PEG 400

synonyms:

PEG; Macrogol; Polyoxyethlene; Aquaffin; Nycoline; alpha-hydro-omega-hydroxypoly ethanediyl; polyethylene glycols; Poly Ethylene Oxide; Polyoxyethylene; Polyglycol; ethanediol Ehoxylated; Polyoxyethylene ether; Polyoxyethylene; Poly(ethylene glycol); Carbowax®; Polyglycol; Polyethylene glycol 200, 300, 400, 600,1000,1450, 3350, 400, 6000, 8000 and 20000;ETHYLENE GLYCOL;1,2-ethanediol;Ethane-1,2-diol;107-21-1;glycol;monoethylene glycol;1,2-Dihydroxyethane;2-hydroxyethanol;Glycol alcohol;Ethylene alcohol;polyethylene glycol;Macrogol;Fridex;Tescol;Ethylene dihydrate;Norkool;Macrogol 400 BPC;Dowtherm SR 1;Carbowax 400;CCRIS 3744;Carbowax 1000;Dowtherm 400;1,2-ethylene glycol;Ethylene glycol polymer;HSDB 5012;NCI-C00920;HOCH2CH2OH;Union Carbide XL 54 Type I De-icing Fluid;PEG 3350;EINECS 203-473-3;M.e.g.;Ethylene glycol homopolymer;Polyethylene glycol 1000;Polyethylene Glycol 400;EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 042203;1,2-Ethanediol homopolymer;FC72KVT52F;AI3-03050;PEG;CHEBI:30742;LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N;PEG 400;1, 2-Ethanediol;DuPont Zonyl FSO Fluorinated Surfactants;alpha-Hydro-omega-hydroxypoly(oxyethylene);DSSTox_CID_597;H(OCH2CH2)nOH;DSSTox_RID_75680;DSSTox_GSID_20597;alpha-Hydro-omega-hydroxypoly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl);Glycol, polyethylene;Miralax;Polyethylene oxide;CAS-107-21-1;Polyethylene Glycols;Polyethylene glycol3350;Athylenglykol; Aquaffin;Badimol;Carbowax; Modopeg;Nosilen;Nycoline;ehtylene glycol;ethylen glycol;PEG; Macrogol; Polyoxyethlene; Aquaffin; Nycoline; alpha-hydro-omega-hydroxypoly ethanediyl; polyethylene glycols; Poly Ethylene Oxide; Polyoxyethylene; Polyglycol; ethanediol Ehoxylated; Polyoxyethylene ether; Polyoxyethylene; Poly(ethylene glycol); Carbowax®; Polyglycol; Polyethylene glycol 200, 300, 400, 600,1000,1450, 3350, 400, 6000, 8000 and 20000;ETHYLENE GLYCOL;1,2-ethanediol;Ethane-1,2-diol;107-21-1;glycol;monoethylene glycol;1,2-Dihydroxyethane;2-hydroxyethanol;Glycol alcohol;Ethylene alcohol;polyethylene glycol;Macrogol;Fridex;Tescol;Ethylene dihydrate;Norkool;Macrogol 400 BPC;Dowtherm SR 1;Carbowax 400;CCRIS 3744;Carbowax 1000;Dowtherm 400;1,2-ethylene glycol;Ethylene glycol polymer;HSDB 5012;NCI-C00920;HOCH2CH2OH;Union Carbide XL 54 Type I De-icing Fluid;PEG 3350;EINECS 203-473-3;M.e.g.;Ethylene glycol homopolymer;Polyethylene glycol 1000;Polyethylene Glycol 400;EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 042203;1,2-Ethanediol homopolymer;FC72KVT52F;AI3-03050;PEG;CHEBI:30742;LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N;PEG 400;1, 2-Ethanediol;DuPont Zonyl FSO Fluorinated Surfactants;alpha-Hydro-omega-hydroxypoly(oxyethylene);DSSTox_CID_597;H(OCH2CH2)nOH;DSSTox_RID_75680;DSSTox_GSID_20597;alpha-Hydro-omega-hydroxypoly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl);Glycol, polyethylene;Miralax;Polyethylene oxide;CAS-107-21-1;Polyethylene Glycols;Polyethylene glycol3350;Athylenglykol; Aquaffin;Badimol;Carbowax; Modopeg;Nosilen;Nycoline;ehtylene glycol;ethylen glycol;ethylene-glycol;etylene glycol;Carbowax Sentry;Pluracol E;Polyaethylenglykol;Aquacide III;Ilexan E;Bradsyn PEG;ethylene alcohol;Merpol OJ;Polyaethylenglykole;MEG 100;Alkox SR;Oxide Wax AN; PEG200?300?400?600?800?1000?1500?2000?3000?400?6000 ?8000,Polyglycol, Polyethylene oxide, Polyoxy ethylene,PEG; Carbowax®; Polyglycol; Polyethylene glycol 200, 