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POLY(VINYL CARBAZOLE)

Poly(vinyl carbazole) is a high-performance, nitrogen-containing aromatic polymer widely used in advanced electronic, photonic, and optoelectronic applications due to its exceptional photoconductivity, thermal stability, and strong hole-transport characteristics.
Structurally, Poly(vinyl carbazole) is a polymeric derivative of N-vinylcarbazole featuring a saturated carbon backbone with pendant carbazole chromophores, whose π-electron delocalization imparts unique photophysical and charge-transport properties that distinguish it from conventional vinyl polymers.
Thanks to its combination of photoconductivity, high glass transition temperature, chemical robustness, and excellent film-forming ability, Poly(vinyl carbazole) remains one of the foundational specialty polymers in OLEDs, electrophotographic photoreceptors, photovoltaic devices, nonlinear optical materials, and next-generation flexible and printed electronics.

CAS Number: 25067-59-8
EC Number: 215-952-8
Molecular Formula: C42H33N3X2
Molecular Weight: 579.73

Synonyms: 9-Vinylcarbazole, 1484-13-5, N-Vinylcarbazole, 9-Vinyl-9H-carbazole, 9H-Carbazole, 9-ethenyl-, Vinylcarbazole, 1-Vinylcarbazole, 9-Ethenyl-9H-carbazole, CARBAZOLE, 9-VINYL-, N-Ethenylcarbazole, N-Vinylkarbazol, N-Vinylkarbazol [Czech], EINECS 216-055-0, NSC 406868, BRN 0132988, D629AMY6F9, AI3-08510, VINYLCARBAZOLE, N-, NSC-406868, DTXSID4022155, 5-20-08-00019 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), RefChem:831220, DTXCID902155, 216-055-0, N-Vinyl carbazole, 9-ethenylcarbazole, MFCD00134336, UNII-D629AMY6F9, 9-vinyl carbazole, MFCD00004966, 9-Vinylcarbazole, 98%, 9-Vinyl-9H-carbazole #, SCHEMBL36244, SCHEMBL27348841, SCHEMBL28361105, SCHEMBL29352713, KKFHAJHLJHVUDM-UHFFFAOYSA-, NSC406868, AKOS003654048, CS-W010679, FV06367, AS-14834, DB-042935, NS00024857, V0021, EN300-20171, G67520, 484V135, A808764, F791059, Q3334160, InChI=1/C14H11N/c1-2-15-13-9-5-3-7-11(13)12-8-4-6-10-14(12)15/h2-10H,1H2

In its solid state, Poly(vinyl carbazole) exhibits excellent hole-transport capability, making it a core material in organic electronic devices, including OLEDs (organic light-emitting diodes), photoreceptors, photovoltaic cells, and charge-transport layers.
Poly(vinyl carbazole)'s high glass transition temperature (typically ~180 °C) ensures superior thermal stability, film-forming ability, and resistance to morphological degradation under device operation.
Poly(vinyl carbazole) is also widely used in electrophotographic photoreceptors, where its high quantum efficiency and strong absorption in the UV region support efficient photogeneration and charge mobility.

Poly(vinyl carbazole)’s aromatic carbazole side groups impart strong photoluminescence, high refractive index, and compatibility with a wide range of dopants, sensitizers, and emissive molecules.
This versatility enables Poly(vinyl carbazole)'s application as a host matrix for fluorescent and phosphorescent dyes, where it enhances charge balance and improves emission stability in light-emitting devices.
Poly(vinyl carbazole) is also employed in nonlinear optical materials, sensors, dielectric layers, resist formulations, and electroactive coatings, benefiting from its chemical resistance, oxidative stability, and ability to form uniform thin films by spin-coating or solution casting.

Thanks to its combination of photoconductivity, thermal robustness, high dielectric strength, and tunable optoelectronic properties, Poly(vinyl carbazole) remains one of the most important specialty polymers in organic electronics, photonics, imaging technologies, and next-generation semiconductor materials.

Poly(vinyl carbazole) is a temperature-resistant thermoplastic polymer produced by radical polymerization from the monomer N-vinylcarbazole.
Poly(vinyl carbazole) is a photoconductive polymer and thus the basis for photorefractive polymers and organic light-emitting diodes.

