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POLYACRYLIC ACID
POLYACRYLIC ACID=Poly(2-propenoic acid)=Propenoic acid polymer
CAS NUMBER:9003-01-4
EC NUMBER:618-347-7
Molecular Weight:72.0627
Molecular Formula:C₃H₄O₂
⯈ DEFINITION OF POLYACRYLIC ACID:
Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA; trade name Carbomer) is a polymer with the formula (CH2-CHCO2H)n.
Poly(acrylic acid) is a derivative of acrylic acid (CH2=CHCO2H).
In addition to the homopolymers, a variety of copolymers and crosslinked polymers, and partially deprotonated derivatives thereof are known and of commercial value.
In a water solution at neutral pH, Polyacrylic acid is an anionic polymer, i.e., many of the side chains of PAA lose their protons and acquire a negative charge.
Partially or wholly deprotonaated PAAs are polyelectrolytes, with the ability to absorb and retain water and swell to many times their original volume.
These properties - acid-base and water-attracting - are the bases of many applications.
Poly (acrylic acid) (PAA) is hygroscopic, brittle and colorless in nature with Tg at nearly 106oC.
At temperatures above 200 to 250oC, Polyacrylic acid (PAA) loses water and becomes an insoluble crosslinked polymer anhydride.
Solubility of dried Polyacrylic acid (PAA) in water increases with rise in temperatures.
Concentrated solutions of Polyacrylic acid (PAA) in water is thixotropic in nature.
Polyacrylic acid (PAA) is a synthetic high-molecular weight and a watersoluble polyelectrolyte.
Polyacrylic acid (PAA) finds applications in many industries mostly related to modifying flow, improving stability of aqueous colloids and gels, improving adhesion, and inducing agglomeration.
⯈ USES/BENEFITS OF POLYACRYLIC ACID:
Polyacrylic acid (PAA) is innoxious and soluble in water.
Polyacrylic acid can be used in situations of alkaline and high concentration without scale sediment.
Polyacrylic acid can disperse the microcrystals or microsand of calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate and calcium sulfate.
Polyacrylic acid is used as scale inhibitor and dispersant for circulating cool water system, papermaking, weave, dyeing, ceramic, painting, etc.
Polyacrylic acid can be used as scale inhibitor and dispersant in circulating cool water systems in power plants, iron & steel factories, chemical fertilizer plants, refineries and air conditioning systems.
Dosage of polyacrylic acid should be in accordance with water quality and equipment materials.
When Polyacrylic acid is used alone, 1-15mg/L is preferred.
Polyacrylic acid (PAA) are used for a wide range of applications including thickeners, dispersant agents, conditioners, emulsifiers, ion-exchanger and clarifying agents.
The monomer itself is frequently copolymerized with other acrylic resins.
Polyacrylic acid (PAA) functions as a cross-linker and adhesion promoter in many formulated products including paints, coatings, adhesives, papers, varnishes and inks.
Because of PAA's water-solubility and biocompatibility, it is frequently used in biochemical and medical applications such as implant coatings and controlled drug release systems.
Large quantities of slightly cross-linked sodium polyacrylate-polyacrylamide copolymers, called hydrogels, are used as super absorbents (SAPs).
They can retain (extremely) large amounts of liquid relative to their own mass through hydrogen bonding with water molecules.
shortly,
•Binding agent :
Polyacrylic acid allows the cohesion of different cosmetic ingredients
•Emulsion stabilising :
Polyacrylic acid promotes the emulsification process and improves the stability and shelf life of the emulsion
•Film forming :
Polyacrylic acid produces a continuous film on skin, hair or nails.
•Viscosity controlling :
Polyacrylic acid increases or decreases the viscosity of cosmetics.
⯈ APPLICATIONS OF POLYACRYLIC ACID:
Polyacrylic acid (PAA) is a synthetic high-molecular weight and a watersoluble polyelectrolyte.
Polyacrylic acid (PAA) finds applications in many industries mostly related to modifying flow, improving stability of aqueous colloids and gels, improving adhesion, and inducing agglomeration
The dominant application for Polyacrylic acid is to use it as a superabsorbent.
About 25% of Polyacrylic acid is used for detergents and dispersants.
