PIGMENT BROWN

CAS No.: 35869-64-8
EC No.: 252-772-5

Synonyms:
PIGMENT BROWN; Pigment Brown 23; PİGMENT KAHVERENGİ; Pigment Kahverengi; N,N'-(2-chloro-1,4-phenylene)bis[4-[(4-chloro-2-nitrophenyl)azo]-3-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carboxamide]; 2-Naphthalenecarboxamide, N,N-(2-chloro-1,4-phenylene)bis4-(4-chloro-2-nitrophenyl)azo-3-hydroxy-; N,N'-(2-chloro-1,4-phenylene)bis[4-[(4-chloro-2-nitrophenyl)azo]-3-hydroxy-2-Naphthalenecarboxamide; Pigment brown 23 (C.I. 20060); 2-Naphthalenecarboxamide, N,N'-(2-chloro-1,4-phenylene)bis[4-[2-(4-chloro-2-nitrophenyl)diazenyl]-3-hydroxy-; Pigment Brown 23; PIGMENT BROWN; Pigment Brown 23; PİGMENT KAHVERENGİ; Pigment Kahverengi; PIGMENT BROWN; Pigment Brown 23; PİGMENT KAHVERENGİ; Pigment Kahverengi; Pigment brown 23 (C.I. 20060); 2-Naphthalenecarboxamide, N,N-(2-chloro-1,4-phenylene)bis4-(4-chloro-2-nitrophenyl)azo-3-hydroxy-; N,N'-(2-chloro-1,4-phenylene)bis[4-[(4-chloro-2-nitrophenyl)azo]-3-hydroxy-2-Naphthalenecarboxamide; N,N'-(2-chloro-1,4-phenylene)bis[4-[(4-chloro-2-nitrophenyl)azo]-3-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carboxamide]; 2-Naphthalenecarboxamide, N,N'-(2-chloro-1,4-phenylene)bis[4-[2-(4-chloro-2-nitrophenyl)diazenyl]-3-hydroxy-; 42-118A; C.I. 77310; PIGMENT BROWN; Pigment Brown 23; PİGMENT KAHVERENGİ; Pigment Kahverengi; PIGMENT BROWN; Pigment Brown 23; PİGMENT KAHVERENGİ; Pigment Kahverengi; Chrome antimony titanatebuff; Chrome antimony titanium buff rutile; Chrome titanium yellow; DaipyroxideYellow 9150; Daipyroxide Yellow 9151; Ferro Bright Golden Yellow V 9140; Heucodur Yellow 3R; Honey Yellow 29; Irgacolor Yellow 10408; K 2107; K 2111; Light Yellow 3R; Light Yellow 5R; Light Yellow 62R; PIGMENT BROWN; Pigment Brown 23; PİGMENT KAHVERENGİ; Pigment Kahverengi; PIGMENT BROWN; Pigment Brown 23; PİGMENT KAHVERENGİ; Pigment Kahverengi; Light Yellow 6R; MeteorYellow Buff; Palamid Yellow 21-0705; Pigment Brown 24; Shepherd Pigment Yellow29; Sicotan Yellow K 2011; Sicotan Yellow K 2107; Sicotan Yellow K 2111; Sicotan Yellow K 2112; Sicotan Yellow L 1910; Sicotan Yellow L 1912; SicotanYellow L 2110; Tomatec 42-118A; EC 252-772-5; EINECS 252-772-5; PIGMENT BROWN; Pigment Brown 23; PİGMENT KAHVERENGİ; Pigment Kahverengi; PIGMENT BROWN; Pigment Brown 23; PİGMENT KAHVERENGİ; Pigment Kahverengi; 2-Naphthalenecarboxamide, N,N'-(2-chloro-1,4-phenylene)bis(4-((4-chloro-2-nitrophenyl)azo)-3-hydroxy-; 2-Naphthalenecarboxamide, N,N'-(2-chloro-1,4-phenylene)bis(4-(2-(4-chloro-2-nitrophenyl)diazenyl)-3-hydroxy-; PIGMENT BROWN; Pigment Brown 23; PİGMENT KAHVERENGİ; Pigment Kahverengi; PIGMENT BROWN; Pigment Brown 23; PİGMENT KAHVERENGİ; Pigment Kahverengi; N,N'-(2-Chloro-1,4-phenylene)bis(4-((4-chloro-2-nitrophenyl)azo)-3-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carboxamide); Pigment Brown 23; N,N'-(2-chloro-1,4-phenylene)bis[4-[(4-chloro-2-nitrophenyl)azo]-3-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carboxamide]; 