PRODUCTS

POLYAZIRIDINE

Polyaziridines are hydrophilic polymer widely used as a non-viral synthetic vector for invivo delivery of therapeutic nucleic
Polyaziridines are high-charge cationic polymer that readily binds highly anionic substrates.
Polyaziridines can improve the appearance of negatively charged dyes by modulating their properties a their adherence to surfaces.

CAS Number: 25987-06-8
Molecular Formula: C4H13N3
Molecular Weight: 103.17
EINECS Number: 247-038-6

Synonyms: Polyethyleneimine, Polyethylene imine, poly(ethylene imine), poly(ethyleneimine), CHEBI:53231, DTXSID1051272, PEI compound, Polyaziridines, Polyethyleneimines, Polyaziridines, poly-ethylene imine,Aziridine, polymer with 1,2-ethanediamine;Polyaziridine, ethylenediaMine branched average Mw ~800 by LS, average Mn ~600 by GPC;Polyaziridine, ethylenediamine branched;Polyaziridine LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT;1,2-Ethanediamine,polymerwithaziridine;N'-[2-[2-[2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethyl-[2-[bis(2-aminoethyl)amino]ethyl]amino]ethyl-[2-[2-[bis(2-aminoethyl)amino]ethylamino]ethyl]amino]ethyl]ethane-1,2-diamine;MDG Polyethyleneimine;Polyaziridine, branched average Mw ~800 by LS, average Mn ~600 by GPC.

Polyaziridine is one of the most widely used synthetic polycations in various applications because of its chemical functionality arising from the presence of cationic primary (25%), secondary (50%), and tertiary amines (25%).
Polyaziridine is formed by the linking of iminoethylene units and can have linear, branched, comb, network, and dendrimer architectures depending upon its synthesis and modification methods, which greatly influences its properties, both physical and chemical.
Furthermore, these synthetic approaches enable Polyaziridine to be available in a wide range of molecular weights.

At room temperature, branched PEI (BPEI) is a highly viscous liquid while linear PEI (LPEI) is a solid.
Polyaziridine has several attractive features for its use in widespread applications, such as low toxicity, ease of separation and recycling, and (last but not least) it being odorless.
In addition to these attractive features, there is a distinct feature of PEI which places it ahead of other polyions (e.g. polyallylamine or chitosan) when it comes to loading, and which justifies its widespread use in fields as varied as detergents, adhesives, water treatment, cosmetics, carbon dioxide capture, as a DNA transfection agent, and in drug delivery despite being a weak polymeric base with pKa values between 7.9 and 9.6, it possesses a high ionic charge density, which in practical terms translates into being a more cost-effective material.

Polyaziridine are low to high molecular weight compounds with the general formula -[CH2-CH2-NH2]-, made by ring opening polymerization of aziridine.
These polymers are available as linear, partly branched or repetitively branched polymers (dendrimers).
The linear form contains only primary amines in the backbone whereas branched Polyaziridine also contains secondary and tertiary amines.

Thus, these polymers have different properties and reactivities.
Linear high MW Polyaziridine is usually solid at room temperature while branched PEIs are typically liquids at all molecular weights.
All three forms are soluble in water, methanol, ethanol, and chloroform but insoluble in solvents of low polarity such as benzene, ethyl ether, and acetone.

Polyaziridine, a cationic polymer, has revolutionized the field of transfection with its exceptional efficiency and adaptability.
Its unique capability to create stable complexes with nucleic acids enables the effective transfer of DNA, RNA, and proteins into various cell types, including those
historically challenging to transfect.

A significant advantage of Polyaziridine lies in its superior transfection efficiency, surpassing many conventional methods.
Its capacity to surmount cellular barriers and directly deliver genetic material to the nucleus ensures robust and dependable gene expression, catering to a wide spectrum of research needs spanning from fundamental inquiries to therapeutic interventions.
Moreover, Polyaziridine provides researchers with extensive flexibility in experimental design, allowing for precise adjustments of transfection parameters to achieve optimal outcomes.

Polyaziridine can ensnare DNA as well as attach to cell membrane, Polyaziridine also retains a substantial buffering capacity at virtually any pH.
Polyaziridine is widely used as transfection reagent.
The development of gene delivery vectors with high efficiency and biocompatibility is one of the key points of gene therapy.

