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CAS number 1327-41-9
EC number 215-477-2
Polyaluminium Chloride
Polyaluminium Chloride is an acidic solution. Classified as corrosive at higher concentrations, it is typically yellow in colour.
Polyaluminium Chloride is miscible with water at all concentrations although dilute solutions hydrolyse to precipitate Aluminium Hydroxide (Al(OH)3).
Polyaluminium Chloride is not a single product, but a spectrum of polymers which are characterised by their strength (usually in % Al2O3) and basicity – the latter gives an indication of the polymeric composition of PAC.
FORMULA{Aln(OH)mCl(3n-m)}x
CAS: 39290-78-3
UN: 1760: (only applies to 18%)
COMMODITY: 28274990
SYNONYMS:
PAC,
PACl,
Polyaluminium Chloride Hydroxide Sulphate,
Aluminium chloride hydroxide sulphate,
Aluminium hydroxychlorosulphate
Aluminium chlorohydrate is a group of water-soluble,specific aluminum salts having the general formula AlnCl(3n-m)(OH)m.
Polyaluminium Chloride is used in cosmetics as an antiperspirant and as a coagulant in water purification.
Polyaluminium Chloride water purification, this compound is preferred in some cases because of its high charge, which makes it more effective at destabilizing and removing suspended materials than other aluminum salts such as aluminium sulfate, aluminium chloride and various forms of polyaluminium chloride (PAC) and polyaluminium chlorisulfate, in which the aluminum structure results in a lower net charge than aluminium chlorohydrate.
Further, the high degree of neutralization of the HCl results in minimal impact on treated water pH when compared to other aluminium and iron salts.
Uses
Aluminum chlorohydrate is one of the most common active ingredients in commercial antiperspirants.
The variation most commonly used in deodorants and antiperspirants is Al2Cl(OH)5.
Aluminum chlorohydrate is also used as a coagulant in water and wastewater treatment processes to remove dissolved organic matter and colloidal particles present in suspension.
Safety
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration considers the use of aluminum chlorohydrate in antiperspirants to be safe and it is permitted in concentrations up to 25%.
Alzheimer's disease
Studies have found only a negligible association between exposure to and long-term use of antiperspirants and Alzheimer's disease.
There is no adequate evidence that exposure to aluminium in antiperspirants leads to progressive dementia and Alzheimer's disease.
Heather M. Snyder, the senior associate director of medical and scientific relations for the Alzheimer's Association, has stated, "There was a lot of research that looked at the link between Alzheimer's and aluminum, and there hasn't been any definitive evidence to suggest there is a link".
Breast cancer
The International Journal of Fertility and Women's Medicine found no evidence that certain chemicals used in underarm cosmetics increase the risk of breast cancer.Ted S. Gansler, the director of medical content for the American Cancer Society, stated "There is no convincing evidence that antiperspirant or deodorant use increases cancer risk".
However, there is continued concern over the use of aluminum chlorohydrate in cosmetics as the risk of toxic build up over time has not been ruled out.
The Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS) is currently designing a study to analyse the build up of aluminum chlorohydrate via dermal penetration to assess the risk of toxic build up.
Structure
Aluminum chlorohydrate is best described as an inorganic polymer and as such is difficult to structurally characterize. However, techniques such as gel permeation chromatography, X-ray crystallography and 27Al-NMR have been used in research by various groups including that of Nazar and Laden to show that the material is based on Al13 units with a Keggin ion structure and that this base unit then undergoes complex transformations to form larger poly-aluminum complexes.
Synthesis
Aluminum chlorohydrate can be commercially manufactured by reacting aluminum with hydrochloric acid.
A number of aluminum-containing raw materials can be used, including aluminum metal, alumina trihydrate, aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate and combinations of these.
The products can contain by-product salts, such as sodium/calcium/magnesium chloride or sulfate.
Because of the explosion hazard related to hydrogen produced by the reaction of aluminum metal with hydrochloric acid, the most common industrial practice is to prepare a solution of aluminum chlorohydrate (ACH) by reacting aluminum hydroxide with hydrochloric acid.
The ACH product is reacted with aluminum ingots at 100 °C using steam in an open mixing tank.
The Al to ACH ratio and the time of reaction allowed determines the polymer form of the PAC n to m ratio.
Clay-brine process employing activated clay, NaCl, HCl, and HF as raw materials is the primarily advanced technology to synthesize cryolite in the present industrial grade.
However, plenty of byproducts of fluorine-containing waste HCl at the concentration of about 10%~12% could not be utilized comprehensively and are even hazardous to the environment.
This work proposed a new two-step technology to prepare inorganic polymer flocculants polyaluminium chloride (PAC) from synthetic cryolite mother liquor.
Many specific factors such as the variety of aluminide source, reaction temperature and time, reagent ratio, and manner of alkaline addition were taken into consideration and their influences on the performances of produced PAC were discussed.
Polyaluminium Chloride was found that synthetic cryolite mother liquor could react with bauxite and calcium aluminate directly to prepare cheap PAC, with plenty amount of water insoluble CaF2 and CaSiF6 produced as well.
However, once HCl was introduced into synthetic cryolite mother liquor as well as by utilizing bauxite as aluminide source and sodium aluminate as adjusting basicity agent, the resultant PAC would dissolve out higher amount of aluminum while producing little amount of water insoluble materials.
The coagulation behavior of the specially produced PAC could even match the industrial grade PAC conforming to national standard.
Accepta PAC is a high performance; superior quality poly-aluminium chloride (PAC) based coagulant, scientifically formulated for use in a wide range of commercial, municipal, manufacturing and industrial process applications including the treatment of wastewater and industrial effluent.
Accepta’s poly-aluminium chloride (PAC) is a highly efficient coagulant with low generation of waste sludge in a wide pH range, even at low temperatures.
Accepta PAC is used for several applications including the treatment of drinking water, swimming pool water, wastewater treatment, the treatment of sewage and industrial effluents.
Polyaluminium Chloride is also used extensively in the pulp and paper processing industry.
Product Benefits
Superior quality poly-aluminium chloride (PAC)
Highly efficient coagulant
Low generation of waste sludge
Versatile, can be used in a wide range of applications
Product Properties
Appearance: Yellow/brown liquid
Al2O3: 17% (w/w)
Aluminum (Al3+)+ 9,0 ± 0,3 %
SG: 1.37g/ml
Charge Density: +1500 μeq/kg
Basicity: 42 ± 3 %
*Full details of the product properties are available in the Safety Data Sheet. See below.
Application & Dosage Information
For further technical assistance concerning dosage rates for Accepta PAC please contact Accepta technical support.
Polyaluminium Chloride is always advisable to carry out a ‘Control Of Substances Hazardous to Health’ (COSHH) assessment before use.
Polyaluminium chloride(aluminium chlorohydrate) also simply called PAC, is used in deodorants and as a coagulant in water purification.
This compound is preferred in some cases because of its high charge, which makes it more effective at destabilizing and removing suspended materials than other aluminium salts.
CAS No.: 1327-41-9
What Is Polyaluminium Chloride?
Polyaluminium Chloride is a water chemical made up of the elements aluminium, oxygen, hydrogen, and chlorine.Polyaluminium Chloride is also known as Aluminium Chloride Hydroxide and is abbreviated as PAC.
Polyaluminium Chloride is a yellow colored, water soluble solid with the chemical formula [Al2(OH)nCl6-n]m.