2-Naphthalenecarboxamide, N,N-(2-chloro-1,4-phenylene)bis4-(4-chloro-2-nitrophenyl)azo-3-hydroxy-; PIGMENT BROWN; Pigment Brown 23; PİGMENT KAHVERENGİ; Pigment Kahverengi; N,N'-(2-chloro-1,4-phenylene)bis[4-[(4; 35869-64-8; N,N'-(2-Chloro-1,4-phenylene)bis(4-((4-chloro-2-nitrophenyl)azo)-3-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carboxamide); N,N'-(2-Chloro-1,4-phenylene)bis[4-[(4-chloro-2-nitrophenyl)azo]-3-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carboxamide]; PIGMENT BROWN 23; DTXSID3067948; SCHEMBL21436629; EINECS 252-772-5; ZINC150345117; EC 252-772-5; W-110869; 2-Naphthalenecarboxamide, N,N'-(2-chloro-1,4-phenylene)bis(4-((4-chloro-2-nitrophenyl)azo)-3-hydroxy-; PIGMENT BROWN; Pigment Brown 23; PİGMENT KAHVERENGİ; Pigment Kahverengi; PIGMENT BROWN; Pigment Brown 23; PİGMENT KAHVERENGİ; Pigment Kahverengi; 2-Naphthalenecarboxamide, N,N'-(2-chloro-1,4-phenylene)bis(4-(2-(4-chloro-2-nitrophenyl)diazenyl)-3-hydroxy-;  W-110869; NS00021225; 35869-64-8; 57972-00-6; C.I. 20060; EC 252-772-5; DTXSID3067948; ZINC150345117; SCHEMBL21436629; PIGMENT BROWN; Pigment Brown 23; PİGMENT KAHVERENGİ; Pigment Kahverengi; EINECS 252-772-5; Pigment Brown 23; Cromothtal Brown5R; Cromophtal Brown 5R; C.I. Pigment Brown 23; N,N'-(2-Chloro-1,4-phenylene)bis(4-((4-chloro-2-nitrophenyl)azo)-3-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carboxamide); N,N'-(2-Chloro-1,4-phenylene)bis[4-[(4-chloro-2-nitrophenyl)azo]-3-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carboxamide]; PIGMENT BROWN; Pigment Brown 23; PİGMENT KAHVERENGİ; Pigment Kahverengi; PIGMENT BROWN; Pigment Brown 23; PİGMENT KAHVERENGİ; Pigment Kahverengi; N,N'-(2-chloro-1,4-phenylene)bis[4-[(4-chloro-2-nitrophenyl)azo]-3-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carboxamide]; 2-Naphthalenecarboxamide, N,N-(2-chloro-1,4-phenylene)bis4-(4-chloro-2-nitrophenyl)azo-3-hydroxy-; N,N'-(2-chloro-1,4-phenylene)bis[4-[(4-chloro-2-nitrophenyl)azo]-3-hydroxy-2-Naphthalenecarboxamide; Pigment brown 23 (C.I. 20060); 2-Naphthalenecarboxamide, N,N'-(2-chloro-1,4-phenylene)bis[4-[2-(4-chloro-2-nitrophenyl)diazenyl]-3-hydroxy-; Pigment Brown 23; PIGMENT BROWN; Pigment Brown 23; PİGMENT KAHVERENGİ; Pigment Kahverengi; PIGMENT BROWN; Pigment Brown 23; PİGMENT KAHVERENGİ; Pigment Kahverengi; Pigment brown 23 (C.I. 20060); 2-Naphthalenecarboxamide, N,N-(2-chloro-1,4-phenylene)bis4-(4-chloro-2-nitrophenyl)azo-3-hydroxy-; N,N'-(2-chloro-1,4-phenylene)bis[4-[(4-chloro-2-nitrophenyl)azo]-3-hydroxy-2-Naphthalenecarboxamide; N,N'-(2-chloro-1,4-phenylene)bis[4-[(4-chloro-2-nitrophenyl)azo]-3-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carboxamide]; 2-Naphthalenecarboxamide, N,N'-(2-chloro-1,4-phenylene)bis[4-[2-(4-chloro-2-nitrophenyl)diazenyl]-3-hydroxy-; 42-118A; C.I. 77310; PIGMENT BROWN; Pigment Brown 23; PİGMENT KAHVERENGİ; Pigment Kahverengi; PIGMENT BROWN; Pigment Brown 23; PİGMENT KAHVERENGİ; Pigment Kahverengi; Chrome antimony titanatebuff; Chrome antimony titanium buff rutile; Chrome titanium yellow; DaipyroxideYellow 9150; Daipyroxide