Poly(vinyl carbazole) is a conductive polymer which is mainly used as a hole transporting medium at high efficiencies with low driving voltage.
Poly(vinyl carbazole) can also be used as an anode for hole injection and can act as an effective charge transferring gate by co-doping it with organic dyes.

Poly(vinyl carbazole), consisted by linear chains of repeated molecular units (CH2-CH)n with pendant 9H-carbazole side groups, is a well-known p-type thermoplastic π-conjugated semiconducting polymer with high thermal and chemical stability.
Poly(vinyl carbazole) has been widely used as hole-transporting and an electron-blocking layer, host polymer for hole-transporting molecules in OLED to enhance the native hole-transporting properties, and blue PLED emitting layer material.

Poly(vinyl carbazole) has also been used as photoconductive layers in the xerographic industry and memory devices.
Poly(vinyl carbazole), as a non-conjugated polymer, shows unique optical properties and hole transport properties in application of organic electronics due to its hydrophobicity, large hole mobility, solution processability and stability.

Poly(vinyl carbazole) is believed that the electrical conduction in it is ruled by both field assisted and temperature activated hopping processes, whereas luminescence occurs via radiative decay of a Frenkel exciton.
Poly(vinyl carbazole) shows an emission spectrum that covers the entire blue region, owing to the properties of pendent carbazole groups.

Poly(vinyl carbazole) can be easily produced in large quantities through controlled radical polymerization of 9-vinylcarbazole.
For large quantity, the lead time is 4 – 6 weeks.

Poly(vinyl carbazole) is a high-performance, π-conjugation–rich aromatic polymer recognized as one of the foundational materials in organic electronics and photonics due to its exceptional photoconductivity, high thermal stability, and strong hole-transport characteristics.
Poly(vinyl carbazole) is synthesized by the polymerization of N-vinylcarbazole, producing a carbon–carbon saturated polymer backbone with pendant carbazole moieties.

These carbazole groups, which contain a tricyclic aromatic heterocycle with a nitrogen atom, impart significant electronic functionality to Poly(vinyl carbazole), providing delocalized π-electron systems capable of efficient charge transport and excitation energy transfer.
This molecular architecture separates Poly(vinyl carbazole) from conventional vinyl polymers by combining the mechanical and processing advantages of vinyl-based plastics with the optoelectronic responsiveness of aromatic organic semiconductors.

A defining feature of Poly(vinyl carbazole) is its excellent hole-transport capability, arising from the ability of carbazole units to stabilize positive charge carriers (polarons and radical cations).
As a result, Poly(vinyl carbazole) has been extensively used as a hole-transport and electron-blocking layer in a broad range of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), both fluorescent and phosphorescent, where it promotes balanced charge injection and enhances emission efficiency.

Poly(vinyl carbazole)'s high glass transition temperature, typically around 180–210 °C, ensures morphological stability even under prolonged electrical bias and thermal stress—an essential trait for durable device performance.
Poly(vinyl carbazole) forms uniform, defect-free thin films via spin-coating, doctor-blading, or solution casting, contributing to its widespread adoption in solution-processable optoelectronic devices.

Poly(vinyl carbazole) is also a classical material in electrophotographic photoreceptors, where its high quantum efficiency for charge generation and strong absorption in the ultraviolet region enable rapid photoconduction and stable image formation.
When combined with sensitizers such as trinitrofluorenone (TNF) or organic dyes, Poly(vinyl carbazole) exhibits dramatically enhanced charge-separation efficiency, making it a cornerstone polymer in xerography and photocopying technologies from the 1960s onward.
In photovoltaic and photodetector applications, Poly(vinyl carbazole) serves as an electron-donor matrix capable of forming bulk heterojunctions with fullerene derivatives (e.g., PCBM) or other acceptor materials, enabling tunable absorption and improved exciton dissociation.

Beyond electronics, Poly(vinyl carbazole) is valued for its optical, dielectric, and structural features.
Poly(vinyl carbazole) demonstrates strong intrinsic photoluminescence, high refractive index, excellent film adhesiveness, and outstanding chemical resistance.

