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Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 is also known as polyoxirane (PEO).
Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 is a linear polyether obtained by ring opening polymerization of ethylene oxide.
Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 is a cream matrix for preparing water-soluble drugs.
CAS Sentences: 25322-68-3
Molecular Formula: (C2H4O)nH2O
EINECS Number: 500-038-2
Synonyms: 1,2-ethanediol,homopolymer, 2-ethanediyl),.alpha.-hydro-.omega.-hydroxy-Poly(oxy-1, Alcox E 160, Alcox E 30, alcoxe30, Poly(ethylene oxide),approx. M.W. 600,000, Poly(ethylene oxide),approx. M.W. 200,000, Poly(ethylene oxide),approx. M.W. 900,000, Peg-200 dilaurate, POLYETHYLENE, GLYCOL 9000 DILAURATE, POLYOXYL 200 DILAURATE, TWV5J70L88
Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 can also be used as a solvent for acetylsalicylic acid and caffeine, which is difficult to dissolve in water.
Drug sustained-release and immobilized enzyme carrier.
The Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 solution is applied to the outer layer of the pill to control the diffusion of drugs in the pill so as to improve the efficacy.
Surface modification of medical polymer materials.
The biocompatibility of medical polymer materials in contact with blood can be improved by adsorption, interception and grafting of two amphiphilic copolymers containing Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 on the surface of medical polymers.
It can make the membrane of the alkanol contraceptive pill.
Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 can make hydrophilic anticoagulant polyurethane.
Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 4000 is an osmotic laxative.
Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 can increase osmotic pressure and absorb moisture in the intestinal cavity, which makes the stool soften and increase in volume, resulting in bowel movement and defecation.
Denture fixing agent. Peg nontoxic and gelatinous nature can be used as a component of denture fixer.
PEG 4000 and PEG 6000 are commonly used to promote cell fusion or protoplast fusion and help organisms (such as yeasts) to take DNA in transformation.
Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 absorbs water from the solution, so it is also used to concentrate the solution.
Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 s are a family of linear polymers formed by a base-catalyzed condensation reaction with repeating ethylene oxide units being added to ethylene.
The molecular formula is (C2H4O)multH2O where mult denotes the average number of oxyethylene groups.
The molecular weight can range from 200 to several million corresponding to the number of oxyethylene groups.
The higher-molecular-weight materials (100 000 to 5 000 000) are also referred to as polyethylene oxides.
The average molecular weight of any specific Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 product falls within quite narrow limits (°5%).
The number of ethylene oxide units or their approximate molecular weight (e.g., PEG-4 or PEG-200) commonly designates the nomenclature of specific Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 s.
Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 s with amolecular weight less than 600 are liquid, whereas those of molecular weight 1000 and above are solid.
These materials are nonvolatile, water-soluble, tasteless, and odorless.
They are miscible with water, alcohols, esters, ketones, aromatic solvents, and chlorinated hydrocarbons, but immiscible with alkanes, paraffins, waxes, and ethers.
Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 solution is sensitive to the shear rate and it is not easy for bacteria to grow on Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000.
Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 is a water-soluble, non-ionic, and biocompatible polymer, typically appearing as a white to off-white, waxy solid or powder with a relatively high melting point compared to lower molecular weight PEGs.
Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 is a polymer which is hydrolyzed by ethylene oxide.
Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 has no toxicity and irritation.
The toxicity of low molecular weight Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 is relatively large.
In general, the toxicity of diols is very low.
Topical application of Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 , especially mucosal drug, can cause irritant pain.
In topical lotion, this product can increase the flexibility of the skin, and has a similar moisturizing effect with glycerin.
Diarrhoea can occur in large doses of oral administration.
In injection, the maximum Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 300 concentration is about 30% (V/V).
Hemolysis could occur when the concentration is more than 40% (V/V).
Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 is a high molecular weight polymer belonging to the Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 family, which is synthesized by the polymerization of ethylene oxide.
Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 is characterized by an average molecular weight of approximately 9000 Daltons, indicating that it consists of long chains of repeating ethylene glycol units.
These properties make PEG 9000 widely utilized in various industrial, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic applications where thickening, lubricating, stabilizing, or moisture-retaining characteristics are required.
In the pharmaceutical industry, Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 is often employed as a binder or matrix former in controlled-release formulations, where it helps to regulate the release profile of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) by forming a hydrophilic matrix that swells in contact with bodily fluids.
Additionally, its biocompatibility and low toxicity make it a preferred excipient in topical ointments, creams, and as a base in suppositories.
Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 exhibits unique physical properties, including excellent solubility in water and many organic solvents, a tendency to form viscous solutions or gels at relatively low concentrations, and low volatility.
Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 is widely used in various pharmaceutical preparations.