Polyaluminium Chloride chemical comes in the forms Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) 28% and Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) 30%.
Polyaluminium Chloride chemical has many industrial uses but primarily it is used in the processes of flocculation in water treatment industries.
Polyaluminium Chloride Uses
Polyaluminium Chloride is an extremely useful chemical.
Polyaluminium Chloride is a water chemical most popularly used for water treatment. Other uses are:
PAC is widely used in the treatment of drinking water because of its high antibacterial effects.
Polyaluminium Chloride is used in the process of flocculation for wastewater treatment.
Polyaluminium Chloride is used as a coagulant in paper and pulp industries.
Polyaluminium Chloride is used in the cosmetic and personal care industries as an ingredient in deodorants and anti-perspirants.
PAC is also used in oil and gas industries because of its destabilizing oil-water emulsion properties and phase separation efficiency.
Is Polyaluminium Chloride Safe?
Consuming Polyaluminium Chloride can be hazardous.
The substance is corrosive.
Inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact may cause injury.
According to the MSDS of PAC 28% and MSDS of PAC 30%, inhalation can cause irritation to mucous membrane.
Polyaluminium Chloride can cause skin and eye irritation with redness and swelling.
Furthermore, ingestion of PAC can cause irritation of the mouth and stomach.
Proper storage and disposal of Polyaluminium Chloride needs to be taken into consideration in order to avoid any unwanted effects.
How Is Polyaluminium Chloride Made?
Commercially, Polyaluminium Chloride is made by reacting aluminium with hydrochloric acid. industrially, a solution of aluminium chlorohydrate is prepared and reacted with hydrochloric acid.
Where To Buy Polyaluminium Chloride In Bulk?
You may be able to find small quantities of Polyaluminium Chloride in your area.
However, in order to buy large quantities of PAC, it is preferable to import directly from the manufacturers.
They can issue certifications and provide cost savings which is better than buying the chemical in small quantities locally or from a distributor.
Polyaluminium Chloride you require bulk quantities of this chemical, you can buy Polyaluminium Chloride on our website or contact us for further details.
Which Countries Manufacture Polyaluminium Chloride In Bulk?
Polyaluminium Chloride consumption of Polyaluminium Chloride has increased dramatically across the world, especially in the developing countries.
Therefore, its huge demand has led to a surge in companies that produce it.
The main producers of PAC are:
China
India
South Korea
How Is Polyaluminium Chloride Exported?
PAC 28% and PAC 30% is shipped in:
25kg woven bag
What Is The Latest Polyaluminium Chloride Price?
As Polyaluminium Chloride is a commodity product, the price usually changes depending on the price of raw materials, logistics and other related industrial inputs such as labor and taxes.
In order to get the latest price of PAC, please contact us and we will provide a quotation right up to your country.
Polyaluminium Chloride research examined various experimental conditions for application of Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) for removing colour, COD and ammonia from semi-aerobic.
The removals of colour, COD and ammonia were up to 93%, 56% and 32%, respectively, at an optimum dosage of 2000 mg/L PAC.
Rapid and slow mixing speed played only a minor role in the removal efficiencies for colour, COD and ammonia.
The flocs size distribution for PAC coagulant shows an increase in floc size with increasing coagulant dosages. PAC also exhibited excellent settling characteristics, with majority of the flocs settled out in the initial 5 min of settling.
PWTAG Technical notes are updates or new material for the standards and guidance given in the PWTAG book, Swimming Pool Water and the PWTAG Code of practice and should be read in association with these publications.
VIEW ALL TECHNICAL NOTES
Continuous coagulation with polyaluminium chloride has long been recommended by PWTAG – especially in the light of the threat from Crytposporidium.
Like all coagulants PAC works by extracting and then clumping together dissolved, colloidal and suspended matter.
The resulting floc is then trapped on the filter.
This note clarifies the application and dosing rates for the various different grades of polyaluminium chloride being sold in the UK.
Background
Filtration through a porous medium such as a sand bed is an efficient and cost effective means of reducing water turbidity.
But sand filters are very limited in their ability to remove Cryptosporidium.
Research at Swansea University for PWTAG in 2004 demonstrated the importance of coagulation in filtering out Cryptosporidium oocysts.
Without coagulation removal rates in a single pass of a medium-rate filter were about 50%. This was dramatically improved, to over 90%, by dosing polyaluminium chloride.
Dosing rate
PAC is directly and continuously dosed from the containers in which it is delivered at a rate of about 0.1ml/m3 of the circulation flow.
(It is very important that it is not diluted with water as it will form a gel.)
This must be mixed as evenly as possible throughout the water flow.
Where to dose
Following dosing, coagulation of pollutants happens quite quickly. Flocculation is a slower process, where the coagulated particles come together in flocs, so it is important that there is sufficient time before the water reaches the filter media.
At least 10sec is recommended, at a flow velocity not exceeding 1.5m/sec.
This can normally be achieved in the space in the filter above the filter media.
But to ensure the best possible mixing, PAC should be injected as far before the filters as possible – but after the place where the sample for the chemical controller is taken.
How to dose
For a pool with a capacity of 450m3 (100,000 gallons) and a turnover period of 2 hours the circulation rate is 225m3 per hour.
The PAC dosing rate for this pool would be 22.5ml per hour.
This is a very small quantity (two and a quarter 10ml test tubes per hour) and is difficult to dose accurately.
Most chemical dosing pumps used for dosing the other chemicals used in swimming pools are not capable of adding this small quantity accurately and continuously. The most suitable type of dosing pump is a peristaltic pump.
Different grades of PAC
PWTAG recommends a normal dosing rate of 0.1ml/m3 of the total flow rate, which it has also described as 0.005ml/m3 as aluminium.
There are now a number of different grades of PAC with aluminium concentrations between 9.5% and 18%.
The concentration of aluminium is not the only consideration when selecting a grade of PAC to use. (If it was, PWTAG would be recommending the much cheaper alum – aluminium sulphate.)
Commercially available PAC products are characterised by their degree of basification – i.e. the concentration of hydroxyl groups (OH) relative to aluminium ions.
PAC products can be in the range of 5%-65% basicity.
As a general rule, the higher the basicity, the higher the polymer content and thus cationic charge density and efficiency.
Higher basicity products have a lower aluminium content but are more efficient in clarification of water (i.e. turbidity/suspended solids removal).
Because there is less aluminium content there is less aluminium in the backwash water.
Furthermore, aluminium residuals are minimised.
The lower aluminium content products have a higher basicity, so the best advice that PWTAG can give is to use the same dosing rate for all grades of PAC, that is 0.1ml/m3 of the total flow rate.
Name:poly aluminium chloride
Purity:30%
Appearance:yellow powder
Packing:25kg pp woven bag lined with pe bag or according to your requestment
Delivery time:within 15days after received the payment
Product properties and advantages:
1. Good effective and lower cost.
Its purifying effect on low-temperature, low-turbidity and heavily organic polluted raw water is much better than other organic flocculant, furthermore, the treatment cost is lower.
2. Flocculation ability .
It can lead to quick formation of flocculantwith big size and rapid precipitation service life of cellular filter of sedimentation basin.
3. PH broad in scope.
It can adapt to a wide range of pH value (5−9), and can reduce the pH value and basicity after processing.
4.Adopting to various source of water.
The dosage is smaller than that of other flocculants.
It has wide adaptability to the waters at different temperatures and at different regions.