300, 400, 600,1000,1450, 3350, 400, 6000, 8000 and 20000;ETHYLENE GLYCOL;1,2-ethanediol;Ethane-1,2-diol;107-21-1;glycol;monoethylene glycol;1,2-Dihydroxyethane;2-hydroxyethanol;Glycol alcohol;Ethylene alcohol;polyethylene glycol;Macrogol;Fridex;Tescol;Ethylene dihydrate;Norkool;Macrogol 400 BPC;Dowtherm SR 1;Carbowax 400;CCRIS 3744;Carbowax 1000;Dowtherm 400;1,2-ethylene glycol;Ethylene glycol polymer;HSDB 5012;NCI-C00920;HOCH2CH2OH;Union Carbide XL 54 Type I De-icing Fluid;PEG 3350;EINECS 203-473-3;M.e.g.;Ethylene glycol homopolymer;Polyethylene glycol 1000;Polyethylene Glycol 400;EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 042203;1,2-Ethanediol homopolymer;FC72KVT52F;AI3-03050;PEG;CHEBI:30742;LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N;PEG 400;1, 2-Ethanediol;DuPont Zonyl FSO Fluorinated Surfactants;alpha-Hydro-omega-hydroxypoly(oxyethylene);DSSTox_CID_597;(OCH2CH2)nOH; DSSTox_RID_75680; DSSTox_GSID_20597; alpha-Hydro-omega-hydroxypoly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl);ethylene-glycol;etylene glycol;Carbowax Sentry;Pluracol E;Polyaethylenglykol;Aquacide III;Ilexan E;Bradsyn PEG;ethylene alcohol;Merpol OJ;Polyaethylenglykole;MEG 100;Alkox SR;Oxide Wax AN; PEG200?300?400?600?800?1000?1500?2000?3000?400?6000 ?8000,Polyglycol, Polyethylene oxide, Polyoxy ethylene,PEG; Carbowax®; Polyglycol; Polyethylene glycol 200, 300, 400, 600,1000,1450, 3350, 400, 6000, 8000 and 20000;ETHYLENE GLYCOL;1,2-ethanediol;Ethane-1,2-diol;107-21-1;glycol;monoethylene glycol;1,2-Dihydroxyethane;2-hydroxyethanol;Glycol alcohol;Ethylene alcohol;polyethylene glycol;Macrogol;Fridex;Tescol;Ethylene dihydrate;Norkool;Macrogol 400 BPC;Dowtherm SR 1;Carbowax 400;CCRIS 3744;Carbowax 1000;Dowtherm 400;1,2-ethylene glycol;Ethylene glycol polymer;HSDB 5012;NCI-C00920;HOCH2CH2OH;Union Carbide XL 54 Type I De-icing Fluid;PEG 3350;EINECS 203-473-3;M.e.g.;Ethylene glycol homopolymer;Polyethylene glycol 1000;Polyethylene Glycol 400;EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 042203;1,2-Ethanediol homopolymer;FC72KVT52F;AI3-03050;PEG;CHEBI:30742;LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N;PEG 400;1, 2-Ethanediol;DuPont Zonyl FSO Fluorinated Surfactants;alpha-Hydro-omega-hydroxypoly(oxyethylene);DSSTox_CID_597;(OCH2CH2)nOH; DSSTox_RID_75680; DSSTox_GSID_20597; alpha-Hydro-omega-hydroxypoly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl);Glycol, polyethylene;Miralax;Polyethylene oxide;CAS-107-21-1;Polyethylene Glycols;Polyethylene glycol 350;Athylenglykol;Aquaffin; Badimol; Carbowax; Modopeg;Nosilen;Nycoline;ehtylene glycol;ethylen glycol;ethylene-glycol;etylene glycol;Carbowax Sentry;Pluracol E;Polyaethylenglykol;Aquacide III;Ilexan E;Bradsyn PEG;ethylene alcohol;Merpol OJ;Polyaethylenglykole;MEG 100;Alkox SR;Oxide WaxPOLİETİLEN GLİKOL,POLYETİLENGLİCOL,POLİETHİLENE GLYİCOL,POLİETHELENE pOLYethylen glikol 400; Polyethylene glycol  400; Polyethylene glycol400;  Polyethylene glycol-400; Polyethylene Glycol  400;  Polyethyleneglycol  400; Polyethylene glycol/400; Polietilen Glikol; Polietilen Glikol 400; Polietilen Glikol400; Polietilen glikol 400; Polietilen Glikol 400; POLİETİLEN GLİKOL 400; POLİETİLEN GLİKOL400; POLİETİLEN GLİKOL/400; POLİETİLEN GLİKOL-400;  POLİETİLEN GLİKOL 400; POLIETILEN GLIKOL 400; POLIETILEN GLIKOL400; POLIETILEN GLIKOL/400; POLIETILEN GLIKOL-400; pEG 400; PEG; PEG 400; peg400;  peg-400;  peg/400; peg400; PEG 400

