PRODUCTS

PERCHLOROETHYLENE

PERCHLOROETHYLENE = TETRACHLORETHYLENE = PERC = PCE

CAS Number: 127-18-4
EC-Number : 204-825-9
Molecular Formula : C2Cl4 or Cl2C=CCl2

Perchloroethylene, also known under the systematic name tetrachloroethene, or perchloroethylene, and many other names (and abbreviations such as "perc" or "PERC", and "PCE"), is a chlorocarbon with the formula Cl2C=CCl2 .
Perchloroethylene has a sweet odor detectable by most people at a concentration of 1 part per million (1 ppm).

Worldwide production of Perchloroethylene was about 1 million metric tons (980,000 long tons; 1,100,000 short tons) in 1985.
According to a United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) report of 1976, the quantity of Perchloroethylene produced in the United States in 1973 totaled 320,000 metric tons (706 million lb).
By 1993, the volume produced in the United States had dropped to 123,000 metric tons (271 million lb).

Perchloroethylene, also known as perc, is a colorless, nonflammable liquid solvent with a sweet, ether-like odor.
Perchloroethylene (PERC) is the most common solvent used for dry cleaning in the United States.
Perchloroethylene was first produced in the United States as a by-product of carbon tetrachloride manufacture in the early 1900s.

The first widespread use of Perchloroethylene was in the dry cleaning industry in the late 1930s.
Production of Perchloroethylene increased during the 1950s.
Throughout the 1950s, about 80% of Perchloroethylene was used for dry cleaning and 15% for metal cleaning and degreasing.

In the 1960s, the dry cleaning industry accounted for about 90% of Perchloroethylene consumption as large dry cleaning plants began favoring Perchloroethylene over flammable petroleum solvents.
Perchloroethylene (Cl₂C=CCl₂) is a colorless liquid with a mild, chloroform-like odor.
Perchloroethylene (also known as perchloroethylene, or PCE) is an excellent solvent for organic materials.

Perchloroethyleneis volatile, highly stable, and nonflammable.
Perchloroethylene, also known as tetrachloroethylene, is a colorless, strong scented solvent that is mainly used in dry cleaning business.
Even in 1 ppm, Perchloroethylene's odor is distinguishable by humans.

Perchloroethylene is a very good solvent.
Perchloroethylene is a man-made chemical that can be a liquid or a gas.
At room temperature, Perchloroethylene is a colorless liquid.

As a vapor, Perchloroethylene has a sharp, sweet scent.
Perchloroethylene is also called perc, tetrachloroethylene, tetrachloroethene and PCE.
Perchloroethylene is a natural product found in Gossypium hirsutum with data available.

Perchloroethylene (PCE) is the only chlorinated ethylene derivative that resists aerobic biodegradation.
Other names for Perchloroethylene include PERC, perchlor and tetrachloroethylene.

USES and APPLICATIONS of PERCHLOROETHYLENE:
-Perchloroethylene is a colorless liquid widely used for dry cleaning of fabrics, hence Perchloroethylene is sometimes called "dry-cleaning fluid".
-Perchloroethylene also has Perchloroethylene's uses as an effective automotive brake cleaner.

-Perchloroethylene is an excellent solvent for organic materials.
Otherwise Perchloroethylene is volatile, highly stable, and nonflammable.
For these reasons, Perchloroethylene is widely used in dry cleaning.

-Perchloroethylene is also used to degrease metal parts in the automotive and other metalworking industries, usually as a mixture with other chlorocarbons.
-Perchloroethylene appears in a few consumer products including paint strippers and spot removers.
-Perchloroethylene is also used in aerosol preparations.

-Perchloroethylene is used in neutrino detectors where a neutrino interacts with a neutron in the chlorine atom and converts Perchloroethylene to a proton to form argon.
-Perchloroethylene is widely used for dry-cleaning fabrics and metal degreasing operations.
-Perchloroethylene is used for dry cleaning and textile processing, as a chemical intermediate, and for vapor degreasing in metal-cleaning operations.

-Perchloroethylene is a manufactured chemical that is widely used for dry cleaning of fabrics and for metal-degreasing.
-Perchloroethylene is also used to make other chemicals and is used in some consumer products.
-Perchloroethylene was once extensively used as an intermediate in the manufacture of HFC-134a and related refrigerants.

-In the early 20th century, Perchloroethylene was used for the treatment of hookworm infestation.
-Perchloroethylene is primarily used in industrial settings and also for dry-cleaning fabrics and degreasing metals.

-Perchloroethylene is a solvent commonly used in dry cleaning operations.
When applied to a material or fabric, perc helps dissolve greases, oils and waxes without damaging the fabric.

