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CAS NO: 32289-58-0
EC NO:1308068-626-2
SYNONYMS
1,6-Diisocyanatohexane homopolymer, 1,6-Diisocyanatohexane polymer, HMDI homopolymer;32289-58-0;Poly (hexamethylene biguanide) hydrochloride;Poly(hexamethylenediguanide) Hydrochloride;MFCD00217750;Pol(iminocarbonimidoyliminocarbonimidoylimino-1,6-hexanediyhydrochloride;BCP13780;ZINC72482058;AKOS015919499;BR-25769;Poly(hexamethylene Biguanide)Hydrochloride;SC-73224;SY122321;Poly(hexamethylenebiguanidhydrochloride;Polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride, PHMB;Poly(iminocarbonimidoyliminocarbonimidoylimino-1,6-hexanediyl)hydrochloride
Polyhexanide (polyhexamethylene biguanide, PHMB) is a polymer used as a disinfectant and antiseptic. In dermatological use, it is spelled polihexanide (INN) and sold under names such as Lavasept, Serasept, Prontosan and Omnicide. PHMB has been shown to be effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus (also the methicillin-resistant type, MRSA), Escherichia coli, Candida albicans (yeast), Aspergillus brasiliensis (mold), vancomycin-resistant enterococci, and Klebsiella pneumoniae (carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae).
Some products containing PHMB are used for inter-operative irrigation, pre- and post-surgery skin and mucous membrane disinfection, post-operative dressings, surgical and non-surgical wound dressings, surgical bath/hydrotherapy, chronic wounds like diabetic foot ulcer and burn wound management, routine antisepsis during mino incisions, catheterization, scopy, first aid, surface disinfection, and linen disinfection.PHMB eye drops have been used as a treatment for eyes affected by Acanthamoeba keratitis.
Branded as Baquacil, it also has an application as a swimming-pool and spa water sanitizer in place of chlorine- or bromine-based products. It is available as Baqua-Spa 3 sanitize, as Revacil Spa 3 sanitizer, and in the Leisure Time Free system.
PHMB is also used as an ingredient in some contact lens cleaning products, cosmetics, personal deodorants and some veterinary products. It is also used to treat clothing (Purista), purportedly to prevent the development of unpleasant odors.The PHMB hydrochloride salt (solution) is used in the majority of formulations.
Safety
In 2011, Polyhexamethylenbiguanide (PHMB, Polyhexanide) has been classified as carcinogenic category 2 by the European Chemical Agency (ECHA). Products containing concentrations of 1% PHMB and more have to be declared as «suspected of causing cancer» and concentrations of 0.1% or above have to be noted in the safety datasheet.
PHMB is allowed as a part of cosmetic products (max. 0.1%) if exposure by inhalation is impossible.
On the 20th of April 2018, the european commission decided to ban preservative uses of PHMB PT9 (Fibre, leather, rubber and polymerised materials preservatives). It’s still allowed for uses as disinfectants PT2 (Disinfectants and algaecides not intended for direct application to humans or animals). Furthermore, PHMB has been declared as a candidate for substitution by the ECHA.
Applications
PHMG is a new generation of disinfectant with a wide scope of applications in agriculture and food processing plants, logistics, kitchens, transport vehicles. PHMB is a disinfectant with a broad spectrum of activity against bacteria, viruses and fungi, inducing cell death by disrupting cell membrane integrity (Ikeda et al, 1983;
Ikeda et al, 1984; Moore and Gray, 2007;). and it is used as a preservative in cosmetics, personal care products, fabric softeners, contact lens solutions, hand washes, and more. In cosmetics, the preservation of fruit and vegetables (KoffiNevry et al., 2011; Kabara, 1984; Dugard and Mawdsley, 1982). PHMB is also used to preserve wet wipes; to control odor in textiles; to prevent microbial contamination in wound irrigation, sterile dressings; to deodorize vacuums and toilets (SCCS, 2005); to disinfect medical/dental utensil and trays, farm equipment, animal drinking water and hard surfaces for food handling institutions and hospitals. PHMB is used in antimicrobial hand washes and rubs and air filter treatments as an alternative to ozone. PHMB is also used as an active ingredient for recreational water treatment, as a chlorine free polymeric sanitizer, which is effective against a wide variety of microorganisms. It has been used in a wide range of applications from swimming pool sanitisers to preservatives in cosmetics and contact lens solutions (Bucher,2012). Clinical studies indicate it has a broad spectrum of activity, including against human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV) (Wérthen et al, 2004; Krebs et al, 2005). PHMB appears to be available in presentations that provide clinicians with effective wound care modalities for most clinical scenarios and has also been used as a perioperative cleansing agent (Kramer, 1997), in mouth wash, (Rosin, 2002) in ophthalmology, (Kramer, 1997; Petrou-Binder, 2003). Petrou-Binder40 describes the germicidal effects of PHMB (Lavasept 0.02%) as eye drops prior to cataract surgery. PHMB can be found in swimming pool sanitizers, cosmetics, leather preservatives, contact lens disinfectants, cleanser in agriculture and food handling, in treatment of hatching eggs, fibers and textiles and technical fluids like cutting oils and glues (Kaehn, 2010).