5. Higher basicity, lower corrosive, easy for operation, and long-term use of non-occlusion.
Polyaluminium Chloride efficiency of various polyaluminium chloride coagulants (PACls) was compared to the efficiency of aluminium sulfate (alum) in the coagulation-flocculation process preceding direct filtration in drinking water treatment.
Polyaluminium Chloride comparative study consisted of two separate yet complementary series of experiments: the first series included short (5-7 h) and long (24 h) filter runs conducted at a pilot filtration plant equipped with large filter columns that simulated full-scale filters.
Partially treated surface water from the Sea of Galilee, characterized by very low turbidity (-1 NTU), was used.
Polyaluminium Chloride the second series of experiments, speciation of aluminium in situ was investigated using the ferron assay method.
Results from the pilot-scale study indicate that most PACls were as or more efficient a coagulant as alum for direct filtration of surface water without requiring acid addition for pH adjustment and subsequent base addition for re-stabilizing the water.
Consequently, cost analysis of the chemicals needed for the process showed that treatment with PACl would be significantly less costly than treatment with alum.
The aluminium speciation experiments revealed that the performance of the coagulant is more influenced by the species present during the coagulation process than those present in the original reagents.
Polyaluminium Chloride this study, synthesis and speciation of polyaluminum chloride (PAC) for application in water treatment was investigated using a colorimetric speciation method. It was possible to produce stable preparations of PAC solutions in which a relatively stable cationic polymer predominated.
The mode of preparation has a dramatic effect on the composition of PAC preparation.
Some important parameters such as hydroxyl ligand number, mixing intensity, base injection rate and method, and aging were identified in this study.
Abstract
Polyaluminium Chloride coagulation behaviour of the new coagulant agent polyaluminium silicate chloride (PASiC) was investigated in this study.
Polyaluminium Chloride main purpose was the examination of several possible derivatives of polyaluminium silicate chloride, based on different basicity (OH/Al molar ratio), silica content (Al/Si molar ratio) and preparation method (co-polymerization or composite polymerization) to evaluate the respective coagulation behaviour of them.
Moreover, a systematic study was conducted to define the optimum values of aforementioned major parameters, in order to produce an improved product, in comparison with the commonly applied polyaluminium chloride.
Overall, 32 silica-based coagulant samples were prepared with different OH/Al (1–2.5), or Al/Si (5–20) molar ratios and preparation methods.
The coagulation performance of PASiC products were evaluated for the treatment of contaminated tap water (in terms of turbidity and of NOM removal, as well as of residual Al concentrations and of zeta-potential measurements).
Also, they were examined for the tertiary treatment of municipal wastewater (mainly for phosphates removal).
Additionally, the new products were compared with the laboratory prepared PACl, with alum (i.e. Al2(SO4)3·18H2O), as well as with commercially available PACl samples.
These experiments were completed with the study of coagulation kinetics by using the Photometric Dispersion Analyzer (PDA), in order to compare the respective floc growth rates.
Overall, the obtained results suggest that in order to produce a silica-based polyaluminium coagulant with improved coagulation properties, the basicity (OH/Al ratio) should be between 1.5 and 2.0, the silica content (Al/Si molar ratio) between 10 and 15 and should be prepared preferable with the co-polymerization technique.
However, attention has to be given in the specific application of these products, as in the case of tertiary wastewater treatment (phosphates removal) more efficient seem to be the silica-based coagulant with lower basicity (i.e. OH/Al 1–1.5).
Before introducing flocculants or coagulants it is essential that this is in conjunction with a Chemical Treatment Management Plan which will be applicable to your local authority.
Treatment requirements and conditions will vary from site to site and it is important that any treatment regime applied is specific to a particular project and site.
Alum, the predominant coagulant in conventional drinking water treatment schemes, has various disadvantages including the production of large volumes of sludge, lowering water pH (requiring pH adjustment using lime), limited coagulation pH range of 6.5 to 8.0, etc. At the Barekese Water Treatment Plant in Ghana, an alternative, the polyelectrolyte – polyaluminium chloride (PAC) is also used in coagulation but limited information is available on the operating conditions required to achieve better performance than alum-based coagulation.
The aim of this study was to determine the optimal coagulant dose, mixing speed and operating pH for enhanced performance in water treatment.
The effects on the treatment process of three different sets of mixing speed pairs – 180/40, 180/25 and 150/25 revolutions per minute (fast/slow) – in a pH range of 6.5 to 8.0 were investigated.
The mixing speed and PAC dose yielding the best coagulation were 150/25 rpm and 15 mg/L respectively.
The optimal pH range for PAC coagulation performance was 7.5 to 8.0.
Aim
The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of the coagulant Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) in water quality improvement of six eutrophic shallow lakes in Brazilian semiarid region.
Methods
We evaluated the effect of PAC in turbidity, humic substances (UV254), total phosphorus and chlorophyll-a concentration through laboratory jar tests.
Results
The results showed that PAC had a good performance in reducing total phosphorus concentrations and turbidity, with a reduced efficiency in removing chlorophyll-a and humic substances by sedimentation of flocks formed.
Conclusions
Addition of PAC is a potential tool for water quality improvement of eutrophic shallow lakes in Brazilian semiarid region but its efficiency depends on the pH and particulate and dissolved organic matter concentration in the lake or reservoir water.
POLYALUMINIUM COAGULANTS
Recently, a number of alternative aluminium-based coagulants have been developed for water treatment applications.
These compounds have the general formula (Aln(OH)mCl(3n-m))x and have a polymeric structure, totally soluble in water.
The length of the polymerised chain, molecular weight and number of ionic charges is determined by the degree of polymerisation.
On hydrolysis, various mono- and polymeric species are formed, with Al13O4(OH)24 7+ being a particularly important cation.
A less predominant species is Al8(OH)20 4+ .
These highly polymerised coagulants include the following:
¨ polyaluminium chloride (PACl, n=2 and m=3),
¨ aluminium chlorohydrate (ACH, n=2 and m=5), and
¨ polyaluminium chlorohydrate (PACH): similar to ACH.
In practice, there is little difference between the performance of ACH and PACl in water treatment applications, even though ACH is more hydrated.
An important property of polyaluminium coagulants is their basicity. This is the ratio of hydroxyl to aluminium ions in the hydrated complex and in general the higher the basicity, the lower will be the consumption of alkalinity in the treatment process and hence impact on pH.
Various suppliers of ACH and PACl in Australia express the basicity of their product as a percentage e.g. Omega MEGAPAC-23 (40.2% w/w aluminium chlorohydrate) has a basicity of 82% (Omega Chemicals, 2000).
The polyaluminium coagulants in general consume considerably less alkalinity than alum.
They are effective over a broader pH range compared to alum and experience shows that PACl works satisfactorily over a pH range of 5.0 to 8.0.
Another important advantage of using polyaluminium coagulants in water treatment processes is the reduced concentration of sulphate added to the treated water.
This directly affects SO4 levels in domestic wastewater.
A raw water with a sulphate level of 3 to 5 mg/L will typically have a SO4 concentration of 15 to 25 mg/L following treatment with alum.
The amount of soluble sulphate present in domestic wastewater is now also significantly increased and this can result in elevated hydrogen sulphide production in the sewerage system, leading to odour and corrosion problems.
At one water treatment plant in the Otway region of Victoria, polyaluminium chloride replaced alum and in so doing SO4 levels in the treated water were reduced from 27 to 4 - 5 mg/L.