-In metal manufacturing, solvents containing Perchloroethylene clean and degrease new metal to help prevent impurities from weakening the metal.
-Due to Perchloroethylene's durability and ability to adhere to plastics, metal, rubber and leather, perchloroethylene has been used as an ingredient in a range of common products such as water repellants, paint removers, printing inks, glues, sealants, polishes and lubricants.

-Perchloroethylene is mostly used in dry cleaning business.
-Perchloroethylene is a very good solvent and stain remover.
-Perchloroethylene is also used to clean oils in automotive and many other metal-related industries.

-Certain dye removers and stain removers contain perchloroethylene.
-Perchloroethylene had been used in coolant and medicine productions but Perchloroethylene is not preferred now.
-For these chemical properties, Perchloroethylene is widely used in dry cleaning.

-Perchloroethylene is also used to degrease metal parts in the automotive and other metalworking industries (e.g., cleaning tires, brakes, engines, carburetors and wire, and as an antiseizing agent).
-Perchloroethylene appears in a few consumer products, including paint strippers and spot removers.
-Perchloroethylene has also been in paints, spot removers, printing inks, household cleaners and glues.

-In the 1990s, use of Perchloroethylene as a chemical precursor for fluorocarbon refrigerants such as 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, more commonly known as hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) 134a, increased, as did demand for PCE as a metal degreasing agent.
-Although the quantity of Perchloroethylene used in dry cleaning facilities declined throughout the 1990s, Perchloroethylene has remained the predominant solvent used by dry cleaners.

-Perchloroethylene is mainly used for dry cleaning.
-Perchloroethylene has also been used as a general anesthetic, a substance used to numb people or take sensation away during surgery.
-Perchloroethylene (PCE) is a chemical that has been used as a degreaser and as a dry-cleaning agent.

PRODUCTION of PERCHLOROETHYLENE:
British physicist and chemist Michael Faraday first synthesized Perchloroethylene in 1821 by thermal decomposition of hexachloroethane.
C2Cl6 → C2Cl4 + Cl2

Most Perchloroethylene is produced by high temperature chlorinolysis of light hydrocarbons.
The method is related to Faraday's discovery since hexachloroethane is generated and thermally decomposes.
Side products include carbon tetrachloride, hydrogen chloride, and hexachlorobutadiene.

Several other methods have been developed When 1,2-dichloroethane is heated to 400 °C with chlorine, Perchloroethylene is produced by the chemical reaction:

ClCH2CH2Cl + 3 Cl2 → Cl2C=CCl2 + 4 HCl

This reaction can be catalyzed by a mixture of potassium chloride and aluminium chloride or by activated carbon.
Trichloroethylene is a major byproduct, which is separated by distillation.

Perchloroethylene is industrially produced by chlorolysis of mostly light hydrocarbons in high temperatures.
Many byproducts are also produced in this process.
These items are disintigrated by distillation.

Ethylene chlorine is also produced by catalyzation of potassium chlorine, ammonium chlorine or active carbone and chlorine in 400 °C.
Bypoducts are distillated, similar to above mentioned method.

DRY CLEANING and USE of PERCHLOROETHYLENE:
Dry cleaning uses non-aqueous solvents to clean fabrics.
The first dry cleaning operations in the United States (US) date back to the 1800s when people washed fabrics in open tubs with solvents such as gasoline, kerosene, benzene, turpentine, and petroleum and then hung to dry.

In the 1900s, the US started using specialized machines for the dry cleaning process.
However, the use of highly flammable petroleum solvents caused many fires and explosions, highlighting the need to find a safer alternative.
The dry cleaning industry first introduced Stoddard solvent (less flammable than gasoline) followed by several nonflammable halogenated solvents, such as carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene (TCE), trichlorotrifluoroethane, and Perchloroethylene(PERC).

Beginning in the 1940s, Perchloroethylene —also known as tetrachloroethylene or PCE—became the most frequently used dry cleaning solvent and continues to be the primary solvent used to dry clean fabrics both in the US and the European Union (EU).

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of PERCHLOROETHYLENE:
Molecular weight : 165,83 g/mol
Appearance Form: liquid, clear
Color: colorless
Odor: No data available
Odor Threshold: No data available
pH: No data available
Melting point/freezing point
Melting point/range: -22 °C - lit.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 121 °C - lit.