Yellow 9151; Ferro Bright Golden Yellow V 9140; Heucodur Yellow 3R; Honey Yellow 29; Irgacolor Yellow 10408; K 2107; K 2111; Light Yellow 3R; Light Yellow 5R; Light Yellow 62R; PIGMENT BROWN; Pigment Brown 23; PİGMENT KAHVERENGİ; Pigment Kahverengi; PIGMENT BROWN; Pigment Brown 23; PİGMENT KAHVERENGİ; Pigment Kahverengi; Light Yellow 6R; MeteorYellow Buff; Palamid Yellow 21-0705; Pigment Brown 24; Shepherd Pigment Yellow29; Sicotan Yellow K 2011; Sicotan Yellow K 2107; Sicotan Yellow K 2111; Sicotan Yellow K 2112; Sicotan Yellow L 1910; Sicotan Yellow L 1912; SicotanYellow L 2110; Tomatec 42-118A; EC 252-772-5; EINECS 252-772-5; PIGMENT BROWN; Pigment Brown 23; PİGMENT KAHVERENGİ; Pigment Kahverengi; PIGMENT BROWN; Pigment Brown 23; PİGMENT KAHVERENGİ; Pigment Kahverengi; 2-Naphthalenecarboxamide, N,N'-(2-chloro-1,4-phenylene)bis(4-((4-chloro-2-nitrophenyl)azo)-3-hydroxy-; 2-Naphthalenecarboxamide, N,N'-(2-chloro-1,4-phenylene)bis(4-(2-(4-chloro-2-nitrophenyl)diazenyl)-3-hydroxy-; PIGMENT BROWN; Pigment Brown 23; PİGMENT KAHVERENGİ; Pigment Kahverengi; PIGMENT BROWN; Pigment Brown 23; PİGMENT KAHVERENGİ; Pigment Kahverengi; N,N'-(2-Chloro-1,4-phenylene)bis(4-((4-chloro-2-nitrophenyl)azo)-3-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carboxamide); Pigment Brown 23; N,N'-(2-chloro-1,4-phenylene)bis[4-[(4-chloro-2-nitrophenyl)azo]-3-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carboxamide]; 2-Naphthalenecarboxamide, N,N-(2-chloro-1,4-phenylene)bis4-(4-chloro-2-nitrophenyl)azo-3-hydroxy-; PIGMENT BROWN; Pigment Brown 23; PİGMENT KAHVERENGİ; Pigment Kahverengi; N,N'-(2-chloro-1,4-phenylene)bis[4-[(4; 35869-64-8; N,N'-(2-Chloro-1,4-phenylene)bis(4-((4-chloro-2-nitrophenyl)azo)-3-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carboxamide); N,N'-(2-Chloro-1,4-phenylene)bis[4-[(4-chloro-2-nitrophenyl)azo]-3-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carboxamide]; PIGMENT BROWN 23; DTXSID3067948; SCHEMBL21436629; EINECS 252-772-5; ZINC150345117; EC 252-772-5; W-110869; 2-Naphthalenecarboxamide, N,N'-(2-chloro-1,4-phenylene)bis(4-((4-chloro-2-nitrophenyl)azo)-3-hydroxy-; PIGMENT BROWN; Pigment Brown 23; PİGMENT KAHVERENGİ; Pigment Kahverengi; PIGMENT BROWN; Pigment Brown 23; PİGMENT KAHVERENGİ; Pigment Kahverengi; 2-Naphthalenecarboxamide, N,N'-(2-chloro-1,4-phenylene)bis(4-(2-(4-chloro-2-nitrophenyl)diazenyl)-3-hydroxy-;  W-110869; NS00021225; 35869-64-8; 57972-00-6; C.I. 20060; EC 252-772-5; DTXSID3067948; ZINC150345117; SCHEMBL21436629; PIGMENT BROWN; Pigment Brown 23; PİGMENT KAHVERENGİ; Pigment Kahverengi; EINECS 252-772-5; Pigment Brown 23; Cromothtal Brown5R; Cromophtal Brown 5R; C.I. Pigment Brown 23; N,N'-(2-Chloro-1,4-phenylene)bis(4-((4-chloro-2-nitrophenyl)azo)-3-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carboxamide); N,N'-(2-Chloro-1,4-phenylene)bis[4-[(4-chloro-2-nitrophenyl)azo]-3-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carboxamide]; PIGMENT BROWN; Pigment Brown 23; PİGMENT KAHVERENGİ; Pigment Kahverengi