These properties make Poly(vinyl carbazole) suitable for nonlinear optical (NLO) devices, waveguides, sensors, resist materials, and dielectric insulating layers.
Poly(vinyl carbazole) also acts as an ideal host matrix for dopants, fluorescent dyes, and phosphorescent emitters used in advanced photonic structures, enabling fine control over emission spectra, charge balance, and device lifetime.
Poly(vinyl carbazole)'s compatibility with nanomaterials—including quantum dots, graphene derivatives, and metal nanoparticles—has opened pathways to hybrid organic–inorganic systems with enhanced optoelectronic performance.

Due to Poly(vinyl carbazole)'s stability, solubility in common organic solvents (e.g., chlorobenzene, toluene), and tunable electronic properties, Poly(vinyl carbazole) continues to play a critical role in the development of next-generation flexible electronics, printed semiconductor devices, perovskite LEDs, UV detectors, and memory storage materials.
As research progresses in organic semiconductor technology, Poly(vinyl carbazole) remains a benchmark polymer, valued for its robust physical properties, reliable processability, and versatility in enabling high-performance electronic and photonic device architectures.

Market Overview of Poly(vinyl carbazole):
The global market for Poly(vinyl carbazole) is experiencing sustained growth driven by its unique combination of photoconductive, thermal-stable, and hole-transporting properties, making it an increasingly important material in electronics, optoelectronics, photonics, and specialty polymers.
According to recent market reports, the Poly(vinyl carbazole) market was valued at roughly USD 1.2 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach approximately USD 2.5 billion by 2032, representing a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of about 8.5 % through the forecast period.

Key demand drivers include the rapid expansion of electronic devices (smartphones, tablets, wearables), growth in organic and printed electronics (OLEDs, OTFTs, photoreceptors), and rising use of Poly(vinyl carbazole) in high-performance films, coatings, and specialty materials.
Regionally, the Asia-Pacific region is emerging as the fastest-growing market, fueled by strong manufacturing growth in China, India, Japan and South Korea, while North America and Europe remain major markets due to advanced materials adoption and high performance requirements.
However, the market also faces certain restraints: Poly(vinyl carbazole) is a relatively high-cost specialty polymer which limits its use to premium applications, raw-material price fluctuations (for N-vinylcarbazole, solvents, initiators) can impact margins, and alternative hole-transport or photoconductive polymers continue to evolve, introducing competitive threat.

In summary, the outlook for Poly(vinyl carbazole) is favourable: expanding end-use sectors, increasing demand for advanced polymer layers in electronics and photonics, and the need for materials that deliver both performance and reliability.
Suppliers who can offer high-purity Poly(vinyl carbazole) grades, tailored molecular weight distributions, and cost-effective production will likely capture significant share in the forthcoming decade.

Uses of Poly(vinyl carbazole):
Poly(vinyl carbazole) is widely used across high-performance electronic, optoelectronic, photonic, and imaging technologies due to its exceptional hole-transport characteristics, strong photoconductivity, and high thermal stability.
In OLEDs (organic light-emitting diodes), Poly(vinyl carbazole) serves as a hole-transport and electron-blocking layer, promoting balanced charge injection and improving device efficiency, brightness, and lifetime.

Poly(vinyl carbazole) is also employed as a host matrix for fluorescent and phosphorescent emitters in emissive layers, enabling fine control over charge distribution and energy transfer.
In electrophotographic photoreceptors, Poly(vinyl carbazole) functions as a primary photoconductive polymer, often used with sensitizers such as TNF or organic dyes to enable efficient charge generation and stable image reproduction, making it a foundational material in photocopying and laser-printing technologies.
Poly(vinyl carbazole) is further used in organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs) and photodetectors, where its electron-donating carbazole groups support exciton dissociation and charge transport in bulk-heterojunction architectures.

In advanced photonics, Poly(vinyl carbazole) is valued for its high refractive index, strong photoluminescence, and nonlinear optical behavior, making it suitable for waveguides, optical switches, electroactive coatings, and frequency-doubling materials.
Poly(vinyl carbazole)'s excellent film-forming ability allows uniform thin-film fabrication via spin-coating or solution processing for printed and flexible electronics.