Flash point: No data available
Evaporation rate: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Vapor pressure: 25,3 hPa at 25,0 °C 17,3 hPa at 20,0 °C
Vapor density: No data available
Density: 1,623 g/cm3 at 25 °C - lit.
Relative density: No data available

Water solubility 0,15 g/l at 25 °C
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water
log Pow: 2,53 at 23 °C
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: 0,844 mPa.s at 25 °C
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: No data available

Other safety information:
Surface tension: 32,1 mN/m at 20 °C
Molecular Weight: 165.8
XLogP3: 3.4
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 0
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 165.872461
Monoisotopic Mass: 163.875411
Topological Polar Surface Area: 0 Å²
Heavy Atom Count: 6
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 55.6

FIRST AID MEASURES of PERCHLOROETHYLENE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.

*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Call in physician.

*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Consult a physician.

*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.

*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.

-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of PERCHLOROETHYLENE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.

-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Take up with liquid-absorbent material.
Dispose of properly.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of PERCHLOROETHYLENE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder

*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.

-Further information:
Suppress (knock down) gases/vapors/mists with a water spray jet.

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of PERCHLOROETHYLENE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:

-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:

*Eye/face protection:
Use Safety glasses.

*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Viton®
Minimum layer thickness: 0,7 mm
Break through time: 480 min

Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,4 mm
Break through time: 240 min

-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of PERCHLOROETHYLENE:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Advice on safe handling:
Work under hood.

*Hygiene measures:
Immediately change contaminated clothing.
Wash hands and face after working with substance.

-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Keep in a well-ventilated place.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of PERCHLOROETHYLENE:
-Reactivity:
No data available

-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .

-Conditions to avoid:
no information available

SYNONYMS:
Perchloroethylene, PCE, Tetrachloroethylene
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
Tetrachloroethene
Perchloroethylene
Perc
Perchlorethylene
Ethene, tetrachloro-
Tetrachlorethylene
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethylene
Ethylene tetrachloride
Carbon dichloride
Ankilostin
Didakene
Perclene
Tetracap
Tetraguer
Tetraleno
Tetralex
Tetropil
Perawin
Tetlen
Tetrachloraethen
PerSec
Carbon bichloride
PERK
Percloroetilene
Tetracloroetene
Fedal-UN
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethene
Tetrachlooretheen
Czterochloroetylen
Percosolve
Perchlor
Perklone
Tetravec
Tetroguer
Nema
Perchloraethylen, per
Perchlorethylene, per
Perclene D
Dow-per
Dilatin PT
Perchloorethyleen, per
Antisol 1
Ethylene, tetrachloro-
Perchloroethene
Antisal 1
Rcra waste number U210
Nema, veterinary
NCI-C04580
ENT 1,860
Perclene TG
UNII-TJ904HH8SN
UN 1897
TJ904HH8SN
CHEBI:17300
Percosolv
Caswell No. 827
C2Cl4
Tetrachloroethylene (IUPAC)
CCRIS 579
HSDB 124
NSC 9777
UN1897
Tetrachloroethylene [USP]
RCRA waste no. U210
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 078501
BRN 1361721
Tetrachlorathen
Perchlorothylene
AI3-01860
tetrachloro-ethene
Ethene, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-
tetrachloro-ethylene
Nema (VAN)
WLN: GYGUYGG
Freon 1110
DSSTox_CID_1319
bmse000633
1,2,2-Tetrachloroethylene
DSSTox_RID_76079
DSSTox_GSID_21319
SCHEMBL23022
BIDD:ER0346
1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-ethene
CHEMBL114062
1,1,2, 2-Tetrachloroethylene
DTXSID2021319
Tetrachloroethylene, >=99.5%
NSC9777
Tetrachloroethylene, UV/IR-Grade
NSC-9777
ZINC8214691
Tox21_201196
AKOS009031593
MCULE-3770837074
Tetrachloroethylene, analytical standard
Tetrachloroethylene, anhydrous, >=99%
NCGC00090944-01
NCGC00090944-02
NCGC00090944-03
NCGC00258748-01
Tetrachloroethylene, for HPLC, >=99.9%
Tetrachloroethylene, ReagentPlus(R), 99%
DB-041854
Tetrachloroethylene, for synthesis, 99.0%
FT-0631739
FT-0674946
S0641
Tetrachloroethylene, ACS reagent, >=99.0%
EN300-19890
Tetrachloroethene 1000 microg/mL in Methanol
Tetrachloroethene 5000 microg/mL in Methanol
C06789
F 1110
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethylene (ACD/Name 4.0)
Tetrachloroethylene, SAJ first grade, >=98.0%
A805656
Q410772
Tetrachloroethylene, SAJ special grade, >=99.0%
J-524851
Tetrachloroethylene, UV HPLC spectroscopic, 99.9%
BRD-K68386748-001-01-2
F0001-0391