viscosity in ballpoint pen ink. It is used as a dispersant in the rubber industry to promote vulcanization. Function, used as a dispersant for carbon black filler

Packaging and Storage
PEG200, 400, 600, 800, 1000, 1500 are packed in 200kg iron drum or 50kg plastic drum; PEG2000, 3000,4000, 6000, 8000 slices are packaged in 20Kg woven bags.

This series of products is non-toxic, non-flammable, and stored and transported as general chemicals. Store in a dry, well-ventilated place. The warranty period is two years. 

PEG 1000 is a polyethylene Glycol is a polymer with a high affinity for water. When used at the proper concentration it can remove proteins from water. Generally the larger the protein the less PEG needed. Higher PEG polymers, PEG 4000-6000, have been used for DNA precipitation and even higher polymers, PEG 8000, can be used to precipitate DNA. PEG has also been used to recover pathogenic viruses and human rotaviruses from water, oyster and sediment samples. PEG has demonstrated to have anticell proliferation and antitumor effects via induction of apoptosis.

Polyethylene glycol is a polymer which is hydrolyzed by ethylene oxide. It has no toxicity and irritation. It is widely used in various pharmaceutical preparations. The toxicity of low molecular weight polyethylene glycol is relatively large. In general, the toxicity of diols is very low. Topical application of polyethylene glycol, especially mucosal drug, can cause irritant pain. In topical lotion, this product can increase the flexibility of the skin, and has a similar moisturizing effect with glycerin. Diarrhoea can occur in large doses of oral administration. In injection, the maximum polyethylene glycol 300 concentration is about 30% (V/V). Hemolysis could occur when the concentration is more than 40% (V/V).

APPLICATIONS
Crystallization grade Polyethylene glycol 1,000 for formulating screens or for optimization
FEATURES
 Sterile filtered solution
Formulated in Type 1+ ultrapure water: 18.2 megaohm-cm resistivity at 25°C, < 5 ppb Total Organic Carbon, bacteria free (<1 Bacteria (CFU/ml)), pyrogen free (<0.03 Endotoxin (EU/ml)), RNase-free (< 0.01 ng/mL) and DNase-free (< 4 pg/µL)

Polyethylene Glycol is a binder, coating agent, dispersing agent, flavoring adjuvant, and plasticizing agent that is a clear, colorless, viscous, hygroscopic liquid resembling paraffin (white, waxy, or flakes), with a ph of 4.0–7.5 in 1:20 concentration. it is soluble in water (mw 1,000) and many organic solvents.

Poly(ethylene Glycol) molecules of approximately 2000 monomers. Poly(ethylene Glycol) is used in various applications from industrial chemistry to biological chemistry. Recent research has shown PEG m aintains the ability to aid the spinal cord injury recovery process, helping the nerve impulse conduction process in animals. In rats, it has been shown to aid in the repair of severed sciatic axons, helping with nerve damage recovery. It is industrially produced as a lubricating substance for various surfaces to reduce friction. PEG is also used in the preparation of vesicle transport systems in with application towards diagnostic procedures or drug delivery methods.

Polyethylene glycol is a condensation polymers of ethylene oxide and water with the general formula H(OCH2CH2)nOH, where n is the average number of repeating oxyethylene groups typically from 4 to about 180. The low molecular weight members from n=2 to n=4 are diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol and tetraethylene glycol respectively, which are produced as pure compounds.
 The low molecular weight compounds upto 700 are colorless, odorless viscous liquids with a freezing point from -10 C (diethylene gycol), while polymerized compounds with higher molecular weight than 1,000 are waxlike solids with melting point upto 67 C for n 180. The abbreviation (PEG) is termed in combination with a numeric suffix which indicates the average molecular weights. One common feature of PEG appears to be the water-soluble. It is soluble also in many organic solvents including aromatic hydrocarbons (not aliphatics).  They are used to make emulsifying agents and detergents, and as plasticizers, humectants, and water-soluble textile lubricants. 

Polyethylene glycols are chemically stable in air and in solution, although grades with a molecular weight less than 2000 are hygroscopic. Polyethylene glycols do not support microbial growth, and they do not become rancid.
Polyethylene glycols and aqueous polyethylene glycol solutions can be sterilized by autoclaving, filtration, or gamma irradiation.
Sterilization of solid grades by dry heat at 150℃ for 1 hour may induce oxidation, darkening, and the formation of acidic degradation products. Ideally, sterilization should be carried out in an inert atmosphere. Oxidation of polyethylene glycols may also be inhibited by the inclusion of a suitable antioxidant.
If heated tanks are used to maintain normally solid polyethylene glycols in a molten state, care must be taken to avoid contamination with iron, which can lead to discoloration. The temperature must be kept to the minimum necessary to ensure fluidity; oxidation may occur if polyethylene glycols are exposed for long periods to temperatures exceeding 50℃. However, storage under nitrogen reduces the possibility of oxidation.
Polyethylene glycols should be stored in well-closed containers in a cool, dry place. Stainless steel, aluminum, glass, or lined steel containers are preferred for the storage of liquid grades.