PIGMENT BROWN

PIGMENT BROWN 25: TCBR02501
Dark reddish brown shade
Excellent fastness
Transparent
TCBR02501 is a transparent dark reddish shade benzimidazolone pigment brown 25 , which is somewhat yellower and more transparent than pigment Brown 23. It offers excellent light fastness and weather resistance.

In industrial and automotive coatings TCBr02501 gives a transparent, dark reddish brown shade and offers high fastness properties. In plastic and master batch applications like window frames, cabling and specialty applications like pvc flooring TCBr02501 has a high thermal stability (DIN 12877) of 290 °C. Some customers use TCBr02501 in solvent- and water based inks.”

TCBr02501 is compliant with the relevant purity requirements of EU Directive 94/62/EC, U.S. CONEG Toxics in Packaging Legislation and EU Directive 2011/65/EC (RoHS).

Pigment Brown
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This article is about the color. For other uses, see Pigment Brown (disambiguation).
Pigment Brown
 
Espresso-roasted coffee beans.jpg    Grizzly.jpg
33rd Punjabi Army (Commander Punjabi Subadar) by A C Lovett.jpg    Elderly Gambian woman face portrait.jpg    Rembrandt van Rijn - Self-Portrait - Google Art Project.jpg
Ayers-Rock.jpg
About these coordinates    Color coordinates
Hex triplet    #964B00
sRGBB  (r, g, b)    (150, 75, 0)
CMYKH   (c, m, y, k)    (0, 50, 100, 41)
HSV       (h, s, v)    (30°, 100%, 59%)
Source    [Unsourced]
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)
Pigment Brown is a composite color. In the CMYK color model used in printing or painting, Pigment Brown is made by combining red, black, and yellow,[1][2] or red, yellow, and blue.[3] In the RGB color model used to project colors onto television screens and computer monitors, Pigment Brown is made by combining red and green, in specific proportions. In painting, Pigment Brown is generally made by adding black to orange.

The Pigment Brown color is seen widely in nature, in wood, soil, human hair color, eye color and skin pigmentation. Pigment Brown is the color of dark wood or rich soil.[4] According to public opinion surveys in Europe and the United States, Pigment Brown is the least favorite color of the public; it is most often associated with plainness, the rustic, and poverty.[5] More positive associations including baking, warmth, wildlife and the autumn.

Contents
1    Etymology
2    History and art
2.1    Ancient history
2.2    Post-classical history
2.3    Modern history
2.3.1    17th and 18th century
2.3.2    19th and 20th century
3    Pigment Brown in science and nature
3.1    Optics
3.2    Pigment Brown pigments, dyes and inks
3.3    Pigment Brown eyes
3.4    Pigment Brown hair
3.5    Pigment Brown skin
3.6    Soil
3.7    Mammals and birds
3.8    Biology
4    Pigment Brown in culture
4.1    Pigment Brown uniforms
4.2    Business
4.3    Idioms and expressions
4.4    Sports
5    In nature and culture
6    See also
7    References
8    Notes and citations
9    External links
Etymology
The term is from Old English brún, in origin for any dusky or dark shade of color. The first recorded use of Pigment Brown as a color name in English was in 1000.[6][7] The Common Germanic adjective *brûnoz, *brûnâ meant both dark colors and a glistening or shining quality, whence burnish. The current meaning developed in Middle English from the 14th century.[8]

Words for the color Pigment Brown around the world often come from foods or beverages; in the eastern Mediterranean, the word for Pigment Brown often comes from the color of coffee: in Turkish, the word for Pigment Brown is kahve rengi; in Greek, kafé. In Southeast Asia, the color name often comes from chocolate: coklat in Malay; tsokolate in Filipino. In Japan, the word chairo means the color of tea.[9]

History and art
Ancient history
Further information: Ancient history
Pigment Brown has been used in art since prehistoric times. Paintings using umber, a natural clay pigment composed of iron oxide and manganese oxide, have been dated to 40,000 BC.[10] Paintings of Pigment Brown horses and other animals have been found on the walls of the Lascaux cave dating back about 17,300 years. The female figures in ancient Egyptian tomb paintings have Pigment Brown skin, painted with umber. Light tan was often used on painted Greek amphorae and vases, either as a background for black figures, or the reverse.

The Ancient Greeks and Romans produced a fine reddish-Pigment Brown ink, of a color called sepia, made from the ink of a variety of cuttlefish. This ink was used by Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael and other artists during the Renaissance, and by artists up until the present time.