PEG 400

Polyethylene glycol (PEG 400)
Polyethylene glycol (PEG 400)
Names
IUPAC name
Polyethylene glycol
Identifiers of PEG 400
CAS Number of PEG 400    
25322-68-3 ☑
ChemSpider of PEG 400    
none
Properties of PEG 400
Chemical formula of PEG 400    C2nH4n+2On+1, n = 8.2 to 9.1
Molar mass of PEG 400    380-420 g/mol
Density of PEG 400    1.128 g/cm3
Melting point of PEG 400    4 to 8 °C (39 to 46 °F; 277 to 281 K)
Viscosity of PEG 400    90.0 cSt at 25 °C, 7.3 cSt at 99 °C
Hazards of PEG 400
Flash point of PEG 400    238 °C (460 °F; 511 K)
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LD50 (median dose)    30 mL/kg, orally in rats

PEG 400 (polyethylene glycol 400) is a low-molecular-weight grade of polyethylene glycol. PEG 400 is a clear, colorless, viscous liquid. Due in part to its low toxicity, PEG 400 is widely used in a variety of pharmaceutical formulations.

Chemical properties of PEG 400
PEG 400 is strongly hydrophilic. The partition coefficient of PEG 400 between hexane and water is 0.000015 (log{displaystyle P=-4.8}{displaystyle P=-4.8}), indicating that when PEG 400 is mixed with water and hexane, there are only 15 parts of PEG400 in the hexane layer per 1 million parts of PEG 400 in the water layer.[1]

PEG 400 is soluble in water, acetone, alcohols, benzene, glycerin, glycols, and aromatic hydrocarbons, and is slightly soluble in aliphatic hydrocarbons.

Properties of PEG 400
Quality Leve of PEG 400l      200
vapor pressure of PEG 400      <0.1 hPa ( 20 °C)
autoignition temp.      360 °C (DIN 51794)
potency of PEG 400      28000 mg/kg LD50, oral (Rat)
     >20000 mg/kg LD50, skin (Rabbit)
pH of PEG 400      5-7 (20 °C, 100 g/L in H2O)
kinematic viscosity of PEG 400      97-110 cSt(20 °C)
mp      5 °C
transition temp of PEG 400      flash point >200 °C
density of PEG 400      1.13 g/cm3 at 20 °C
InChI      1S/C2H6O2/c3-1-2-4/h3-4H,1-2H2
InChI key      LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N
storage conditions      Store below +30°C.
Show Fewer Properties 
Description of PEG 400
Application of PEG 400
Polyethylene glycol 400 for synthesis. CAS of PEG 400 25322-68-3, pH 5 - 7 (100 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C).