Previously, alum was dosed at 45 to 55 mg/L at this plant.
The change to PACl had a major impact on SO4 levels in the sewage, with reduced odour problems evident at several pump stations in the sewerage system.
Table 1 summarises principal characteristics of commercially available polyaluminium coagulants.
Details for alum and sodium aluminate are also included for comparison.
Other advantages of polyaluminium coagulants include the following:
¨ low levels of residual aluminium in the treated water can be achieved, typically 0.01-0.05 mg/L,
¨ PACl and ACH work extremely well at low raw water temperatures.
Flocs formed from alum at low temperatures settle very slowly, whereas flocs formed from olyaluminium coagulants tend to settle equally well at low and at normal water temperatures,
¨ less sludge is produced compared to alum at an equivalent dose,
¨ lower doses are required to give equivalent results to alum. For example, a dose of 12 mg/L PACl (as 100%) was required for treatment of a coloured, low turbidity water (Otway region,
Victoria) compared to similar performance obtained when using an alum dose of 55 mg/L, and¨ the increase in chloride in the treated water is much lower than the sulphate increase from alum, resulting in lower overall increases in the TDS of the treated water.
From Table 1, it will be noted that polyaluminium coagulants are typically twice the price of liquid alum on per kilogram aluminium basis.
However, lower doses of the coagulant and lower pre- and post-treatment alkali doses can still make its use economical.
Polyaluminium chloride solution (10% Al2O3) is stable for 4 to 5 months when stored at less than 50oC and is so ideal for bulk storage and dosing installations.
One possible disadvantage in using ACH/PACl relates to the removal of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from water.
It is well documented that effective DOC removal is possible with alum, particularly when coagulating at lower pH values using so-called “enhanced coagulation”.
Alum appears to be a superior coagulant as far as removal of humic and fulvic colour constituents are concerned.
A higher coagulation pH is adopted with polyaluminium coagulants and it possible that removal of THM percussors may not be as complete as with alum.
The following examples illustrate that this depends on the particular raw water in question and in many cases may not be an issue.
Polyaluminium Chloride a number of countries across the world, aluminium in the form of polyaluminium chloride has been used in the treatment of freshwaters for the direct removal of cyanobacteria, or phosphorus removal, but knowledge about its effect on zooplankton species is poor.
Polyaluminium Chloride our study, polyaluminium chloride toxicity was tested on both artificial and natural freshwaters for a better understanding and prediction of effects in real ecosystems.
Our results indicate that prediction of effects in a real ecosystem based on standard ISO methods is insufficient, and tests with nontarget species (including invertebrates) should be done before each treatment using the water samples from the treated location.
Effective concentrations of polyaluminium chloride can differ markedly according to the type of water composition used in the assay.
Our experiments proved that EC50 values can fluctuate between 9.89 and 54.29 mg·L−1 of Al3+, and the toxicity is dominantly dependent on the treated water conductivity.
This parameter seems to be the dominant source of different effects on zooplankton species after treatment and thus should be properly tested before each use of polyaluminium chloride as a treatment compound.
In Mauritius, surface waters harnessed to cater for domestic uses are either treated by the slow sand filtration method or by the rapid sand filtration method. Chemical treatment in plants working with rapid sand filtration units use the chemical, Aluminium Sulphate, commonly known as alum.
Alum is one of the world’s oldest chemical used in water treatment.
However, one of its disadvantages is that it operates over a limited range of pH.
Recently, polyaluminium chloride (PACI) has come on the market and due to the various advantages, many countries have shifted to the use of PACI.
At La Nicolière water treatment plant, due to changes in landuse and construction of a reservoir upstream, an increase in pH was observed in the incoming raw water.
This resulted in an increase in the amount of alum and lime to be used in the coagulation process, and consequently, an increase in the risk of levels of residual aluminium higher than permissible levels.
The potential of PACI was evaluated and results indicated that PACI is highly effective in lowering turbidity levels and colour.
Polyaluminium Chloride also operates over a larger range of pH, yielding lower residual aluminium levels. Moreover, it produced lower volume of sludge.
Polyaluminium chloride
Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) is the common name for the chemical polyaluminium chloride hydroxide.
PAC is a coagulant that can be used in both potable water and wastewater treatment.
In some cases, PAC offers better performance over a broader range of pH and temperature conditions than other coagulants do.
Typical Applications of PAC:
Treatment of municipal, commercial, and industrial water
Dairy and food processing
Paper and pulp processing industries
Effluent treatment
PRODUCT DESCRIPTION PRODUCT
Polyaluminium Chloride
CAS #: 1327-41-9
SYNONYM
Aluminum chlorhydroxide;
Aluminum chloride basic;
Aluminum chloride hydroxide;
Aluminum chlorohydrate;
Aluminum chlorohydroxide Aluminum hydroxychloride;
Basic aluminum chloride; PAC;
Polyaluminum hydroxychloride;
Polyhydroxoaluminum chloride;
Aluminum chloride, basic
FORMULA: [AL2(OH )nCL6-n]m
TYPICAL PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS
ALUMINUM AS AL2O3: >= 27.0 (Solid)
ALUMINUM AS AL2O3: >= 9.0% (Liquid)
BASICITY: 45.0 - 85.0
PH (1% SOLUTION): 3.5 - 5.0
WATER INSOLUBLES: <= 3.0% (Solid)
WATER INSOLUBLES:<= 1.0%
RELATIVE DENSITY
1.18 g/cm^3 (Liquid)
NOTES
CLASS
Water Treatment Chemicals
INDUSTRY
Water Treatment
Treatment and purification of water is a major end-use application for poly aluminium chloride (PAC).
Polyaluminium Chloride is also widely used in the pulp and paper industry.
Vikram PAC and Kanpac are the two high-quality brands manufactured by ABCIL in powder and liquid form.
ndustrial applications
Pulp and paper
Pulp and paper
Sulphated PAC is used to treat process water and effluents during papermaking.
Non-sulphated PAC is used in paper manufacturing for filler and pigment effluent.
Water purification
Water purification
Sulphated PAC (medium and high basicity) is used in municipal and industrial water treatment applications.
It also finds use in reduction or removal of chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand and total organic carbon.
Non-sulphated PAC helps remove oil containing waste water in oil refineries.
It also helps remove dyes from waste water in the textile industry.
Polyaluminum chloride (PAC) is an important flocculant in potable water and wastewater treatment. Al13 or Alb is regarded as the most efficient species of PAC.
A low base addition rate, small base drop sizes, and sufficient mixing usually favor the formation of PAC with higher Alb contents.
Polyaluminium Chloride this paper, PAC was originally synthesized with a membrane reactor in which NaOH solution permeated through the micropores of an ultrafiltration membrane into AlCl3 solution gradually to reduce the NaOH droplets size to nanoscale, about 106 times smaller than that of conventional methods, resulting in a great reduction in the local supersaturation and precipitates generated and, subsequently, in an increase in the Alb content.
The effects of the membrane molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) and reactant concentration on the species distribution were investigated.
Polyaluminium Chloride was found that Alb increases with decreasing MWCO and reactant concentration under the experimental conditions used.
A new plausible reaction pathway is also proposed that assumes that the hydrolysis and polymerization of Al3+ constitute a complex net of consecutive and parallel reactions and that the species distribution is mainly determined by the reactions kinetics.
Polyaluminium Chloride – DESCRIPTION
Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) is used as a flocculent in water treatment applications including drinking water and wastewater treatment.