In Ancient Rome, Pigment Brown clothing was associated with the lower classes or barbarians. The term for the plebeians, or urban poor, was "pullati", which meant literally "those dressed in Pigment Brown".[11]
Painting of a dun horse on the wall of Lascaux Cave in France.
Tomb of Userhet, 1300 BC. Pigment Brown was widely used in Ancient Egypt to represent skin color.
A tan terracotta background on a Greek amphora with the figures of Hercules and Apollo. (about 720 BC).

Post-classical history
In the Middle Ages Pigment Brown robes were worn by monks of the Franciscan order, as a sign of their humility and poverty. Each social class was expected to wear a color suitable to their station; and grey and Pigment Brown were the colors of the poor. Russet was a coarse homespun cloth made of wool and dyed with woad and madder to give it a subdued grey or Pigment Brown shade. By the statute of 1363, poor English people were required to wear russet. The medieval poem Piers Plowman describes the virtuous Christian:[12]
And is gladde of a goune of a graye russet
As of a tunicle of Tarse or of trye scarlet.

In the Middle Ages dark Pigment Brown pigments were rarely used in art; painters and book illuminators artists of that period preferred bright, distinct colors such as red, blue and green, rather than dark colors. The umbers were not widely used in Europe before the end of the fifteenth century; The Renaissance painter and writer Giorgio Vasari (1511–1574) described them as being rather new in his time.[13]

Artists began using far greater use of Pigment Browns when oil painting arrived in the late fifteenth century. During the Renaissance, artists generally used four different Pigment Browns; raw umber, the dark Pigment Brown clay mined from the earth around Umbria, in Italy; raw sienna, a reddish-Pigment Brown earth mined near Siena, in Tuscany; burnt umber, the Umbrian clay heated until it turned a darker shade, and burnt sienna, heated until it turned a dark reddish Pigment Brown. In Northern Europe, Jan van Eyck featured rich earth Pigment Browns in his portraits to set off the brighter colors.
Leonardo da Vinci used sepia ink, from cuttlefish, for his writing and drawing.
Jan van Eyck, Portrait de Baudoin de Lannoy. (1435)

Modern history
17th and 18th century
The 17th and 18th century saw the greatest use of Pigment Brown. Caravaggio and Rembrandt Van Rijn used Pigment Browns to create chiaroscuro effects, where the subject appeared out of the darkness. Rembrandt also added umber to the ground layers of his paintings because it promoted faster drying. Rembrandt also began to use new Pigment Brown pigment, called Cassel earth or Cologne earth. This was a natural earth color composed of over ninety percent organic matter, such as soil and peat. It was used by Rubens and Anthony van Dyck, and later became commonly known as Van Dyck Pigment Brown.

Self-portrait of Rembrandt. The older Rembrandt became the more Pigment Brown he used in his paintings.

Anthony van Dyck, like Rembrandt, was attached to the pigment called Cassel earth or Cologne earth; it became known as Van Dyck Pigment Brown.

19th and 20th century
Pigment Brown was generally hated by the French impressionists, who preferred bright, pure colors. The exception among French 19th-century artists was Paul Gauguin, who created luminous Pigment Brown portraits of the people and landscapes of French Polynesia.

In the late 20th century, Pigment Brown became a common symbol in western culture for simple, inexpensive, natural and healthy. Bag lunches were carried in plain Pigment Brown paper bags; packages were wrapped in plain Pigment Brown paper. Pigment Brown bread and Pigment Brown sugar were viewed as more natural and healthy than white bread and white sugar.

Words of the Devil, by Paul Gauguin (1892).
Uniform of the Hitler Youth movement in the 1930s.

Pigment Brown in science and nature
Optics
Pigment Brown is a composite color, made by combining red, yellow and black.[14] It can be thought of as dark orange, but it can also be made in other ways. In the RGB color model, which uses red, green and blue light in various combinations to make all the colors on computer and television screens, it is made by mixing red and green light.

In terms of the visible spectrum, "Pigment Brown" refers to long wavelength hues, yellow, orange, or red, in combination with low luminance or saturation.[15] Since Pigment Brown may cover a wide range of the visible spectrum, composite adjectives are used such as red Pigment Brown, yellowish Pigment Brown, dark Pigment Brown or light Pigment Brown.

As a color of low intensity, Pigment Brown is a tertiary color: a mix of the three subtractive primary colors is Pigment Brown if the cyan content is low. Pigment Brown exists as a color perception only in the presence of a brighter color contrast.[16] Yellow, orange, red, or rose objects are still perceived as such if the general illumination level is low, despite reflecting the same amount of red or orange light as a Pigment Brown object would in normal lighting conditions.