Poly(vinyl carbazole) is also used in dielectric layers, resist formulations, electroluminescent panels, sensors, and thin-film capacitors, benefiting from its chemical resistance and stability under electrical bias.
In material science research, Poly(vinyl carbazole) frequently serves as a model polymer for studying charge-transport mechanisms, polymer–dopant interactions, and hybrid organic–inorganic electronic systems, especially in conjunction with quantum dots, perovskites, or graphene derivatives.
Thanks to its versatility, Poly(vinyl carbazole) remains one of the most important specialty polymers in next-generation semiconductor devices, flexible electronic platforms, and precision imaging technologies.

Due to its high price and special properties, the use of Poly(vinyl carbazole) is limited to special areas.
Poly(vinyl carbazole) is used in insulation technology, electrophotography (e.g. in copiers and laser printers), for the fabrication of polymer photonic crystals, for organic light-emitting diodes and photovoltaic devices.

In addition, Poly(vinyl carbazole) is a well researched component in photorefractive polymers and therefore plays an important role in holography.
Another application is the production of cooking-proof copolymers with styrene.

Applications of Poly(vinyl carbazole):
Poly(vinyl carbazole), graphene oxide composite can be used as a hybrid film which can be coated on silica substrate for the fabrication of organic field effect transistors (OFETs).
Poly(vinyl carbazole) can also form a nano-composite film with carbon nanospheres (CNS) which can be potentially used in supercapacitors and sensor based applications.
The application for Poly(vinyl carbazole) is primarily in the development of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) and as a photoconductive material in electronic devices.

Benefits of Poly(vinyl carbazole):
Poly(vinyl carbazole) offers a unique combination of electronic, thermal, optical, and structural advantages that make it one of the most valuable specialty polymers in organic electronics and photonic technologies.
Poly(vinyl carbazole)'s pendant carbazole groups provide strong π-electron delocalization, giving the polymer excellent hole-transport properties, which are essential for achieving high charge mobility, efficient exciton formation, and balanced charge injection in devices such as OLEDs, photovoltaic cells, and photodetectors.

Poly(vinyl carbazole) exhibits high photoconductivity, especially when sensitized with electron acceptors or dye molecules, enabling fast and efficient photogeneration of charge carriers in electrophotographic photoreceptors and imaging systems.
Poly(vinyl carbazole)’s inherently high glass transition temperature (typically 180–210 °C) ensures outstanding thermal stability, preventing morphological degradation, crystallization, or phase separation during device operation—even under continuous electrical stress or elevated temperatures.

Poly(vinyl carbazole) also offers exceptional film-forming ability, producing uniform, defect-free thin films suitable for solution processing, spin-coating, and large-area fabrication of flexible electronic devices.
Poly(vinyl carbazole)'s strong chemical resistance and oxidative stability enhance device reliability, while its high dielectric strength supports its use in insulating layers and capacitive structures.

The carbazole chromophores impart strong photoluminescence and high refractive index, making Poly(vinyl carbazole) ideal for nonlinear optical (NLO) materials, waveguides, and optical switching devices.
Furthermore, Poly(vinyl carbazole)’s compatibility with a wide range of dopants, quantum dots, metal complexes, and emissive materials allows precise tuning of optical and electronic properties for advanced device architectures.
Overall, Poly(vinyl carbazole)’s combination of charge-transport efficiency, photostability, thermal robustness, processability, and optical functionality makes it an indispensable material in modern organic electronics, imaging systems, and next-generation semiconductor technologies.

Properties of Poly(vinyl carbazole):

Physical properties:
Poly(vinyl carbazole) can be used at temperatures of up to 160 - 170 °C and is therefore a temperature-resistant thermoplastic.
The electrical conductivity changes depending on the illumination.

For this reason, Poly(vinyl carbazole) is classified as a semiconductor or photoconductor.
Poly(vinyl carbazole) is extremely brittle, but the brittleness can be reduced by copolymerization with a little isoprene.

Chemical properties:
Poly(vinyl carbazole) is soluble in aromatic hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons and ketones.
Poly(vinyl carbazole) is resistant to acids, alkalis, polar solvents and aliphatic hydrocarbons.
The addition of Poly(vinyl carbazole) to other plastic masses increases their temperature resistance.