Melting point: 64–66 °C
Boiling point: >250 °C
Tg: -67
Density: 1.27 g/mL at 25 °C
Bulk density: 400–500 kg/m³
Vapor density: >1 (vs air)
Vapor pressure: <0.01 mm Hg (20 °C)
Refractive index: n₂₀/D 1.469
Flash point: 270 °C
Storage temp.: 2–8 °C
Solubility: H₂O: 50 mg/mL, clear, colorless
Form: Waxy solid
Color: White to very pale yellow
Specific Gravity: 1.128
pH: 5.5–7.0 (25 °C, 50 mg/mL in H₂O)
Viscosity: 1,650–3,850 cp (1% solution @ 25 °C)
Viscosity: 11 cs (99 °C)
Viscosity: 4.5 cs (99 °C)
Viscosity: 5,500–8,000 cp (1% solution @ 25 °C)
Viscosity: 6 cs (99 °C)
Viscosity: 7.4 cs (99 °C)
Viscosity: 750 cp (5% solution @ 25 °C)
Viscosity: 75 cp (5% solution @ 25 °C)
Viscosity: 8,000 cs (99 °C)
Viscosity: 8,800–17,600 cp (5% solution @ 25 °C)
Viscosity: 93 cs (99 °C)
Biological source: Synthetic (organic)
Water solubility: Soluble in water
λmax: λ: 260 nm Amax: 0.6; λ: 280 nm Amax: 0.3
Sensitive: Hygroscopic
Merck: 14,7568
α-end: Hydroxyl
Ω-end: Hydroxyl
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
LogP: -0.698 at 25 °C
Surface tension: 43.5 mN/m at 20 °C
Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 s can also be used to enhance the aqueous solubility or dissolution characteristics of poorly soluble compounds by making solid dispersions with an appropriate Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000.
Animal studies have also been performed using Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 s as solvents for steroids in osmotic pumps.
In film coatings, solid grades of Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 can be used alone for the film-coating of tablets or can be useful as hydrophilic polishing materials.
Solid grades are also widely used as plasticizers in conjunction with film-forming polymers.
The presence of Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 s in film coats, especially of liquid grades, tends to increase their water permeability and may reduce protection against low pH in enteric-coating films.
Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 s are useful as plasticizers in microencapsulated products to avoid rupture of the coating film when the microcapsules are compressed into tablets.
Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 grades with molecular weights of 6000 and above can be used as lubricants, particularly for soluble tablets.
The lubricant action is not as good as that of magnesium stearate, and stickiness may develop if the material becomes too warm during compression.
An anti adherent effect is also exerted, again subject to the avoidance of overheating.
Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 s have been used in the preparation of urethane hydrogels, which are used as controlled-release agents.
Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 has also been used in insulin-loaded microparticles for the oral delivery of insulin; it has been used in inhalation preparations to improve aerosolization; Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 nanoparticles have been used to improve the oral bioavailability of cyclosporine; it has been used in self-assembled polymeric nanoparticles as a drug carrier; and copolymer networks of Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 grafted with poly(methacrylic acid) have been used as bio adhesive controlled drug delivery formulations.
Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 functions as a humectant and moisturizer, helping to maintain skin hydration by attracting and retaining water molecules.
Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 also acts as a solubilizer and stabilizer in formulations, enhancing the texture and shelf-life of creams, lotions, and hair care products.
Furthermore, in industrial applications, Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 is used as a lubricant, dispersant, and anti-static agent in various manufacturing processes due to its viscosity and film-forming ability.
Its chemical inertness and compatibility with a wide range of substances also enable it to serve as a carrier or dispersing agent in paints, inks, and adhesives.
Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 is valued for its versatility, safety profile, and functional properties across diverse sectors, making it an essential ingredient in many modern formulations and products.
Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 polymers are formed by the reaction of ethylene oxide and water under pressure in the presence of a catalyst.
Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 is another osmotic laxative that is colorless and tasteless once it is mixed.
Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 3350 was obtained by polymerization of ethylene oxide in an autoclave at 80-100°C using as a catalyst dipotassium alcogolate of Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 400.
Dipotassium alcogolate of Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 400 was synthesized by a heating of the dry mixture of Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 400 and potassium hydroxide.
The molecular weight of polymer was regulated by the ratio of monomer: catalyst.
Unlike the low molecular weight poly(ethylene oxide)s, the high molecular weight polymers are tough and extensible.
They are highly crystalline, with a melting point of 66??C.
Unlike most water-soluble polymers, the high molecular weight poly(ethylene oxide)s may be melt processed; they may be injection moulded, extruded and calendered without difficulty.
Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000s are soluble in an unusually broad range of solvents, which includes water; chlorinated hydrocarbons such as carbon tetrachloride and methylene dichloride; aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene and toluene; ketones such as acetone and methyl ethyl ketone; and alcohols such as methanol and isopropanol.
There is an upper temperature limit of solubility in water for the high molecular weight poly(ethylene oxide)s; this varies with concentration and molecular weight but is usually between 90 and 100??C.
Water-solubility is due to the ability of the polyether to form hydrogen bonds with water; these bonds are broken when the temperature is raised, restoring the anhydrous polymer which is precipated from the solution.
High molecular weight poly(ethylene oxide)s find use as water-soluble packaging films and capsules for such products as laundry powders, colour concentrates, tablets and seeds.
In solution, the polymers are used as thickeners in pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparations, textile sizes and latex stabilizers.
In concentrations up to approximately 30% v/v, PEG 300 and PEG 400 have been used as the vehicle for parenteral dosage forms.
In solid-dosage formulations, higher-molecular-weight Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 s can enhance the effectiveness of tablet binders and impart plasticity to granules.
However, they have only limited binding action when used alone, and can prolong disintegration if present in concentrations greater than 5% w/w.
When used for thermoplastic granulations,a mixture of the powdered constituents with 10–15% w/w PEG 6000 is heated to 70–75°C.
The mass becomes pastelike and forms granules if stirred while cooling.
This technique is useful for the preparation of dosage forms such as lozenges when prolonged disintegration is required.
Storage:
Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 s are chemically stable in air and in solution, although grades with a molecular weight less than 2000 are hygroscopic.
Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 s do not support microbial growth, and they do not become rancid.
Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 s and aqueous Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 solutions can be sterilized by autoclaving, filtration, or gamma irradiation.
Sterilization of solid grades by dry heat at 150℃ for 1 hour may induce oxidation, darkening, and the formation of acidic degradation products.
Ideally, sterilization should be carried out in an inert atmosphere.
Oxidation of Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 s may also be inhibited by the inclusion of a suitable antioxidant.
If heated tanks are used to maintain normally solid Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 s in a molten state, care must be taken to avoid contamination with iron, which can lead to discoloration.
The temperature must be kept to the minimum necessary to ensure fluidity; oxidation may occur if Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 s are exposed for long periods to temperatures exceeding 50℃.
However, storage under nitrogen reduces the possibility of oxidation.
Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 s should be stored in well-closed containers in a cool, dry place.
Stainless steel, aluminum, glass, or lined steel containers are preferred for the storage of liquid grades.
Uses:
Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 is extensively used in the pharmaceutical industry as a key excipient for formulating controlled-release drug delivery systems.
Due to its high molecular weight and hydrophilic nature, PEG 9000 can form a gel-like matrix when it comes into contact with bodily fluids, which slows down the dissolution of the active pharmaceutical ingredient.
This property is especially valuable in tablets and capsules designed to release medication gradually over an extended period, ensuring a more consistent therapeutic effect and improving patient compliance by reducing dosing frequency.
In addition to controlled-release formulations, Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 functions as an effective binder and matrix former in immediate-release tablets and granules, where it helps to hold the powder particles together and improves the mechanical strength of tablets.
Its ability to enhance cohesion between ingredients results in tablets that maintain their shape during packaging, shipping, and handling, while also facilitating proper disintegration and dissolution once ingested.
Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 is widely incorporated into creams, lotions, ointments, and other topical products as a humectant and moisturizer.
Its capacity to attract and retain water molecules helps to maintain skin hydration and softness, making it beneficial for formulations intended for dry or sensitive skin.
Additionally, Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 improves the texture and spreadability of cosmetic products, imparting a smooth and non-greasy feel when applied to the skin.
Due to its excellent solubility and compatibility with various ingredients, Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 acts as a solubilizing and stabilizing agent in both pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations.
It can help to dissolve or disperse otherwise poorly soluble compounds, thereby enhancing the bioavailability of active ingredients in topical or oral products.
Moreover, it contributes to the physical stability of emulsions and suspensions by preventing phase separation during storage.
In tablet manufacturing and other industrial processes, Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 serves as a lubricant and anti-adherent agent, reducing friction between the tablet and the equipment surfaces such as punches and dies.
This function minimizes wear and tear on machinery, prevents sticking and picking of tablets, and enhances the efficiency of production lines.
The polymer’s film-forming properties also help to improve the coating process of solid dosage forms.
Beyond pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 is used as a carrier, dispersing, and anti-static agent in industrial applications, such as in paints, inks, adhesives, and sealants.
Its ability to form stable, uniform dispersions of pigments or particles enhances the quality and performance of these products by improving color consistency, adhesion, and resistance to settling or clumping.
Furthermore, Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000’s low toxicity and chemical inertness make it a safe choice for formulations that require contact with humans or sensitive surfaces.