Polyacrylic acid and its derivatives are used in disposable diapers.
Acrylic acid is also the main component of Superadsorbent Polymers (SAPs), cross-linked polyacrylates that can absorb and retain more than 100 times of their own weight in liquid.
The US Food and Drug Administration authorised the use of SAPs in packaging with indirect food contact.
Detergents often contain copolymers of acrylic acid that assist in sequestering dirt.
Cross-linked polyacrylic acid has also been used in the processing of household products, including floor cleaners.
Polyacrylic acidmay inactivate the antiseptic chlorhexidine gluconate.
The neutralized polyacrylic acid gels are suitable biocompatible matrices for medical applications such as gels for skin care products.
PAA films can be deposited on orthopaedic implants to protect them from corrosion.
Crosslinked hydrogels of AA and gelatin have also been used as medical glue.
Other applications of Polyacrylic acid involve paints and cosmetics.
Polyacrylic acid stabilize suspended solid in liquids, prevent emulsions from separating, and control the consistency in flow of cosmetics.
Carbomer codes (910, 934, 940, 941, and 934P) are an indication of molecular weight and the specific components of the polymer.
For many applications Polyacrylic acids are used in form of alkali metal or ammonium salts, e.g. sodium polyacrylate.
Poly(propenoic acid) is used in detergents to remove calcium and magnesium ions from the water, thus softening it.
This has meant that phosphates need not be used for this purpose thus producing a much more environmentally friendly detergent.
A second use of poly(propenoic acid) is the production of the so-called superabsorbents.
These are polymers of mainly propenoic acid and sodium propenoate.
Polymerization is initiated with, for example, potassium (or ammonium) peoxodisulfate, K2S2O8, which decomposes to form radicals.
Another compound is added at the same time to cross-link the chains via the carboxyl groups.
One of these compounds is N,N'-methylenebis(2-propenamide).
A gel is formed which absorbs water more than 1000-fold its mass , and is used as the basis of disposable nappies.
About 40% of the acid is used in this way and about 20% in water treatment.
Applications of PAA may include:
-to study solute diffusion in Polyvinyl alcohol/PAA copolymer hydrogel
-synthesizing poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-block-PAA copolymer which responds to both temperature and pH stimuli
-in preparing block copolymer of oligo (methyl methacrylate)/PAA for micellar delivery of hydrophobic drugs
-as thickening agent for adhesives.
Emerging applications
Hydrogels derived from Polyacrylic acid have attracted much study for use as bandages and aids for wound healing.
Shortly,
Polyacrylic acid (PAA) containing polymers are used in a wide field range, demonstrated in the list below.
• Nanotechnology
• Lithography
• Textile (+ carpets, leather)
• Water treatment (flocculants)
• Paints
• Cosmetics and Personal care
• Thermoplastics (shoes, glass, metals, cables and wires, insulation, adhesives)
• Pharmaceuticals (drug delivery)
⯈Structure, production, and derivatives
Polyacrylic acid is a polyolefin.
Polyacrylic acid can be viewed as polyethylene with carboxylic acid (CO2H) substituents on alternating carbons.
Owing to these groups, alternating carbon atoms in the backbone are stereogenic (colloquially: chiral).
For this reason, acrylic acid exists in atactic, syndiotactic, and isotactic forms, although this aspect is rarely discussed.
The polymerization is initiated with radicals and is assumed to be stereorandom.
Crosslinking can be introduced in many ways.
Polyacrylic acid is produced by free radical polymerization.
Initiators include potassium persulfate and AIBN.
Polyacrylic acid is widely used in dispersants and since the molecular weight has a significant impact on the rheological properties and dispersion capacity, and hence applications.
About 1,600,000,000 kg were produced in 2008.
Polyacrylic acid is a weak anionic polyelectrolyte, whose degree of ionisation is dependent on solution pH.
In its non-ionised form at low pHs, Polyacrylic acid may associate with various non-ionic polymers (such as polyethylene oxide, poly-N-vinyl pyrrolidone, polyacrylamide, and some cellulose ethers) and form hydrogen-bonded interpolymer complexes.