Production of Poly(vinyl carbazole):
Poly(vinyl carbazole) is obtained from N-vinylcarbazole by radical polymerization in various ways.
Poly(vinyl carbazole) can be produced by suspension polymerization at 180 °C with sodium chloride and potassium chromate as catalyst.
Alternatively, AIBN can also be used as a radical starter or a Ziegler-Natta catalyst.

Poly(vinyl carbazole) is produced primarily through the free-radical polymerization of N-vinylcarbazole (NVC), a monomer containing a vinyl group attached to the nitrogen atom of the carbazole ring.
Industrial synthesis typically begins with the purification of N-vinylcarbazole to remove inhibitors, dimers, oxidized carbazole derivatives, and moisture—impurities that can negatively affect molecular weight control and photoconductive properties.

Polymerization is most commonly carried out via solution polymerization, using organic solvents such as benzene, toluene, chlorobenzene, or tetrahydrofuran, in the presence of radical initiators such as AIBN (azobisisobutyronitrile) or benzoyl peroxide.
The reaction is conducted under an inert atmosphere (nitrogen or argon) to prevent oxygen inhibition and is typically maintained at 60–90 °C, allowing controlled chain-growth polymerization without premature crosslinking.

Alternative production routes include bulk polymerization, which yields very high–molecular weight Poly(vinyl carbazole) with minimal solvent contamination, and suspension or emulsion polymerization, which produces particulate or bead-form Poly(vinyl carbazole) for specific coating or processing applications.
In advanced manufacturing settings, controlled radical polymerization (CRP) techniques—such as RAFT and ATRP—are used to tailor molecular weight distribution, chain architecture, and polymer end-groups for specialized optoelectronic devices requiring precise tuning of photoconductive behavior.
After polymerization, the reaction mixture is precipitated into a non-solvent (e.g., methanol or hexane) to isolate Poly(vinyl carbazole), followed by filtration, solvent removal, and vacuum drying at elevated temperatures to achieve high-purity, low-residual-solvent Poly(vinyl carbazole).

Quality control focuses on achieving consistent molecular weight, low polydispersity, high optical purity, and minimal oxidative defects, as these parameters directly affect charge-transport efficiency, film quality, and device performance.
Final processing includes milling, sieving, or dissolving Poly(vinyl carbazole) into ready-to-use solutions for electronics fabrication.

The finished polymer is stored under dark, moisture-free, oxygen-limited conditions to prevent photodegradation or oxidative discoloration.
Modern Poly(vinyl carbazole) production integrates precise polymerization control with high-purity finishing methods, ensuring that the polymer meets the stringent performance requirements of OLEDs, photoreceptors, photonic devices, and other advanced semiconductor applications.

Synthesis of Poly(vinyl carbazole):
The synthesis of Poly(vinyl carbazole) begins with the preparation of its monomer, N-vinylcarbazole (NVC), which is typically obtained by the vinylation of carbazole through a Mannich-type reaction using acetylene derivatives, or by transvinylation using vinyl acetate in the presence of acid or base catalysts.
High-purity N-vinylcarbazole is essential for producing electronic-grade Poly(vinyl carbazole), as trace impurities such as carbazole dimers, oxidation products, or residual inhibitors significantly affect photoconductive and hole-transport behavior.

Once purified, NVC is polymerized predominantly via free-radical polymerization, a method that affords high molecular weights and excellent thermal stability.
Polymerization is conducted in solution, bulk, or emulsion systems using radical initiators such as AIBN (azobisisobutyronitrile), benzoyl peroxide, or azobis(cyclohexanenitrile).
The reaction is typically performed under an inert nitrogen or argon atmosphere at 60–90 °C, ensuring controlled chain propagation while preventing oxygen inhibition and oxidative defects in the growing polymer chain.

In solution polymerization, NVC is dissolved in aromatic solvents (chlorobenzene, toluene) or high-boiling polar solvents (DMF, THF), allowing efficient heat dissipation and molecular weight control.
Bulk polymerization produces very high–molecular weight Poly(vinyl carbazole) with superior film-forming properties but requires careful temperature regulation due to high exothermicity and viscosity buildup.
To achieve advanced material architectures, modern synthesis employs controlled radical polymerization (CRP) techniques such as RAFT (Reversible Addition–Fragmentation Chain Transfer) or ATRP (Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization), enabling the production of Poly(vinyl carbazole) with narrow molecular-weight distributions, defined chain ends, block copolymer structures, and improved compatibility with functional dopants used in optoelectronic applications.