In addition to oral dosage forms, Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 is frequently used as a base material for suppositories and topical drug delivery systems.
Its waxy, semi-solid consistency at room temperature allows it to serve as an effective vehicle that melts or dissolves at body temperature, facilitating the release and absorption of active ingredients through mucous membranes or skin.
Though less common than in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 can also be employed in certain food-grade applications as a texture modifier or stabilizer, where it helps to maintain moisture, improve mouthfeel, and extend shelf life.
Its non-toxic and odorless characteristics make it suitable for use in products such as confectioneries, beverages, or coatings.
Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 molecules of approximately 2000 monomers.
Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 is used in various applications from industrial chemistry to biological chemistry.
Recent research has shown PEG m aintains the ability to aid the spinal cord injury recovery process, helping the nerve impulse conduction process in animals.
In rats, it has been shown to aid in the repair of severed sciatic axons, helping with nerve damage recovery.
Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 is industrially produced as a lubricating substance for various surfaces to reduce friction.
Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 is also used in the preparation of vesicle transport systems in with application towards diagnostic procedures or drug delivery methods.
Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 is a binder, coating agent, dispersing agent, flavoring adjuvant, and plasticizing agent that is a clear, colorless, viscous, hygroscopic liquid resembling paraffin (white, waxy, or flakes), with a ph of 4.0–7.5 in 1:20 concentration.
Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 is soluble in water (mw 1,000) and many organic solvents.
Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 is a binder, solvent, plasticizing agent, and softener widely used for cosmetic cream bases and pharmaceutical ointments.
Pegs are quite humectant up to a molecular weight of 500 beyond this weight, their water uptake diminishes.
Used in conjunction with carbon black to form a conductive composite.
Polymer nanospheres of poly(ethylene glycol) were used for drug delivery.
Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 are widely used in a variety of pharmaceutical formulations, including parenteral, topical, ophthalmic, oral, and rectal preparations.
Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 has been used experimentally in biodegradable polymeric matrices used in controlled-release systems.
Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 s are stable, hydrophilic substances that are essentially nonirritant to the skin; They do not readily penetrate the skin, although the Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 s are water-soluble and are easily removed from the skin by washing, making them useful as ointment bases.
Solid grades are generally employed in topical ointments, with the consistency of the base being adjusted by the addition of liquid grades of Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000.
Mixtures of Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 s can be used as suppository bases, or which they have many advantages over fats.
For example, the melting point of the suppository can be made higher to withstand exposure to warmer climates; release of the drug is not dependent upon melting point; the physical stability on storage is better; and suppositories are readily miscible with rectal fluids.
Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 s have the following disadvantages: they are chemically more reactive than fats; greater care is needed in processing to avoid inelegant contraction holes in the suppositories; the rate of release of water-soluble medications decreases with the increasing molecular weight of the Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 ; and Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 s tend to be more irritating to mucous membranes than fats.
Aqueous Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 solutions can be used either as suspending agents or to adjust the viscosity and consistency of other suspending vehicles.
When used in conjunction with other emulsifiers, Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 s can act as emulsion stabilizers.
Liquid Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 s are used as water-miscible solvents for the contents of soft gelatin capsules.
However, they may cause hardening of the capsule shell by preferential absorption of moisture from gelatin in the shell.
Safety Profile:
Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 s administered topically may cause stinging, especially when applied to mucous membranes.
Hypersensitivity reactions to Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 s applied topically have also been reported, including urticaria and delayed allergic reactions.
The most serious adverse effects associated with Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 s are hyperosmolarity, metabolic acidosis, and renal failure following the topical use of Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 s in burn patients.
Topical preparations containing Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 s should therefore be used cautiously in patients with renal failure, extensive burns, or open wounds.
Oral administration of large quantities of Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 s can have a laxative effect.
Therapeutically, up to 4 L of an aqueous mixture of electrolytes and high-molecular-weight Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 is consumed by patients undergoing bowel cleansing.
Liquid Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 s may be absorbed when taken orally, but the higher-molecular-weight Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 s are not significantly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.
Absorbed Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 is excreted largely unchanged in the urine, although Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 s of low molecular weight may be partially metabolized.
The WHO has set an estimated acceptable daily intake of Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 s at up to 10 mg/kg body-weight.
In parenteral products, the maximum recommended concentration of Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 is approximately 30% v/v as hemolytic effects have been observed at concentrations greater than about 40% v/v
When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes.
Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 s are widely used in a variety of pharmaceutical formulations.
Generally, they are regarded as nontoxic and nonirritant materials.
Adverse reactions to Poly(ethylene glycol) 9000 s have been reported, the greatest toxicity being with glycols of low molecular weight.
However, the toxicity of glycols is relatively low.