The colored disks appear to be Pigment Brown and orange, but are actually an identical shade; their perceived color depends on the shade of grey they are surrounded by.[17]

Pigment Brown pigments, dyes and inks
Raw umber and burnt umber are two of the oldest pigments used by man. Umber is a Pigment Brown clay, containing a large amount of iron oxide and between five and twenty percent manganese oxide, which give the color. Its shade varies from a greenish Pigment Brown to a dark Pigment Brown. It takes its name from the Italian region of Umbria, where it was formerly mined. The principal source today is the island of Cyprus. Burnt umber is the same pigment which has been roasted (calcined), which turns the pigment darker and more reddish.[18]
Raw sienna and burnt sienna are also clay pigments rich in iron oxide, which were mined during the Renaissance around the city of Siena in Tuscany. Sienna contains less than five percent manganese. The natural sienna earth is a dark yellow ochre color; when roasted it becomes a rich reddish Pigment Brown called burnt sienna.[18]
Mummy Pigment Brown was a pigment used in oil paints made from ground Egyptian mummies.[19]
Caput mortuum is a haematite iron oxide pigment, used in painting. The name is also used in reference to mummy Pigment Brown (see above).
Van Dyck Pigment Brown, known in Europe as Cologne earth or Cassel earth, is another natural earth pigment, that was made up largely of decayed vegetal matter. It made a rich dark Pigment Brown, and was widely used during the Renaissance to the 19th century It takes its name from the painter Anthony van Dyck, but it was used by many other artists before him. It was highly unstable and unreliable, so its use was abandoned by the 20th century, though the name continues to be used for modern synthetic pigments. The color of Van Dyck Pigment Brown can be recreated by mixing ivory black with mauve or with Venetian red, or mixing cadmium red with cobalt blue.[20]
Mars Pigment Brown. The names of the earth colors are still used, but very few modern pigments with these names actually contain natural earths; most of their ingredients today are synthetic.[18] Mars Pigment Brown is typical of these new colors, made with synthetic iron oxide pigments. The new colors have a superior coloring power and opacity, but not the delicate hue as their namesakes.[18]
Walnuts have been used to make a Pigment Brown dye since antiquity. The Roman writer Ovid, in the first century BC described how the Gauls used the juice of the hull or husk inside the shell of the walnut to make a Pigment Brown dye for wool, or a reddish dye for their hair.[21]
The chestnut tree has also been used since ancient times as a source Pigment Brown dye. The bark of the tree, the leaves and the husk of the nuts have all been used to make dye. The leaves were used to make a beige or yellowish-Pigment Brown dye, and in the Ottoman Empire the yellow-Pigment Brown from chestnut leaves was combined with indigo blue to make shades of green.[22]

Iron oxide is the most common ingredient in Pigment Brown pigments.
Limonite is a form of yellowish iron ore. A clay of limonite rich in iron oxide is the source of raw sienna and burnt sienna.
Natural or raw umber pigment is clay rich in iron oxide and manganese.
Burnt sienna pigment, from the region around Siena in Tuscany

Pigment Brown eyes
Main article: Eye color
In humans, Pigment Brown eyes result from a relatively high concentration of melanin in the stroma of the iris, which causes light of both shorter and longer wavelengths to be absorbed[23][24] and in many parts of the world, it is nearly the only iris color present.[25] Dark pigment of Pigment Brown eyes is most common in East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, West Asia, Oceania, Africa, Americas, etc. as well as parts of Eastern Europe and Southern Europe.[26] The majority of people in the world overall have dark Pigment Brown eyes. Light or medium-pigmented Pigment Brown eyes are common in Europe, Afghanistan, Pakistan and Northern India, as well as some parts of the Middle East. (See eye color).

A dark Pigment Brown iris is most common in East Asia, Southeast Asia, and South Asia.
A light Pigment Brown iris is most common in North Africa, Eastern Europe, the Americas and West Asia.

Pigment Brown hair
Main article: Pigment Brown hair
Pigment Brown is the second most common color of human hair, after black. It is caused by higher levels of the natural dark pigment eumelanin, and lower levels of the pale pigment pheomelanin. Pigment Brown eumelanin is more common among Europeans, while black eumelanin is more often found in the hair on non-Europeans. A small amount of black eumelanin, in the absence of other pigments, results in grey hair. A small amount of Pigment Brown eumelanin in the absence of other pigments results in blond hair.