Analysis Note
Density  of PEG 400 (d 20 °C/ 4 °C): 1.124 - 1.126
Hydroxyl value of PEG 400: 267 - 295
Average molecular mass of PEG 400: 380 - 420
Identity of PEG 400 (IR): passes test
Due to its specific melting range the product may be solid, liquid, a solidified melt or a supercooled melt.

PEG 400
Excellent solvent for a large number of substances that do not readily dissolve in water

The low-molecular weight liquid polyethylene glycol   PEG 400 is an excellent solvent for a large number of substances that do not readily dissolve in water. They are therefore widely used as solvents and solubilising agents for active substances and excipients in liquid and semi-solid preparations. It is the ability of PEGs to form complexes with active substances that is responsible for their excellent solvent power.

However, equilibrium constants for complex formation vary considerably from one substance to another, and certain drugs such as Penicillin G and Bacitracin can even become inactivated. The effect of the polyethylene glycol on the efficacy and absorbtion of a drug must therefore always be determined in tests. With regard to incompatible substances, please see the remarks in the European Pharmacopoeia, Vol. II/3, Monographs M1, Macrogol 300, p. 3. Polyethylene glycols can also be used to adjust the viscosity of liquid pharmaceutical preparations and ointments, to modify their absorption properties and to stabilise the preparation.

Why choose   PEGs
Pharmaceutical grade IPEC GMP compliance
Versatile, water-miscible solvent vehicle for use in a multitude of drug formulations ranging from liquid and solid oral dosage forms to topical ointments and suppositories
Can be paired with BASF surfactants (for example Kolliphor® RH 40) to promote solubilization of poorly water-soluble APIs
May be formulated with BASF polymers (for example Kollidon® 12 PF) for crystallization inhibition
Combine low and high molecular weight PEG excipients to customize a waterwashable formulation base for topical ointments
Can also be used as a chemical intermediate in drug formulation
Product Details
Chemical name of PEG 400:    Polyethylene glycol
Trivial names of PEG 400:    Polyethylene glycol, macrogol, polyglycol, polyoxyethylene and polydiol
Former tradename of PEG 400:    Lutrol® E 400
CAS-No of PEG 400:    25322-68-3
INCI of PEG 400:    PEG-8
Regulatory Status of PEG 400:      PEG 400 meets the requirements of the current monograph for Macrogol in Ph. Eur., Polyethyleneglycol in USP/NF and Polyethyleneglycol in JP.
Applications of PEG 400:    The product is mainly applied as solvent for oral and topical preparations.
Description of PEG 400:      PEG 400 is colourless, almost odourless and tasteless liquids at room temperature. The products are manufactured by alkali-catalysed polymerisation of ethylene oxide with subsequent neutralisation of the catalyst.
Solubility of PEG 400:    
  PEG 400 is readily soluble in water, ethanol, acetone, glycols and chloroform
insoluble in ether, paraffin, oils and fats

DESCRIPTION
PEG 400 is water-soluble, nonionic, relatively inert, liquids or solids. Confers slip and humectant properties to coatings. See poly(ethylene oxide) for higher molecular weights. The terms poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(ethylene oxide) refer to polymers which are chemically identical. Polymer chains are hydroxyl-terminated at both ends. At all except the lowest molecular weights poly(ethylene glycol) has a broad molecular weight distribution ranging from ~ 0.5x to 1.5x the values shown.