PAC can perform over a wide pH range (5.0 – 8.0) but is most effective when the pH is close to 7.0, this can be achieved with the use of Soda Ash (Sodium Carbonate) or Sodium Bicarbonate.
The flocculant produced from the PAC gradually settles (2-12 hr) to the bottom (depending on amount of PAC used and water volume), after which it can be removed by filtration.
Advantages compared to other coagulants like Alum
Effective over a broader pH range compared to alum
Reduced chemical costs – can perform just as effectively, even when at a lower dose compared to alum (at a higher dose)
Low levels of residual aluminium in the treated water can be achieved, typically around 0.01 to 0.05 ppm.
PAC works well at low water temperatures – flocs formed from PAC tend to settle equally well at low and normal water temperatures compared to Alum (aluminium sulphate) flocs that settle slowly at lower temperatures.
Lower sludge production – low amount of sludge is produced compared to alum at an equivalent dose
Improved treated water quality – increase in chloride from PAC in is lower than the increase in sulphate from Alum in the treated water i.e. lower overall water TDS.
Technical Name Poly Aluminium Chloride
Chemical Formula Aln(OH)mCl3nm
Formation Poly Aluminium Chloride (Liquid)
CAS Registry No. 1327-41-9
HSN 2827
Inhalation
Remove affected person from source of contamination.
Move affected person to fresh air and keep warm and at rest in a position comfortable for breathing.
Maintain an open airway.
Loosen tight clothing such as collar, tie or belt. When breathing is difficult, properly trained personnel may assist affected person by administering oxygen.
Place unconscious person on their side in the recovery position and ensure breathing can take place.
Ingestion
Rinse mouth thoroughly with water. Remove any dentures. Give a few small glasses of water or milk to drink.
Stop if the affected person feels sick as vomiting may be dangerous. Do not induce vomiting unless under the direction of medical personnel.
Polyaluminium Chloride vomiting occurs, the head should be kept low so that vomit does not enter the lungs.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Move affected person to fresh air and keep warm and at rest in a position comfortable for breathing.
Place unconscious person on their side in the recovery position and ensure breathing can take place.
Maintain an open airway.
Loosen tight clothing such as collar, tie or belt.
Skin contact
Rinse with water.
Eye contact
Rinse immediately with plenty of water. Remove any contact lenses and open eyelids wide apart. Continue to rinse for at least 10 minutes.
Protection of first aiders
First aid personnel should wear appropriate protective equipment during any rescue.
Polyaluminium Chloride it is suspected that volatile contaminants are still present around the affected person, first aid personnel should wear an appropriate respirator or self-contained breathing apparatus.
Wash contaminated clothing thoroughly with water before removing it from the affected person, or wear gloves.
Polyaluminium Chloride may be dangerous for first aid personnel to carry out mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.
A process for production of polyaluminium chloride solution, which process comprises mixing hydrogen chloride with, and bringing it to react with, under heating, aluminium hydroxide and a sulphate-containing press cake, whereby at least part of said reaction is carried out at overpressure, and that said part is heated to a temperature above the upper limit of the boiling range or the boiling point a mixture of the same composition would have had at atmospheric pressure.
Treating lakes by adding aluminium is a well-known and sustainable method of reducing phosphorus levels.
Polyaluminium Chloride Sweden, the method was used to treat the large brackish water lake Brunnsviken.
Lakes with too high phosphorus content are cloudy, which is a challenge for both fish and plants.
A well-known technique for addressing the problem is to add aluminium and, by sedimentation, reduce the phosphorus level and so the risk of eutrophication (over-fertilisation of lakes and marine areas with plant nutrients, especially nitrate and phosphate that causes planktonic algae to form).
Water Treatment of Brunnsviken
The method has been used in many Danish lakes, and the Danish contractor TAV (Thomas Aabling Aquatic Environment) has been awarded the job of treating the large Swedish lake Brunnsviken, just north of Stockholm.
The lake is a 3.5 km long, 0.4–0.5 km wide brackish water lake, and it is the three surrounding municipalities that have joined forces on the project. Poly aluminium chloride is supplied by Danish company Alumichem.
The Swedish municipalities have chosen the method as the most cost-effective as the goal is to achieve a good ecological status.
Water treatment with poly aluminium chloride
Polyaluminium Chloride process is to add a poly aluminium chloride solution that binds to phosphorus.
Polyaluminium Chloride solution is pumped out from a boat down to a spreader boom that is dragged behind the boat through the lake.
The sediment that forms in the water falls and settles on the bottom.
All surfaces deeper than five metres are treated.
Polyaluminium Chloride bound phosphorus becomes permanently bound to the aluminium being added and so cannot contribute to continued eutrophication.
Polyaluminium Chloride principle is the same as in drinking water production, and the method is used globally to improve water quality in lakes.
A proven method of reducing phosphorus
Sedimentation with poly aluminium chloride is a proven method of binding phosphorus in water masses so that it can no longer contribute to eutrophication.
In a short time, the action is expected to result in lower phosphorus levels in the water, reduce algae blooms and have a visibly positive effect on the water quality with an increased Secchi depth, which is a measure of water clarity or transparency and determines how far the light can penetrate the seawater.
The Secchi depth becomes an indirect measure of the number of algae in the water. The fewer algae, the greater the Secchi depth and so the better the water quality.
Polyaluminium Chloride Secchi depth is measured by lowering a special white disc into the water. The depth at which you can no longer see it anymore is called the Secchi depth.
Polyaluminium Chloride concentration of nutrients is tested by taking water samples, which are analysed for, amongst other things, phosphorus, nitrogen, organic matter, etc.
Polyaluminium Chloride risk of algae blooms and so cloudy water is related to the content of phosphorus and nitrogen nutrients.
With the heavy and prolonged rainfall there has been in Denmark in recent months, a large number of streams and lakes have burst their banks.
The plentiful supply of water is partly due to the fact that the soil is so saturated that it cannot absorb more water.
Therefore, nutrients from the fields are fed to streams and lakes, and the need for treatment will increase.
Product Description
Polyaluminum chloride sulfate solution, 5.4%
Precipitating and flocculating agent based on an aluminium salt solution.
Al approx. 5.4%
Our designation: ST-PAC 5.4
Typical Applications
- municipal and waste water treatment
- drinking water treatment
Available packaging: 1200 kg IBC
We will be pleased to send you further product information such as safety and technical data sheets on request.
Please do not hesitate to contact us directly via "request a quote".
The ability of locally laboratory-synthesized polyaluminium chloride (PAC) with high Al13 content (PAC-Al13) to remove organic, inorganic matter and colour from potable water, agricultural and electroplating wastewaters was evaluated relative to commercial PAC (PACI).
PAC-Al13 used in this study was prepared using batch titration of NaOH into AlCl3·6H2O solution under vigorous stirring as opposed to the conventional slow-base titration method.
The highly pure PAC-Al13 (containing 79% polymeric Al13 species) with high basicity (87%) was isolated and extracted using the sulphate displacement method and metathesis reaction.
PAC-Al13 showed higher COD (85–96%), metals (95–100%), TDS (86–90%) and colour (90–95%) removal compared with PACI, i.e. COD (57–74%), metals (71–99%), TDS (58–80%) and colour (85–92%). The dominance of polymeric Al13 species in PAC-Al13 was supported from the scanning electron microscopy images (presence of Keggin structure of Al13) and the 27Al nuclear magnetic resonance analysis that showed the appearance of a single peak at 62.1 ppm.