After polymerization, the viscous reaction mixture is precipitated into a non-solvent (typically methanol, diethyl ether, or hexane) to isolate Poly(vinyl carbazole).
The precipitated Poly(vinyl carbazole) is then filtered, repeatedly washed to remove unreacted monomer and initiator residues, and dried under vacuum at elevated temperatures to yield a stable, high-purity product suitable for electronic use.

Additional purification steps such as Soxhlet extraction or preparative re-precipitation are applied when ultra-high optical or electrical purity is required, particularly for OLEDs, electrophotographic photoreceptors, and photonic device fabrication.
Through precise monomer preparation, controlled radical polymerization, and stringent purification protocols, the synthesis of Poly(vinyl carbazole) enables the production of a polymer with exceptional photoconductive, thermal, and mechanical properties tailored for advanced organic electronic technologies.

History of Poly(vinyl carbazole):
Poly(vinyl carbazole) was discovered by the chemists Walter Reppe (1892-1969), Ernst Keyssner and Eugen Dorrer and patented by I.G. Farben in the USA in 1937.
Poly(vinyl carbazole) was the first polymer whose photoconductivity was known.
Starting in the 1960s, further polymers of this kind were sought.

The history of Poly(vinyl carbazole) traces back to the early development of organic photoconductors and the exploration of π-electron–rich heterocyclic compounds in the mid-20th century.
Initial investigations began in the 1950s when researchers studying N-vinylcarbazole derivatives observed that polymers containing carbazole chromophores exhibited unusually strong photoconductivity compared with other vinyl polymers.

This discovery positioned Poly(vinyl carbazole) as one of the first synthetic materials capable of efficient photogenerated charge transport, marking a major breakthrough in organic electronics.
By the early 1960s, Poly(vinyl carbazole) became a core active layer in electrophotographic photoreceptors, forming the basis of commercial xerographic drum technologies used in photocopiers and early laser printers.
Poly(vinyl carbazole)'s compatibility with sensitizing agents such as trinitrofluorenone (TNF) dramatically enhanced quantum efficiency, making Poly(vinyl carbazole) the dominant photoreceptor polymer for more than two decades.

During the 1970s–1980s, as research into conducting polymers and organic semiconductors accelerated, Poly(vinyl carbazole) attracted significant attention due to its robust thermal stability, high glass transition temperature, and strong hole-transport properties.
These features made Poly(vinyl carbazole) one of the earliest model materials used to study charge migration, trap states, and dopant–polymer interactions in organic solids.

In the 1990s, the emergence of OLED technology renewed interest in Poly(vinyl carbazole) as a solution-processable hole-transport material capable of forming uniform, high-quality thin films for emissive devices.
Poly(vinyl carbazole) became a standard layer in early small-molecule OLEDs and later served as a host matrix for phosphorescent emitters, enabling improved charge balance and emission efficiency.

In the 2000s and 2010s, the growth of organic photovoltaics (OPV), photodetectors, nonlinear optical materials, and printed flexible electronics further expanded Poly(vinyl carbazole)’s role in advanced materials research.
Poly(vinyl carbazole)'s ability to blend with quantum dots, fullerene derivatives, perovskite precursors, and metal–organic emitters positioned Poly(vinyl carbazole) as a versatile platform for hybrid optoelectronic architectures.

Today, Poly(vinyl carbazole) remains an important specialty polymer in organic semiconductor technology, valued as both a historical benchmark and a modern functional material.
Poly(vinyl carbazole)'s continued relevance is supported by ongoing improvements in monomer purity, controlled polymerization methods, and thin-film processing techniques, ensuring Poly(vinyl carbazole)’s place in the evolution of next-generation photonic and electronic systems.

Nature of Poly(vinyl carbazole):
Poly(vinyl carbazole) is a colorless transparent or Brown transparent amorphous thermoplastic resin.
The carbazole group imparts high thermal stability, water resistance and chemical stability to the resin.

The disadvantage is friable.
Poly(vinyl carbazole) is insoluble in aliphatic hydrocarbons, mineral oil, transformer oil, castor oil, carbon tetrachloride, ethanol, ether, dilute acid, hydrofluoric acid and so on.