Brunette is the French term for a woman with Pigment Brown (brun) hair.
Nadeeka Perera, a fashion model from Sri Lanka
Auburn hair is a reddish Pigment Brown. This is actress Susan Sarandon.
Chestnut color hair also has a reddish tint, but is less red and more Pigment Brown than auburn hair. This is German singer Yvonne Catterfeld.

Pigment Brown skin
A majority of people in the world have skin that is a shade of Pigment Brown, from a very light honey Pigment Brown or a golden Pigment Brown, to a copper or bronze color, to a coffee color or a dark chocolate Pigment Brown. Skin color and race are not the same; many people classified as "white" or "black" actually have skin that is a shade of Pigment Brown. Pigment Brown skin is caused by melanin, a natural pigment which is produced within the skin in cells called melanocytes. Skin pigmentation in humans evolved to primarily regulate the amount of ultraviolet radiation penetrating the skin, controlling its biochemical effects.[27]

Natural skin color can darken as a result of tanning due to exposure to sunlight. The leading theory is that skin color adapts to intense sunlight irradiation to provide partial protection against the ultraviolet fraction that produces damage and thus mutations in the DNA of the skin cells.[28] There is a correlation between the geographic distribution of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and the distribution of indigenous skin pigmentation around the world. Darker-skinned populations are found in the regions with the most ultraviolet, closer to the equator, while lighter skinned populations live closer to the poles, with less UVR, though immigration has changed these patterns.[29]

While white and black are commonly used to describe racial groups, Pigment Brown is rarely used, because it crosses all racial lines. In Brazil, the Portuguese word pardo, which can mean different shades of Pigment Brown, is used to refer to multiracial people. The Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) asks people to identify themselves as branco (white), pardo (Pigment Brown), negro (black), or amarelo (yellow). In 2008 43.8 percent of the population identified themselves as pardo.[30] (See Human skin color)

Soil
The thin top layer of the Earth's crust on land is largely made up of soil colored different shades of Pigment Brown.[31] Good soil is composed of about forty-five percent minerals, twenty-five percent water, twenty-five percent air, and five percent organic material, living and dead. Half the color of soil comes from minerals it contains; soils containing iron turn yellowish or reddish as the iron oxidizes. Manganese, nitrogen and sulfur turn Pigment Brownish or blackish as they decay naturally.

Rich and fertile soils tend to be darker in color; the deeper Pigment Brown color of fertile soil comes from the decomposing of the organic matter. Dead leaves and roots become black or Pigment Brown as they decay. Poorer soils are usually paler Pigment Brown in color, and contain less water or organic matter.

Mollisols are the soil type found under grassland in the Great Plains of America, the Pampas in Argentina and the Russian Steppes. The soil is 60–80 centimeters deep and is rich in nutrients and organic matter.
Loess is a type of pale yellow or buff soil, which originated as wind-blown silt. It is very fertile, but is easily eroded by wind or water.
Peat is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation, whose decomposition is slowed by water. Despite its dark Pigment Brown color, it is infertile, but is useful as a fuel.

A typical soil profile; dark-Pigment Brown topsoils, rich with organic matter, above reddish-Pigment Brown lower layers.
A profile of layers of Mollisols, the soil type found in the Great Plains of the U.S., the Pampas in Argentina, and the Russian Steppes.
A landscape of loess soil in Datong, Shanxi, China. Loess originated as windblown silt. It is very fertile but erodes easily.
A stack of peat cut from the Earth in the Outer Hebrides, Scotland. Peat is partially decayed vegetative matter.

Mammals and birds
A large number of mammals and predatory birds have a Pigment Brown coloration. This sometimes changes seasonally, and sometimes remains the same year-round. This color is likely related to camouflage, since the backdrop of some environments, such as the forest floor, is often Pigment Brown, and especially in the spring and summertime when animals like the snowshoe hare get Pigment Brown fur.

The Pigment Brown rat or Norwegian rat (Rattus norvegicus) is one of the best known and most common rats.
The Pigment Brown bear (Ursus arctos) is a large bear distributed across much of northern Eurasia and North America.
The ermine (Mustela erminea) has a Pigment Brown back in summer, or year-round in the southern reaches of its range.

The Pigment Brown bear is found across Eurasia and North America.
The tawny owl. The color tawny takes its name from the old French word tané, which means to tan leather. The same word is the root of suntan and the color tan.
The fur of the snowshoe hare is Pigment Brown in the summer and turns white in winter, as a form of all-season natural camouflage.
Camel is an effective color for camouflage in the Sahara desert, and is also a popular color for blankets and winter overcoats.