This study demonstrated the potential of using a new type of PAC, produced using simple preparation technique and contain high polymeric Al13 species, that has the ability to remove contaminants from water and wastewater systems more efficiently.
Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) is a inorganic polymer flocculant.
PAC has been developed for water treatment applications.
Totally soluble in water it has a formula: (Aln(OH)mCl(3n-m))x
Polyaluminium chloride is also used for several applications including the treatment of drinking water, swimming pool water, the treatment of sewage and industrial effluents.
Polyaluminium Chloride is also used extensively in the pulp and paper processing industry and in production of deorderant and antipresprant. .
PAC’s high basicity make it superior compare to other inorganic coagulants.
Polyaluminium Chloride is a highly efficient coagulant with low generation of waste sludge in a wide pH range, even at low temperature.
Abstract:
One new technique was introduced preparing high-efficiency flocculant: polyaluminium chloride (PAC) with the materials of AlCl 3 -6H 2 O.
Effect of preparing conditions on quality and separation of PAC was tested.
The optimal preparing method was: baking temperature 290degC; baking time 30 min; maturation time 18 h; liquids laying aside time 12 h. The structure and form of PAC was studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Al 13 was detected by 27 Al-NMR.
And the flocculating efficiency of PAC was also preliminarily examined by jar test.
Airedale Chemical Polyaluminium Chloride is a pale yellowish liquid solution with a faint characteristic odour.
Airedale Chemical manufacture PAC that effectively enhances flocculation and coagulation even at low temperatures and is suitable for a wide range of industry applications.
As a leading UK Polyaluminium Chloride manufacturer and supplier, Airedale Chemical can facilitate orders from 25 litre up to bulk transfer.
With our own distribution fleet, we are a trusted Polyaluminium Chloride distributor and can deliver orders to locations throughout the UK, Europe and Ireland.
For full details concerning safety precautions, storage and handling procedures for Airedale Chemical PAC, request our Polyaluminium Chloride MSDS or speak with one of our product experts.
CAS Number:1327-41-9
EC Number: 254-400-7
Other names:PAC
Appearance:Pale yellowish solution
Strength:10%, 18%
DESCRIPTION
PolyAluminium Chloride production is one of the most exigent process for glass-lined equipement due to its high corrosive and abrasive effect.
That's why, the experience and the qualification of De Dietrich Process Systems allow to meet qualitatively those process requirements.
Over 30 years, we have ever supplied hundreds of glass-lined reactors running for PAC production, which represent the heart and the main critical point of the PAC process.
Through this great experience, we have acquired deep knowledge and compétences concerning the PAC process requirements and its characteristics.
The PAC synthesis occurs under high pressure and high temperature.
PolyAluminium Chloride is the product of the batch reaction between solid Aluminium Hydroxide (AL(OH)3) and liquid Hydrochloric acid (HCI).
The De Dietrich Process Systems enamel is completely dedicated to the highly corrosive and abrasive process and we have also developped specific solutions for the PAC reactor:
De Dietrich enamel 3009 HA - Visual signal with a great resistance against acid environment (HCI)
Visual detection of the corrosion through different colors of enamel layers
Adapted Impeller agitator with a special geometry
Poly aluminium chloride is a colourless and odourless liquid with the chemical formula Aln(OH)mCl3n-m.
A highly effective coagulant, this product is suited to a wide range of industrial applications including use in personal care products, a flocculant in the purification of water and in the treating of potable and waste water.
Polyaluminium Chloride is also used largely within the paper and pulp industry.
Please use the contact forms for more information on this product or to request out latest prices on various bulk quantities.
Poly Aluminium Chloride - PAC
pac-icon
These compounds have the general formula (Aln(OH)mCl(3n-m))x and have a polymeric structure, totally soluble in water.
The length of the polymerised chain, molecular weight and number of ionic charges is determined by the degree of polymerisation.
On hydrolysis, various mono- and polymeric species are formed, with Al13O4(OH)247+ being a particularly important cation.
These highly polymerised coagulants include the following:
polyaluminium chloride (PACl, n=2 and m=3),
aluminium chlorohydrate (ACH, n=2 and m=5), and
polyaluminium chlorohydrate (PACH): similar to ACH.
An important property of polyaluminium coagulants is their basicity.
The highly charged Al in the products is optimized for best performance for the different basicities of PAC.
The low to medium basicity products (25% up to 45%) are excellent at reducing the turbidity while maintaining good phosphorus removal properties.
High basicity PACl products ( 45% up to 70%) have been optimized for particle removal by controlling the formation of Al species in the coagulant.
In practice the choice of which type of coagulant use in a water treatment applications is carried out in situ in order to determinate the best properties that must have the coagulant so as to obtain the best performance – Tailor-made coagulant.
Main advantages of poyaluminum chloride coagulants
The polyaluminium coagulants in general consume considerably less alkalinity than alum.
They are effective over a broader pH range compared to alum and experience shows that PACl works satisfactorily over a pH range of 5.0 to 8.0;
PACl and ACH work extremely well at low raw water temperatures.
Flocs formed from alum at low temperatures settle very slowly, whereas flocs formed from polyaluminium coagulants tend to settle equally well at low and at normal water temperatures;
less sludge is produced compared to alum at an equivalent dose;
lower doses are required to give equivalent results to alum.
For example, a dose of 12 mg/L PACl was required for treatment of a coloured, low turbidity water (Rio de la Plata) compared to similar performance obtained when using an alum dose of 55 mg/L, and the increase in chloride in the treated water is much lower than the sulphate increase from alum, resulting in lower overall increases in the TDS of the treated water;
Polyaluminium chloride solution is stable for 5 to 6 months when stored at less than 50°C and is so ideal for bulk storage and dosing installations.
The growth rate of polyaluminium chloride has been very impressive.
Polyaluminium Chloride many areas where PAC has been marketed for a reasonable time period (3/5 years) it has replaced over 85 % of the total alum demand.
Polyaluminium Chloride Argentina, where PAC is not used at all as flocculants in potable water treatment, Contec has built two PAC plants and in 5 years almost all the drinking water is treated with PAC.
The process
Poly Aluminium Chloride process has been fine tuned by Contec during these years.
Contec selected process condition in order to obtain the maximization of most active oligomeric forms of PAC which are the most susceptible to give rise to high cationic poly-nuclear hydroxyl-aluminium complexes.
Polyaluminium Chloride result of this day by day work is an improved product stability and performance.
The main raw material for the PAC production is hydrochloric acid (about 700 kg per ton of PAC) ; Very often the producers of caustic soda have a surplus of chlorine and although the chlorine is used as an oxidizing agent in several organic processes and gaseous HCl is often released as a by-product.
Polyaluminium Chloride is not always possible to find an use for the acid and the discharge to waste treatment is not a satisfactory solution.
A PAC plant is an investment opportunity with an attractive return in a growing market especially where the Hydrochloric acid is surplus product from other plant.
Contec produces a wide range of polyaluminum chlorides diversified by the value of the basicity and the aluminium content.
The process can be divided in two steps:
Polyaluminium Chloride reaction
Where we can produce, in the glass line reactor, polyaluminum chloride coagulants with a low and medium basicity.
The most important is PAC 18 a liquid coagulant potable grade approved and it is an effective coagulant for treatment of both potable and waste water treatment.
The relationship between the basicity and the alumina content is extremely important because from this value derives the stability of the products.