In aqueous solutions polyacrylic acid can also form polycomplexes with oppositely charged polymers such as chitosan, surfactants, and drug molecules (for example, streptomycin).
Dry Polyacrylic acids are sold as white, fluffy powders.
In the dry powder form, the positively charged sodium ions are bound to the polyacrylate, however in aqueous solutions the sodium ions can dissociate.
The presence of many metal cations allows the polymer to absorb a high amount of water.
⯈ SAFETY MEASURES:
•First aid measures:
-If inhaled
If breathed in, move person into fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. Consult a physician.
-In case of skin contact
Wash off with soap and plenty of water. Consult a physician.
-In case of eye contact
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
-If swallowed
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Rinse mouth with water. Consult a physician.
•Firefighting Measures:
Suitable extinguishing media:Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide
•Handling and storage:
-Precautions for safe handling:Further processing of solid materials may result in the formation of combustible dusts.
The potential for combustible dust formation should be taken into consideration before additional processing occurs.
Avoid formation of dust and aerosols.
Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities :Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place
⯈ PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYACRYLIC ACID:
Appearance: Colorless to light yellow transparent liquid
pH 2.5 - 3
Melting point :95 °C
Boiling point :116 °C
density :1.2 g/mL at 25 °C
refractive index :n20/D 1.442
Fp :100 °C
storage temp. :2-8°C
solubility :Swellable in water and glycerin and, after neutralization, in ethanol (95%).
Carbomers do not dissolve but merely swell to a remarkable extent, since they are three-dimensionally crosslinked microgels.
form :Powder
Water Solubility :Soluble in water.
⯈ SYNONYMS OF POLYACRYLIC ACID:
PAA
Polyacrylic Acid
Acrylicresin
acrylicacidresin
acrylicacid polymers
polyacrylateelastomers
acrysola
2-Propenoic acid homopolymer;
Acrylic acid polymer
Propenoic acid polymer
⯈ ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON POLYACRYLIC ACID:
•Chemical Structure and Synthesis
Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) has a carboxyl group on every two carbon atoms of the main chain.
Poly(acrylic acid) has high negative charge density when all carboxyl groups dissociate.
Poly(acrylic acid) and poly(sodium acrylate) (NaPAA) are thus one of the most abundantly used water-soluble anionic polyelectrolytes, e.g., dispersing agent, superabsorbent polymer, ion-exchange resin, etc.
Furthermore, due to low toxicity, they are used as a food additive.
They are synthesized industrially by radical polymerization of acrylic acid or sodium acrylic acid .
Therefore, the molar mass distribution of the resultant polymer is broad.
•PAA, what you may know ..
Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) is a well-known polymer in a high number of bulk applications because of two of its main properties:
- extreme water absorption because of the ionic nature of PAA (e.g. diapers);
- interaction with metal ions (e.g. adhesion to metal substrates such as copper, zinc, aluminium
•PAA, high tech material
An increasing part of high tech polymer materials introduce PAA as segments in well-defined polymer structures.
These can be block copolymers, polymer brushes, star polymers etc.,depending on the desired property and functionality.
PAA segments are therefore combined with other polymers like polyacrylates, polyacrylamides, polystyrene and polyethers.
The resulting multicomponent-material combines the main properties of the individual polymers such as crystallinity, visco-elasticity and mechanical properties.
This opens up high perspectives for new materials with tailored properties.
•What can polyacrylic acid be used for in diapers?
About 25% of PAA is used in detergents and dispersants.
Polyacrylic acid and its derivatives are used in disposable diapers.
Acrylic acid is also an important component of superabsorbent polymers (SAP), cross-linked polyacrylates that can absorb and hold more than 100 times their own weight in a liquid.
•Why is polyacrylic acid used as a superabsorbent?
The presence of many metal cations allows the polymer to absorb large amounts of water.
Polyacrylic acid is mainly used as a super absorbent.
About 25% of Polyacrylic acid(PAA) is used in detergents and dispersants.
Polyacrylic acid and its derivatives are used in disposable diapers.
•How is polyacrylic acid used to treat dry eye in dogs?
Polyacrylic acid is the first mucoadhesive polymer and the protonated form at acidic pH is responsible for mucoadhesion.
Polyacrylic acid is used as an artificial tear fluid to treat dry eye syndrome.