Polyethylene glycols (PEGs) are widely used in a variety of pharmaceutical formulations, including parenteral, topical, ophthalmic, oral, and rectal preparations. Polyethylene glycol has been used experimentally in biodegradable polymeric matrices used in controlled-release systems.
Polyethylene glycols are stable, hydrophilic substances that are essentially nonirritant to the skin;They do not readily penetrate the skin, although the polyethylene glycols are water-soluble and are easily removed from the skin by washing, making them useful as ointment bases.Solid grades are generally employed in topical ointments, with the consistency of the base being adjusted by the addition of liquid grades of polyethylene glycol.
Mixtures of polyethylene glycols can be used as suppository bases,for which they have many advantages over fats. For example, the melting point of the suppository can be made higher to withstand exposure to warmer climates; release of the drug is not dependent upon melting point; the physical stability on storage is better; and suppositories are readily miscible with rectal fluids. Polyethylene glycols have the following disadvantages: they are chemically more reactive than fats; greater care is needed in processing to avoid inelegant contraction holes in the suppositories; the rate of release of water-soluble medications decreases with the increasing molecular weight of the polyethylene glycol; and polyethylene glycols tend to be more irritating to mucous membranes than fats.
Aqueous polyethylene glycol solutions can be used either as suspending agents or to adjust the viscosity and consistency of other suspending vehicles. When used in conjunction with other emulsifiers, polyethylene glycols can act as emulsion stabilizers. Liquid polyethylene glycols are used as water-miscible solvents for the contents of soft gelatin capsules. However, they may cause hardening of the capsule shell by preferential absorption of moisture from gelatin in the shell.
In concentrations up to approximately 30% v/v, PEG 300 and PEG 400 have been used as the vehicle for parenteral dosage forms. In solid-dosage formulations, higher-molecular-weight polyethylene glycols can enhance the effectiveness of tablet binders and impart plasticity to granules.However, they have only limited binding action when used alone, and can prolong disintegration if present in concentrations greater than 5% w/w. When used for thermoplastic granulations,a mixture of the powdered constituents with 10–15% w/w PEG 6000 is heated to 70–75°C. The mass becomes pastelike and forms granules if stirred while cooling. This technique is useful for the preparation of dosage forms such as lozenges when prolonged disintegration is required. 
Polyethylene glycols can also be used to enhance the aqueous solubility or dissolution characteristics of poorly soluble compounds by making solid dispersions with an appropriate polyethylene glycol.Animal studies have also been performed using polyethylene glycols as solvents for steroids in osmotic pumps. In film coatings, solid grades of polyethylene glycol can be used alone for the film-coating of tablets or can be useful as hydrophilic polishing materials. Solid grades are also widely used as plasticizers in conjunction with film-forming polymers.The presence of polyethylene glycols in film coats, especially of liquid grades, tends to increase their water permeability and may reduce protection against low pH in enteric-coating films. Polyethylene glycols are useful as plasticizers in microencapsulated products
 to avoid rupture of the coating film when the microcapsules are compressed into tablets.
Polyethylene glycol grades with molecular weights of 6000 and above can be used as lubricants, particularly for soluble tablets. The lubricant action is not as good as that of magnesium stearate, and stickiness may develop if the material becomes too warm during compression. An antiadherent effect is also exerted, again subject to the avoidance of overheating.
Polyethylene glycols have been used in the preparation of urethane hydrogels, which are used as controlled-release agents. Polyethylene glycol has also been used in insulin-loaded microparticles for the oral delivery of insulin;it has been used in inhalation preparations to improve aerosolization;polyethylene glycol nanoparticles have been used to improve the oral bioavailability of cyclosporine;it has been used in self-assembled polymeric nanoparticles as a drug carrier;and copolymer networks of polyethylene glycol grafted with poly(methacrylic acid) have been used as bioadhesive controlled drug delivery formulations.

Chemical Properties    The USP32–NF27 describes polyethylene glycol as being an addition polymer of ethylene oxide and water. Polyethylene glycol grades 200–600 are liquids; grades 1000 and above are solids at ambient temperatures.
Liquid grades (PEG 200–600) occur as clear, colorless or slightly yellow-colored, viscous liquids. They have a slight but characteristic odor and a bitter, slightly burning taste. PEG 600 can occur as a solid at ambient temperatures.
Solid grades (PEG>1000) are white or off-white in color, and range in consistency from pastes to waxy flakes. They have a faint, sweet odor. Grades of PEG 6000 and above are available as freeflowing milled powders.

Polyglykol 1000 is a polethylene glycol with a mean molecular weight of 1000. It is a pasty material with a low melting range.Polyglykol 1000 is a white waxy solid polyethylene glycol at room temperature. It is soluble in water and polar organic solvents like acetone or methanol. It displays typical chemical reactions of alcohols/diols.

Recommended Uses
Washing and cleaning agents in liquid and paste form
Wash and soil release aids
Gelling agents

Storage and Handling
Polyglykol 1000 can be stored for at least 2 years in original sealed containers at room temperature under the recommended conditions.
PEG 1000 is stable for 2 years when stored in the original sealed containers in a cool, dry place.
The containers should not be exposed to direct sun light. Ambient temperatures for long term storage are preferably between 10°C and 25°C and between 0°C and 30°C as maximum.
Storage at higher temperatures is possible only for a short time and should be kept below the solidification point of the products.
The most suitable material for storage tanks is stainless steel, pure aluminium, rubber-or polyethylene lined containers and storage tanks made from glass-fibre-reinforced polyester (GRP).
The tank should be ventilated by means of a silica gel dryer.
Conventional steel tanks are of limited suitability because after prolonged storage the product may become discoloured owing to traces of iron.
PEG 1000 solidifies when stored in a cool place and must be melted before use.
This is best carried out in heating chambers, but the outside temperature should not exceed about 60°C.
This must also be ensured when electrical drum heaters are used. Electrical immersion heaters are no suitable for melting owing to the high thermal stress occurring.