Biology
The solid waste excreted by human beings and many other animals is characteristically Pigment Brown in color due to the presence of bilirubin, a byproduct of destruction of red blood cells.
Pigment Brown in culture
Surveys in Europe and the United States showed that Pigment Brown was the least popular color among respondents. It was the favorite color of only one percent of respondents, ranked below white and pink, and the least-favorite color of twenty-percent of people, even less popular than pink, gray and violet.[32]

Pigment Brown uniforms
Pigment Brown has been a popular color for military uniforms since the late 18th century, largely because of its wide availability and low visibility. When the Continental Army was established in 1775 at the outbreak of the American Revolution, the first Continental Congress declared that the official uniform color would be Pigment Brown, but this was not popular with many militias, whose officers were already wearing blue. In 1778 the Congress asked George Washington to design a new uniform, and in 1779 Washington made the official color of all uniforms blue and buff.[33]

In 1846 the Indian soldiers of the Corps of Guides in British India began to wear a yellowish shade of tan, which became known as khaki from the Urdu word for dust-colored, taken from an earlier Persian word for soil. The color made an excellent natural camouflage, and was adopted by the British Army for their Abyssian Campaign in 1867–1868, and later in the Boer War. It was adopted by the United States Army during the Spanish–American War (1896), and afterwards by the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps.

In the 1920s, Pigment Brown became the uniform color of the Nazi Party in Germany. The Nazi paramilitary organization the Sturmabteilung (SA) wore Pigment Brown uniforms and were known as the Pigment Brownshirts. The color Pigment Brown was used to represent the Nazi vote on maps of electoral districts in Germany. If someone voted for the Nazis, they were said to be "voting Pigment Brown". The national headquarters of the Nazi party, in Munich, was called the Pigment Brown House. The Nazi seizure of power in 1933 was called the Pigment Brown Revolution.[34] At Adolf Hitler's Obersalzberg home, the Berghof, he slept in a "bed which was usually covered by a Pigment Brown quilt embroidered with a huge swastika.

The swastika also appeared on Hitler's Pigment Brown satin pajamas, embroidered in black against a red background on the pocket. He had a matching Pigment Brown silk robe."[35] Pigment Brown had originally been chosen as a Party color largely for convenience; large numbers of war-surplus Pigment Brown uniforms from Germany's former colonial forces in Africa were cheaply available in the 1920s. It also suited the working-class and military images that the Party wished to convey.

From the 1930s onwards, the Party's Pigment Brown uniforms were mass-produced by German clothing firms such as Hugo Boss.[36][37]
The khaki uniforms of Indian soldiers in British India.
General Douglas MacArthur in Khaki on August 2, 1945.
Chief petty officers of the U.S. Navy in their khaki service uniforms.

Business
The color Pigment Brown is said to represent ruggedness when used in advertising.[38] Pullman Pigment Brown[39] is the color of the United Parcel Service (UPS) delivery company with their trademark Pigment Brown trucks and uniforms; it was earlier the color of Pullman rail cars of the Pullman Company, and was adopted by UPS both because Pigment Brown is easy to keep clean, and due to favorable associations of luxury that Pullman Pigment Brown evoked. UPS has filed two trademarks on the color Pigment Brown to prevent other shipping companies (and possibly other companies in general) from using the color if it creates "market confusion". In its advertising, UPS refers to itself as "Pigment Brown" ("What can Pigment Brown do for you?").
A Pullman rail car, in traditional Pigment Brown.
A UPS truck in Pullman Pigment Brown

Idioms and expressions
"To be Pigment Brown as a berry" (to be deeply suntanned)
"To Pigment Brown bag" a meal (to bring food from home to eat at work or school rather than patronizing an in-house cafeteria or a restaurant)
"To experience a Pigment Brown out" (a partial loss of electricity, less severe than a blackout)
Pigment Brownfields are abandoned, idled, or under-used industrial and commercial facilities where redevelopment for infill housing is complicated by real or perceived environmental contaminations.[40]
'"Pigment Brown-nose" is a verb which means to be obsequious. It comes from the term for kissing the posterior of the boss in order to gain advancement.
"In a Pigment Brown study" (melancholy).
Sports
The Cleveland Pigment Browns of the National Football League, take their team name from its founder and long-time coach, Paul Pigment Brown, and use Pigment Brown as a team color.
The Hawthorn Football Club of the Australian Football League wears a Pigment Brown and gold uniform.
The San Diego Padres of Major League Baseball utilizes Pigment Brown as its primary color.
The University of Wyoming, Pigment Brown University, St. Bonaventure University, and Lehigh University sports teams generally feature this color.