Available in colorless to pale yellow form, Polyhexamethylene biguanide, PHMB is accessible in liquid form. It tastes bitter and its purity level is 20%. It can be stored for 24 months. This disinfecting chemical is water soluble and it is cationic by nature. It is suitable for household, industrial and clinical application purpose. Ph level of this liquid substance ranges between 4 to 5. Polyhexamethylene biguanide, PHMB has been formulated under controlled temperature to preserve its anti bacterial properties. Standard of this liquid has been verified on the basis of its composition, formulation method, effectiveness, shelf life, ph value, possible toxin content, etc.
Environmentally friendly high molecular polymer sterilization and disinfectant-polyhexamethylene biguanide, with a broad spectrum of sterilization; low effective concentration; fast action speed; stable properties; excellent performance of being easily soluble in water; can be used at room temperature; long-term inhibition Bacteria, no side effects; non-corrosive; colorless, odorless; non-toxic; non-flammable, non-explosive, safe to use; moderate price; convenient transportation, it can be said to be the best fungicide. In fact, the product is an environmentally-friendly, multi-purpose new polymer, which has extremely wide applications in industry, agriculture, medicine and daily life.
PHMB is a cationic biocide marketed worldwide, due to its excellent antimicrobial activity, chemical stability, low toxicity and reasonable cost (Vantocil, 2005; Roth and Brill, 2010). The mode of action of PHMB family, has been described by many researchers (Maris, 1995). When elucidated by transmission electron microscopy, the mode of action of PHMGH antimicrobial biocide demonstrated that the cell envelope was broken, resulting in cell content leakage into the medium (Oulé et al., 2008).
The primary site of action is the cytoplasmic membrane, with resulting modification of membrane permeability. PHMB binds to the negatively charged phosphate head groups of phospholipids at bacteria cell wall, causing increased rigidity,sinking non-polar segments into hydrophobic domains, disrupting the membrane with subsequent cytoplasmic shedding culminating in cell death. This effect was observed to be due to electrostatic interaction of the PHMB with the acid phospholipids in the cytoplasmic membrane. Effectiveness against cellular organisms is due to the very basic biguanide group attached to a flexible spacer, a hexamethylene group. Maximal biocidal efficiency is obtained when six methylene groups are used as spacer between biguanide groups (Kaehn, 2010). Unlike certain antibiotics (penicillins, bacitracin and novobiocin), there is no accumulation of bacterial wall precursors; destruction is caused by rupture of the membrane and loss of permeability without lysis of the cell wall. Release of the cell constituents occurs at very low concentrations. PHMB has an effect on both planktonic bacteria and those in biofilms (Butcher, 2012). At the high concentrations used under antiseptic conditions, the bactericidal effect is very rapid, due to coagulation of the cytoplasm. Therefore, bacterial death is not due to leakage of the cell constituents at all concentrations of PHMB. (Maris, 1995). However, PHMB does not interfere with the proteins that make up animal cell membranes. It, therefore, has a specific antimicrobial action that does not affect animal cell integrity. Once inside the cell, there is evidence that PHMB binds to DNA and other nucleic acids, suggesting it may also damage or inactivate bacterial DNA (Allen et al, 2004). It was also showed that PHMG derivatives strongly affected bacterial enzymes activity in S. aureus than in E. coli
Chemical name: Polyhexamethylene Biguanide / PHMB
Molecular formula: C10H23N5
Appearance: colorless to light yellow liquid & white powder
Purity: 20% & 99%
Molecular weight: 213.32312
PHMB Specification:
20% solution
Assay:19% to 21% w/w
Appearance:Colorless to light yellow liquid
PH-Value(25℃):4.0~5.0
Density(20℃):1.039~1.046
Ratio of absorbane(237nm/222nm) :1.2~1.6
99% powder
Items : Specifications
Appearance : White power soild
Assay: Sodium Myristate （Dry） ≥95.0%
PH :4~8
Conclusion:Conforms
Use of PHMB：
It can be used as a disinfectant, antibacterial, bactericide, mildew-proof, algae-inhibitor, flocculant, etc.
Widely used in health care, chemicals, textiles, paper, wipes, livestock, aquaculture, fisheries, plastics, agriculture, water treatment and other fields.
It can be used directly after dilution with purified water or with other additive agent compounds. Reference amount 1:125~1:1000 (w/w).