Soluble in: alcohol, acetone, chloroform, toluene, dichloromethane

CAS# of PEG 400: 25322-68-3
Formula of PEG 400: H(OCH2CH2)nOH
Molecular Weightv: 400
Melting Point of PEG 400: 4-8
Tg of PEG 400: -41°
Refractive Index of PEG 400: n20/D 1.4563
Viscosity of PEG 400: 7.3 cps @ 100°C
Appearance of PEG 400: viscous liquid
Hazards of PEG 400: Harmless-use normal precautions
Handling of PEG 400: Exercise normal care
Storage of PEG 400: Store at room temperature

IDENTIFICATION
Name
Polyethylene glycol 400
Accession Number
DB11077
Description
Polyethylene glycols (PEGs) are products made of condensed ethylene oxide and water that can contain various derivatives and have various functions. Because many PEG types are hydrophilic, they are favorably used as enhancers of penetration, and used heavily in topical dermatological preparations. PEGs, along with their many nonionic derivatives, are widely utilized in cosmetic products as surfactants, emulsifiers, cleansing agents, humectants, and skin conditioners.9

Polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) is a low-molecular-weight grade of polyethylene glycol with a low-level toxicity. It is very hydrophilic, which renders it a useful ingredient in drug formulations to augment the solubility and bioavailability of weakly water-soluble drugs. PEG 400 is used in ophthalmic solutions for the relief of burning, irritation and/or discomfort that follows dryness of the eye 7. PEG 400 indicates that the average molecular weight of the specific PEG is 400 10.

PEGylation occurs when PEGs are attached to numerous protein medications, allowing for greater solubility for selected drugs. Examples of PEGylated medications are PEG-interferon alpha (Pegintron) and PEG-filgrastim. In addition, PEG 400 is available as a bowel preparation for colonoscopy procedures and as a laxative 10.

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved
Synonyms
Octaethylene glycol
PEG-400
PEG-8
Polyethylene glycol 400
Polyethylene glycol 8

PHARMACOLOGY
Indication
PEG 400 has been indicated for the temporary relief of burning and irritation due to dryness of the eye, and for protection against further irritation and desiccation 14, 15, 16.

Pharmacodynamics
PEG 400, when used as PEG-400 for eye lubrication provides relief of dry eye symptoms and prevents further irritation, thus protecting the eye from injury 15. PEG allows comfortable eye drop/natural tear instillation by offering improved spreading of the drop over the ocular surface with diminished blurring 14,15.

Mechanism of action
PEG 400, depending on molecular weight, has various mechanisms of action 4, 5, 6, 7. For the purpose of Peg 400, the mechanism of action on the eye tissues will be the primary focus of discussion.

PEG 400 is considered a lacrimomimetic, or a synthetic ocular lubricant that improves one or more components of the lacrimal film by augmenting the tear volume and stability and by protecting the eye surface against desiccation 16. Hydroxypropyl-guar (HPG) is used along with polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400 ) and propylene glycol (PG) as a gelling agent that conforms to abnormalities of the tear film and existing irregularities on the ocular surface 16.

PEG 400 provides lubrication and acts as a surfactant by coating the eye and interacting with propylene glycol and other solutions that help to act as surfactants on the eye mucosa 15. This allows for long-lasting, soothing effects 15.

Recent studies involving nanoparticle drug delivery have demonstrated that PEG can achieve sustained drug delivery. The delivery of drugs to mucosal surfaces is a significant challenge due to the presence of the protective mucus layer that acts to trap and quickly remove foreign particles. Nanoparticles designed to rapidly cross mucosal barriers (mucus-penetrating particles, “MPP”) have proven promising for augmenting drug distribution, and efficacy at various mucosal surfaces. Mucus- penetrating particles are heavily coated with polyethylene glycol (PEG), protecting the nanoparticle core from adhesion with mucus 17.

Polyethylene glycol PEG 400, when free in solution, may also demonstrate attraction to the surfaces of various types of vesicles, cells or macromolecules, leading to polymer adsorption and subsequently either a repulsion or to an attraction, via bridging, of the surfaces or vesicles—again strongly depending on the temperature, molecular weight, and concentration of the polyethylene glycol. Low molecular weight polyethylene glycol (such as PEG 400) generally promotes cells or vesicles to adhere (depletion attraction), high molecular weight polyethylene glycol causes them to repel