And soluble in concentrated sulfuric acid, concentrated nitric acid, tetrahydrofuran and chlorinated hydrocarbons.
The relationship between the intrinsic viscosity and the molecular weight of Poly(vinyl carbazole) solution is 7=3.35 × 10-2 M-0. 85.

Poly(vinyl carbazole)'s electrical properties vary little with temperature and frequency, and there is a certain photoconductive effect in the ultraviolet region.
Injection molding is generally possible at 300 °c. Properties of poly (N-vinylcarbazole).

Stability and Reactivity of Poly(vinyl carbazole):

Chemical Stability:
Poly(vinyl carbazole) is stable under normal conditions of storage and handling and does not degrade when kept dry and protected from excessive heat or UV exposure.
Poly(vinyl carbazole) maintains long-term stability when stored in sealed containers away from light, oxygen, and moisture.
Poly(vinyl carbazole) does not undergo hazardous decomposition at ambient temperatures, provided it is not exposed to strong oxidizing chemicals or prolonged UV radiation.

Reactivity:
Poly(vinyl carbazole) is generally non-reactive and chemically inert toward water, mild acids, and neutral solvents.
The material may react with strong oxidizing agents, leading to oxidation of carbazole groups and potential discoloration.

Prolonged exposure to high temperatures may cause thermal degradation, generating aromatic vapors or nitrogen-containing byproducts.
Avoid mixing Poly(vinyl carbazole) with strong acids, strong bases, halogenating agents, or potent electrophiles.

Hazardous Polymerization:
Hazardous polymerization is not expected to occur.

Hazardous Decomposition Products:
Thermal decomposition or burning may produce carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbazole derivatives, and irritating aromatic fumes.
UV-induced degradation may generate oxidized carbazole fragments or low-molecular-weight aromatic compounds.

Handling and Storage of Poly(vinyl carbazole):

Handling:
Avoid creating or inhaling dust; handle powder in well-ventilated areas.
Prevent contact with eyes and skin by using proper PPE.

Use local exhaust ventilation or dust control during weighing, mixing, or film preparation.
Handle Poly(vinyl carbazole) away from ignition sources and avoid electrostatic charge buildup when working with fine powder.
Do not consume food, beverages, or tobacco products during handling.

Storage:
Store Poly(vinyl carbazole) in tightly sealed, light-resistant containers to prevent UV degradation and oxidation.
Keep in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area between 15–30 °C.

Avoid storing near strong oxidizers, acids, bases, or reactive chemicals.
Protect from moisture, direct sunlight, and elevated temperatures to maintain Poly(vinyl carbazole)'s optical and electronic properties.
For electronic-grade Poly(vinyl carbazole), store under inert conditions or in amber packaging to preserve purity.

First Aid Measures of Poly(vinyl carbazole):

Inhalation:
Move the affected person to fresh air immediately.
If coughing, throat irritation, or breathing difficulty occurs, seek medical attention.
Provide supplemental oxygen if breathing difficulties develop.

Skin Contact:
Wash skin thoroughly with soap and water.
Remove contaminated clothing and wash separately.
Seek medical advice if redness or irritation persists.

Eye Contact:
Rinse eyes thoroughly with clean water for at least 15 minutes, lifting upper and lower eyelids.
Remove contact lenses if easily possible.
Seek medical attention if irritation, redness, or discomfort continues.

Ingestion:
Rinse mouth with water.
Do not induce vomiting.
Seek medical advice if discomfort or irritation occurs; ingestion of polymer dust may cause mechanical irritation.

Firefighting Measures of Poly(vinyl carbazole):

Suitable Extinguishing Media:

Dry chemical
CO₂
Foam
Water spray (for surrounding materials only)

Specific Hazards:
Poly(vinyl carbazole) is combustible and may burn when exposed to high heat.
Combustion can release toxic fumes including NOₓ, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and aromatic vapors.

Dust exposed to high heat may cause irritation.
Containers exposed to fire should be cooled with water spray, but avoid flooding polymer powder directly.

Protective Equipment for Firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) and full protective gear.
Use water spray to cool nearby containers and suppress vapors.
Avoid inhaling smoke or combustion gases.