The Neutralization
Where with Contec technology is possible to produce many different polyaluminum chloride coagulants having a basicitiy ranging from 45 up to 70% according to market request.
With our process technology a tailor-made coagulants products can be designed in order to have maximum efficiency with the specific water to be treated.
Chemtrade offers one of the broadest lines of polyaluminum chloride and polyaluminum chlorosulfate (PACl/PACS) products.
The breadth in the product line allows for a more customized solution in a vast range of treatment conditions.
These products are well known for enhanced cold water performance as well as quick, strong floc formation and their use commonly results in lower chemical solids formation and less alkali demand when compared to more traditional inorganic coagulants.
DESCRIPTION
Polyaluminum Chloride/Polyaluminum chlorosulfate are prehydrolyzed inorganic coagulants and typically have an aluminum oxide (Al2O3) assay of 10 – 17% and a typical basicity range of 35 – 75%.
High-poly-aluminum chloride sulfate (HPACS) coagulants with different [SO42−]/[Al3+] molar ratio (S) were prepared and proved to have high coagulation efficiency for the removal of humic acid and strong stability for storage and application.
The results showed that the higher the SO42− addition, the bigger the aluminum polymerization particles and the more the polymerization Alc existed in the prepared HPACS coagulants.
The HPACS exhibited higher coagulation efficiency, a better aging stability and stronger resistance to the change of pH and Ca2+ concentration of raw water than the polyaluminum chloride (PAC) and poly-aluminum chloride sulfate (PACS) reported before.
Polyaluminium Chloride Sips adsorption neutralization model was established to illustrate the relationship between coagulant dosage and zeta potential of the water system.
Polyaluminium Chloride adsorption neutralization capacity was proved to be HPACS (S = 0) > HPACS (S = 0.02) > HPACS (S = 0.06) > HPACS (S = 0.10), which was not completely consistent with the coagulation effect of HPACS with different S values and indicated that in addition to adsorption neutralization, actions like bridge-aggregation, precipitation, and sweep-flocculation also played an important role during HPACS coagulation.
Moreover, the negative Gibbs free energy indicated that the coagulant adsorption neutralization reaction was a spontaneous process.
PAC is a flocculant of new concept, the specific properties of which derive from the action of its basic active constituent, namely Poly Aluminium Chloride.
This is a polynuclear complex of polymerised hydro-aluminium ions, with the following general formula: { Al2 (OH)n Cl 6-n }x
PAC is supplied in form of water solution or as powder, which facilitates the transport and storage operations and subsequent dosage of the reagent.
Consito developed know-how and technologies for production plants of the following grades of PAC:
PAC 18%: mid-basicity liquid PAC, containing 17,5 ± 0,5% Al2O3, specific for waste waters and neutral sizing in paper making.
Polyaluminium Chloride is used as primary coagulant aid for any clarifying/flocculation process relating to the treatment of surface or underground water and urban or industrial effluents.
PAC 18 is based on highly charged aluminium which results in lower dosage and therefore reduces sludge volume and pH adjustment demand.
Polyaluminium Chloride also improves solids and/or phosphorous removal over conventional coagulants.
PAC 9% HB: high-basicity liquid PAC, containing 9 ± 0,5% Al2O3, specific for potable waters.
PAC 9 is based on highly charged aluminium which results in lower dosage and therefore reduces sludge volume and pH adjustment demand.
Polyaluminium Chloride also improves solids and/or phosphorous removal over conventional coagulants.
PAC 30%: mid-basicity powder form, containing 30 ± 0,5% Al2O3.
Our high-performance PAC 9 HB for drinking water
To get good results in drinking water treatment, where polyelectrolytes must be avoided for their mutagenic property, low aluminium-content and high basicity PAC 9%-10% Al2O3 is employed.
Usually, PAC 9%-10% Al2O3 is produced by simple dilution of PAC 18% Al2O3, adding a basifier like Na2CO3, in order to reach a final basicity of 58÷70%.
These products and similar formulations release about 200 ppb aluminium ions in the treated water and have a limited stability during the time.
CONSITO TECHNOLOGIES supplies complete plants for production of high-performance PAC 9HB, obtained by reaction of PAC 18% with aluminium sulphate and with two different types of basifier.
Polyaluminium Chloride reaction is carried out at room conditions without formation of solid residues, as common for other commercial processes which require a filtration.
Polyaluminium Chloride stability to storage is very good and pH range is 2÷3.
Basing on Consito know-how, the final product from our plants is a Poly Aluminium Chloro Hydroxy Sulphate { Al2 (OH)x Cly (SO4)6-(x+y)/2 } 9% Al2O3, adjustable 60÷68 basicity, containing a second basifier as sequestering agent.
This sequestering agent considerably improves the characteristics of the polymer, increasing the coagulation and flocculation velocity, even in case of low turbidity and low temperature.
Moreover, the sequestering agent increases the storage stability of the final product.
Polyaluminium Chloride polymer hydrolyzes completely in treated water, leaving low residual aluminium content, less than 100 ppb with a dosage of 20 ppm, whereas standard PAC 9-10% HB leaves approx.
200 ppb aluminium ions.
Our PAC 9HB forms large flakes which easily sediment, reducing the backwashing of sand filters and decanters.
In our PAC 9HB plants, the basicity value for the output product is adjusted via software control system.
In this way, it is possible to correct the working recipe of the plant according to the different physic-chemical characteristics of the raw materials used in the different batches, in order to obtain the same value of final basicity.
Production process
The PAC 18% production process lines in the batch etching reaction of alumina with an acqueous solution of hydrochloric acid.
Polyaluminium Chloride reaction takes place in a glass-lined reactor equipped with internal agitator.
During reaction the reactor temperature is controlled and at end of reaction the reaction product is discharged into an holding tank.
The discharged product is maintained in agitation and non reacted alumina and insolubles are separated by filtration.
The clarified product is transferred into vessels where the product is taken to standard specification.
To this scope water, hydrochloric acid, aluminium sulphate can be mixed into the product according to market specifications.
A venting system assures the collection of vent discharges for storage tanks and safety valves.
The liquid effluents, mainly acid waters, are collected into a holding tank from which they are recycled to the production plant.
Using sulphuric acid instead of hydrochloric acid, Aluminium sulphate solution (Alum) can be produced with the same process.
The PAC 9 HB, production process is obtained by reaction of PAC 18% with aluminum sulphate and a basifier, using a GFRP reactor and a mixer-mill of particular design.
Polyaluminium Chloride reaction is carried out at room conditions and production filtration is not required.
Polyaluminium Chloride Pfaudler Polyaluminum Chloride (PAC) solution
Polyaluminum Chloride (PAC) is one of the most efficient water treatment chemicals utilized today.
Polyaluminium Chloride is widely used in both potable water and wastewater treatment because it provides high coagulation efficiency and it has the widest pH and temperature application ranges compared to other water treatment chemicals.
This high efficiency provides for increased plant capacity and lower operating costs.
PAC has very little effect on pH resulting in minimized need for pH adjustment chemicals, thus further reducing operating costs.
PAC is used in the papermaking industry to increase drainage rates in neutral and alkaline processes, as a retention aid, to increase sizing efficiency and to reduce cationic demand.
In 1884, Pfaudler invented the technology of corrosion resistant, glass-lined steel (Glasteel®) and is the leader still today in this technology.
Our Glasteel® Reactor Technology is required for PAC production due to the highly corrosive HCl used in the process.