A series of polycations were prepared from Polyaziridine (PEI) with several amino acids or their analogs.
The target polymers have different charge and hydrophilic/hydrophobic properties, which may affect their performance in the gene transfection process.
Polyaziridine is a polymer with repeating units composed of the amine group and two carbon aliphatic CH2CH2 spacers.

Linear polyethyleneimines contain all secondary amines, in contrast to branched PEIs which contain primary, secondary and tertiary amino groups.
Totally branched, dendrimeric forms were also reported.
Polyaziridine is produced on an industrial scale and finds many applications usually derived from its polycationic character.

The linear Polyaziridine is a semi-crystalline solid at room temperature while branched Polyaziridine is a fully amorphous polymer existing as a liquid at all molecular weights.
Linear polyethyleneimine is soluble in hot water, at low pH, in methanol, ethanol, or chloroform.
Polyaziridine is insoluble in cold water, benzene, ethyl ether, and acetone.

Polyaziridine has a melting point of around 67 °C.
Both linear and branched polyethyleneimine can be stored at room temperature.
Polyaziridine is able to form cryogels upon freezing and subsequent thawing of its aqueous solutions.

Branched Polyaziridine can be synthesized by the ring opening polymerization of aziridine.
Depending on the reaction conditions different degree of branching can be achieved.
Polyaziridine is available by post-modification of other polymers like poly(2-oxazolines) or N-substituted polyaziridines.

Polyaziridine was synthesised by the hydrolysis of poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) and sold as jetPEI.
The current generation in-vivo-jetPEI uses bespoke poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) polymers as precursors.
Polyethyleneimine is a hydrophilic polymerwidely used as a non-viral synthetic vector for invivo delivery of therapeutic nucleic acids.

Owing to its excellentphysicochemical properties, it is applied in many fields like the separationand purification of proteins, carbon dioxide absorption, drug carriers,effluent treatment, and biological labels.
Polyaziridine is produced on an industrial scale and finds many applications usually derived from its polycationic characte Polyaziridines are polymer with repeating units composed of ethylene diamine groups.
Polyaziridines contain primary, secondary and tertiary amino groups.

Polyaziridines are organic macromolecules with high cationic-charge-density potential.
Polyaziridines can ensnare DNA as well as attach to cell membrane, Polyaziridine also retains a substantial buffering virtually any pH.
A significant advantage of Polyaziridines lies in their superior transfection efficiency, surpassing many conventional metho

Polyaziridines's capacity to surmount cellular barriers and directly deliver genetic material to the nucleus ensures robust gene expression, catering to a wide spectrum of research needs spanning from fundamental inquiries to therapeutic interven
Moreover, Polyaziridines provide researchers with extensive flexibility in experimental design, allowing for precise adjustm transfection parameters to achieve optimal outcomes.
This versatility empowers scientists to explore diverse avenues in gene function studies, protein expression analyses, and gen investigations, unleashing new possibilities in molecular biology and genetic research.

Polyaziridines are a biocompatible polymer that can be used in wastewater treatment.
Polyaziridines are soluble in water and has surfactant properties.
Polyaziridines are a hydrophilic polymer and a gene carrier, which can be conjugated with dextran to enhance the stability vectors.

Polyaziridines are also used in the preparation of cationic poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles for potential us therapy.
Polyaziridines can also be grafted on polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fiber membrane for the removal of hexavalent chromium (VI).
Polyaziridines are pale yellow viscous liquid with an amine-like odor.

Polyaziridine is also a common ingredient in a variety of formulations ranging from washing agents to packaging materials.
Polyaziridine are available in both linear and branched forms with molecular weights ranging from 700 Da to 1000 kDa.
Polyaziridines are highly basic and positively charged aliphatic polymers, containing primary, secondary and tertiary amino groups in a 1:2:1 ratio.

Every third atom of the polymeric backbone is therefore an amino nitrogen that may undergo protonation.
As the polymer contains repeating units of ethylamine, Polyaziridine are also highly watersoluble.
Polyaziridine has been also reported that PEI is relatively safe for internal use in animals and humans.