Polyacrylic acid forms a hydrogen bond between the -COOH groups and the -COOH-sialic acid groups of the mucin glycoprotein.
•What happens to poly acrylic acid in water?
General description Polyacrylic acid (PAA) is hygroscopic, brittle and colorless with a Tg close to 106oC.
At temperatures above 200-250 °C, Polyacrylic acid (PAA) loses water and becomes insoluble cross-linked polymeric anhydride.
The solubility of dry polyacrylic acid (PAA) in water increases with increasing temperature.
•How is polyacrylic acid used as a hydrogel?
Polyacrylic acid forms a hydrogen bond between its -COOH groups and the -COOH-sialic acid groups of the mucin glycoprotein.
This bond formation results in an increase in viscosity.
Therefore, these acrylic compounds can also be used as hydrogels to treat eye irritation (Wagh et al., 2008).
•How is polyacrylic acid used as a polymer?
Use of poly(propylene acid)(polyacrylic acid).
These are polymers mainly composed of propylene acid and sodium propenoate.
For example, the polymerization is started with potassium (or ammonium) peroxodisulfate, K2S208, which decomposes to radicals.
At the same time, another compound is added to crosslink the chains through the carboxyl groups.
•Which is cyclodextrin-crosslinked polyacrylic acid ( PAA )?
Cross-linked poly(acrylic acid) cyclodextrin: adhesion and controlled release of diflunisal and fluconazole from solid dosage forms.
•How is polyacrylic acid soluble in aqueous media?
Polyacrylic acid is a polyelectrolyte that is soluble in aqueous media at neutral pH due to ionization of attached carboxyl side chains.
Carbopoles are polymers of acrylic acid cross-linked with polyalkanyl ethers or divinyl glycol.
•What kind of acid is polyacrylic acid used
Polyacrylic acid is the first mucoadhesive polymer and the protonated form at acidic pH is responsible for mucoadhesion.
Polyacrylic acid is used as an artificial tear fluid to treat dry eye syndrome.
Polyacrylic acid forms a hydrogen bond between the -COOH groups and the -COOH-sialic acid groups of the mucin glycoprotein.
•Why is polyacrylic acid used as artificial tears?
Polyacrylic acid is considered the first mucoadhesive polymer and the protonated form at acidic pH is responsible for mucoadhesion.
Polyacrylic acid is used as an artificial tear fluid to treat dry eye syndrome.
•What kind of acid is polyacrylic acid produced?
Poly (propylene) (polyacrylic acid) There is a group of polymers, acrylic, which can be considered based on acrylic acid, more commonly known as propylene acid.
The acid is polymerized to poly(propylene acid) (polyacrylic acid) by addition polymerization.
•Who is the inventor of polyacrylic acid polymer?
Karol M. cki, in Biopharmaceutical Processing, 2018 Polyacrylic acid biphasic polymer systems (PAA) were developed by HanOlof Johansson et al.
•How is polyacrylic acid soluble in neutral media?
Polyacrylic acid forms a hydrogen bond between its -COOH groups and the -COOH-sialic acid groups of the mucin glycoprotein.
Polyacrylic acid is a polyelectrolyte that is soluble in aqueous media at neutral pH due to ionization of attached carboxyl side chains.
•What kind of products can polyacrylic acid be used for?
Cross-linked polyacrylic acid has also been used to treat household items, including floor cleaners.
Acrylic acid is also an important component of superabsorbent polymers (SAP), cross-linked polyacrylates that can absorb and hold more than 100 times their own weight in a liquid.
•What kind of acid is polyacrylic acid called?
Polyacrylic Acid (trade name PAA Carbomer) is a high molecular weight synthetic acrylic acid polymer.
The IUPAC name is poly(1carboxyethylene).
They may be homopolymers of acrylic acid or cross-linked with allylpentaerythritol, allylsucrose or allylpropylene.
•How is polyacrylic acid used in beauty products?
Polyacrylic acid is a polymer widely used in a wide variety of products from diapers to beauty products.
Polyacrylic acid contains several related acrylic acid monomers.
The hydrogen in the OH group can be removed so that the acrylic acid can form a salt with sodium.