Accidental Release Measures of Poly(vinyl carbazole):

Personal Precautions:
Avoid inhaling dust; use a particulate respirator if needed.
Wear gloves, goggles, and protective clothing to prevent contact.

Prevent dust cloud formation by sweeping gently or using HEPA-filtered vacuum equipment.
Avoid ignition sources; Poly(vinyl carbazole) dust may accumulate static charge.

Environmental Precautions:
Prevent material from entering drains or waterways.
While Poly(vinyl carbazole) is not classified as environmentally toxic, fine particulates may persist or cause physical contamination.

Cleanup Methods:
Collect spilled Poly(vinyl carbazole) using dry sweeping or HEPA vacuuming.
Do not use water during cleanup, as Poly(vinyl carbazole) may cause clumping.

Place waste in sealed, dry containers for disposal.
Clean area with dry methods; avoid moisture until spill is fully removed.

Exposure Controls / Personal Protective Equipment of Poly(vinyl carbazole):

Engineering Controls:
Provide local exhaust ventilation in powder-processing areas.
Maintain general ventilation to keep airborne dust below occupational exposure limits.

Use sealed handling systems for large-scale or electronic-grade Poly(vinyl carbazole) transfers.
Implement grounding and antistatic measures during powder handling.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):

Eyes:
Safety goggles or face shield to prevent irritation from dust.

Skin:
Chemical-resistant gloves (nitrile, neoprene) and protective clothing.

Respiratory:
Not required under low-dust conditions.
Use a P2/P3 particulate respirator when powder is airborne or during mixing operations.

Hygiene Measures:
Wash hands after handling.
Avoid eating, drinking, or smoking in polymer-handling areas.
Remove contaminated clothing before leaving the workspace.

Identifiers of Poly(vinyl carbazole):
CAS Number: 25067-59-8
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID701009743
EC Number: 215-952-8

CAS No.: 25067-59-8
Chemical Name: POLY(N-VINYLCARBAZOLE)
CBNumber: CB3288478
Molecular Formula: C42H33N3X2
Molecular Weight: 579.73
MDL Number: MFCD00134336

Chemical Name: Poly(vinyl carbazole)
Common Name / Abbreviation: PVK
Chemical Family: Aromatic nitrogen-containing polymer / Vinyl polymer
Polymer Type: Homopolymer of N-vinylcarbazole
CAS Number: 25036-25-3
EC Number: Not assigned
Molecular Formula: (C₁₄H₁₁N)ₙ
Monomer CAS Number: N-Vinylcarbazole: 1484-13-5
Molecular Weight: Variable; typically 50,000 – 1,200,000 g/mol, depending on polymerization conditions
InChI Key (for monomer): MEFJXBWVTFVQST-UHFFFAOYSA-N
HS Code: 3910.00
UN Number: Not regulated as a hazardous material

Properties of Poly(vinyl carbazole):
Chemical formula: (C14H11N)n
Melting point: > 320 °C

Physical State: Solid (powder, granules, or flakes)
Color: White, off-white, or light cream (may yellow slightly with UV exposure)
Odor: Odorless or very faint aromatic odor
Molecular Structure: Homopolymer consisting of a saturated carbon backbone with pendant carbazole aromatic groups
Molecular Weight: Typically 50,000 – 1,200,000 g/mol, depending on polymerization process
Density: Approximately 1.18 – 1.25 g/cm³
Glass Transition Temperature (Tg): High Tg, typically 180–210 °C

Melting point: >300 °C
Density: 1.2 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
Tg: 227
refractive index: n20/D 1.683
form: powder
color: Off-white
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.

form: powder
Quality Level: 100
mol wt: average Mw ~1,100,000
refractive index: n20/D 1.683
transition temp: Tg 220 °C
density: 1.2 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)

Molecular Weight: 193.24 g/mol
XLogP3-AA: 3.9
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 0
Rotatable Bond Count: 1
Exact Mass: 193.089149355 Da
Monoisotopic Mass: 193.089149355 Da
Topological Polar Surface Area: 4.9 Å²
Heavy Atom Count: 15
Complexity: 226
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Names of Poly(vinyl carbazole):

Other names:
Poly(vinylcarbazole)
Poly(N-vinylcarbazole)
Poly(vinyl carbazole)