Pfaudler also has Abrasion Resistant Glass (ARG) which is the perfect choice due to the abrasive nature of the alumina used in the process.
Pfaudler’s Engineered Solutions Group, established in the 1950’s, has a team of chemical process engineers dedicated to the design complete PAC production systems. Polyaluminium Chloride Pfaudler PAC Solution not only includes the Glasteel® Reactor for your PAC production, but also includes the PAC process technology and the design and supply of the entire process system.
Our PAC Process Technology was developed back in the 1980’s and has been optimized over the years with our multiple plant designs and installations.
Benefits of our PAC Process Solution include:
• Reduced dosage rates compared to other water treatment chemicals
• Large flocs produced at faster rates increase settling rate and improve downstream filtration
• Good particle removal
• Reduced residual aluminum
• Good phosphorus removal
• Excellent cold water performance
• Reduced sludge volumes
• Minimal pH effect
• Optimized PAC production process for low operating expenses
• System designed with high quality components for reliable operation and long service life.
Contact Pfaudler today to learn more.
Clean water is an essential element of daily life. Polyaluminum chloride(PAC) and aluminum sulfate make use of agglutinative properties in the treatment of water for municipal water supplies, sewage wastewater, and industrial wastewater to adsorb(flocculate) and precipitate the fine particles and suspended solids in the processing of suspensions.
Handling precautions: Never mix with sodium hypochlorite because such mixtures generate toxic chlorine gas.
The EzeFloc™ Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) dQosing system is a skid mounted unit that significantly reduces installation time and cost.
Reduced installation time
May reduce chemical consumption
Reduced chemical handling
No dilution required
evoqa
Description
When dosed into the circulation system, EzeFloc™ PAC quickly forms a highly active floc which clumps the suspended solids together, preventing them from passing through the filter bed.
Polyaluminium Chloride efficiency of polyaluminium chloride (PAC) in discoloration of synthetic dyeing wastewater composed of reactive or direct dye has been investigated, taking into account the proven advantages of PAC in water purification processes (compared to the conventional coagulants such as Al2(SO4)3, FeSO4, etc.).
Polyaluminium Chloride efficiency of PAC was determined by UV/VIS spectroscopy, controlling the UV/VIS absorbance changes of the wastewater samples after their treatment with the appropriate amount of PAC. Coagulant concentration and pH influence on the removal efficiency was followed in order to derive the optimum results.
Excellent efficiency of PAC (100%) was found for the treatment of direct dye, Cuprophenil Blau 3 GL, at optimal pH=7.1 and concentration of 15 mg/L Al.
The optimal results for reactive dye Bezaktiv TÜrkisblau V-G, enabling almost 80% dye removal, were obtained at pH=7.1 and PAC concentration of 20 mg/L Al.
Synonyms
Aluminum chlorohydrate (anhydrous)
Aluminum hydroxychloride
Aluminum oxychloride
ACH 325
ACH 331
ACH 7-321
Aloxicoll
Aluminol ACH
Aluminum chlorhydrate
Aluminum chlorhydroxide
Aluminum chloride hydroxide
Aluminum chloride hydroxide oxide, basic
Aluminum chloride oxide
Aluminum chlorohydrol
Aluminum chlorohydroxide
Aluminum hydroxide chloride
Aquarhone 18
Astringen
Astringen 10
Banoltan White
Basic aluminum chloride
Basic aluminum chloride, hydrate
Berukotan AC-P
Cartafix LA
Cawood 5025
Chlorhydrol
Chlorhydrol Micro-Dry
Chlorhydrol Micro-Dry SUF
Dialuminium-chlorid-pentahydroxid
E 200
E 200 (coagulant)
Gelsica
HPB 5025
Hessidrex WT
Hydral
Hydrofugal
Kempac 10
Kempac 20
Kemwater PAX 14
Locron
Locron P
Locron S
Nalco 8676
OCAL
Oulupac 180
PAC
PAC (salt)
PAC 250A
PAC 250AD
PACK 300M
PALC
Paho 2S
Sansudor
UNII-HPN8MZW13M
Wickenol cps 325
Aluminum chloride, basic
[AL2(OH)nCL6-n]m
aluminum trichloride
Polyaluminum chloride
Poly-Aluminium Chloride(PAC)
Polyaluminium Chloride is mainly used as electrolyte in colloid-chemical systems as precipitation and fixing agent.
The main fields of application are:
• Waste water and process water treatment
• Potable water treatment
• Sludge conditioning
• Elimination of phosphate
• Acute and preventive treatment of bulking
and floating sludge
• Precipitation for unloading the biological step
• Industrial water treatment
• De-emulsification
• Pulp and Paper Industry: Sizing, Retention, Fixing agent
Poly aluminium chloride is a kind of water-soluble inorganic polymer, which is polymerized by high quality raw material reaction.
Polyaluminium Chloride basicity of polyaluminium chloride is a relatively important index in polyaluminium, especially for the drinking water grade of polyaluminium products.
Poly aluminium chloride has good stability, good adaptability to water, fast hydrolysis rate, strong adsorption capacity, large amount of alum, fast quality, low turbidity, good dehydration.
Under the condition of the same quality, spray type polyaluminium chloride dosage is reduced, especially under the condition of the water quality is bad, spray stype product turnover compared with roller type polyaluminium chloride, can be reduced by half, not only reduce the labor intensity of the workers, but more important is to reduce the user cost on making water.
Polyaluminium Chloride color of polyaluminium chloride is usually white, yellow and brown.
White polyaluminium chloride as known as high purity iron or food-grade white polyaluminium chloride, compared with other polyaluminium chloride is of the highest quality products, the main raw material is high quality aluminum hydroxide powder and hydrochloric acid.
The production process adopted is spray drying.
Polyaluminium Chloride raw materials of yellow polyaluminium chloride are calcium aluminate powder, hydrochloric acid and bauxite.
Mainly used in sewage treatment and drinking water treatment, the raw materials used for drinking water treatment are aluminum hydroxide powder, hydrochloric acid, and a small amount of calcium aluminate powder. The process used is plate frame pressure filtration process or spray drying process.
Polyaluminium Chloride raw materials of the brown polyaluminium chloride are calcium aluminate powder, hydrochloric acid, bauxite and iron powder.
The production process is using the drum drying method, which is mainly used for sewage treatment.
In operation, the purification process of polyaluminium chloride is generally divided into three stages.
Polyaluminium Chloride is coagulation stage, flocculation stage and subsidence stage respectively. The coagulation stage in the coagulant container and the original water quickly coagulates the microalum flowers in a very short period of time, when the water becomes more turbid.
Polyaluminium Chloride requires intense turbulence from the current.
Then polyaluminium chloride has entered into the phase of flocculation, flocculation stage is a process of alum flowers grow coarsens, requires the appropriate degree of turbulence and adequate residence time (10 ~ 15 min), can be observed in a large amount of alum flowers gathered to late slowly sinking, the formation of a surface layer clearly.
When the flocculant is in the subsidence stage, it is the flocculating sedimentation process in the sedimentation tank, which requires the water flow to be slow.
In order to improve efficiency generally USES inclined tube or plate settler, a large number of bulky alum flowers inclined tube (plate) wall block and deposit on the bottom, the upper water for clarification, the rest of the small particle size and density of small alum flowers side slowly down, large side continue to collide with each other, the late to residual turbidity basically remain unchanged.