Polyaziridine is widely used to flocculate cellular contaminants, nucleic acids, lipids and debris from cellular homogenates to facilitate purification of soluble proteins.
Polycation-mediated gene delivery is based on electrostatic interactions between the positively charged polymer and the negatively charged phosphate groups of DNA.
Since its introduction in 1995, Polyaziridine has been considered the gold standard for polymer-based gene carriers because of the excellent transfection efficiencies of its polyplexes (complex of nucleic acid and polymer) in both in vitro and in vivo models.

Enzymatic reactions in bioprocesses constitute another field in which Polyaziridine was used: as an immobilizing agent for biocatalysts, as a soluble carrier of enzymes or in the formation of macrocyclic metal complexes mimicking metalloenzymes.
Polyaziridine condenses DNA and the resulting PEI/DNA complexes, carrying a net positive surface charge, can interact with the negatively charged cell membrane and readily internalized into cells.
As a matter of fact, the ‘proton sponge’ nature of Polyaziridine is thought to lead to buffering inside endosomes.

The proton influx into the endosome, along with that of counter-anions (generally chloride anions), maintains the overall charge neutrality even if an increase of ionic strength inside the endosome is expected.
This effect generates an osmotic swelling and the consequent physical rupture of the endosome, resulting in the escape of the vector from the degradative lysosomal compartment.
The proton sponge hypothesis has been a subject of debate, speculation and research without reaching a general consensus about the real mechanism involved.

Polyaziridine retains a substantial buffer capacity at virtually any pH and it has been hypothesized that this simple molecular property is related to the efficiency of the complex multistage process of transfection.
Polyaziridine has been also used in non-pharmaceutical processes, including water purification, paper and shampoo manufacturing.
Polyaziridine has been extensively studied as a vehicle for nonviral gene delivery and therapy.

Density: 1.08 g/mL at 25 °C
vapor pressure: 9 mm Hg ( 20 °C)
refractive index: n20/D 1.5240
Flash point: >230 °F
solubility: Chloroform (Sparingly), DMSO (Sparingly), Methanol (Slightly)
form: Oil
color: Colourless
InChI: InChI=1S/C2H8N2.C2H5N/c3-1-2-4;1-2-3-1/h1-4H2;3H,1-2H2
InChIKey: SFLOAOINZSFFAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES: C(N)CN.C1NC1

Polyaziridine is a high-charge cationic polymer that readily binds highly anionic substrates.
Industrially, Polyaziridine can improve the appearance of negatively charged dyes by modulating their properties and improving their adherence to surfaces.
Polyaziridine are available in both linear and branched forms with molecular weights ranging from 700 Da to 1000 kDa.

Polyaziridine is a hydrophilic cationic polymer widely used as a nonviral nucleotide delivery reagent.
Branched Polyaziridine can be synthesized by cationic ring-opening polymerization of aziridine.
Polyaziridine-based particles can also be used as adjuvants for vaccines.

Owing to Polyaziridine's excellent physicochemical properties, Polyaziridine is applied in many fields like the separation and purification of proteins, carbon dioxide absorption, drug carriers, effluent treatment, and biological labels.
Polyaziridine, a cationic polymer, has revolutionized the field of transfection with Polyaziridine's exceptional efficiency and adaptability.
Polyaziridine's unique capability to create stable complexes with nucleic acids enables the effective transfer of DNA, RNA, and proteins into various cell types, including those historically challenging to transfect.

A significant advantage of Polyaziridine lies in its superior transfection efficiency, surpassing many conventional methods.
Polyaziridine's capacity to surmount cellular barriers and directly deliver genetic material to the nucleus ensures robust and dependable gene expression, catering to a wide spectrum of research needs spanning from fundamental inquiries to therapeutic interventions.
Moreover, Polyaziridine provides researchers with extensive flexibility in experimental design, allowing for precise adjustments of transfection parameters to achieve optimal outcomes.

This versatility empowers scientists to explore diverse avenues in gene function studies, protein expression analyses, and gene therapy investigations, unleashing new possibilities in molecular biology and genetic research.
Polyaziridine, a cationic polymer, has revolutionized the field of transfection with its exceptional efficiency and adaptability.
Its unique capability to create stable complexes with nucleic acids enables the effective transfer of DNA, RNA, and proteins into various cell types, including those historically challenging to transfect.

This versatility empowers scientists to explore diverse avenues in gene function studies, protein expression analyses, and gene therapy investigations, unleashing new possibilities in molecular biology and genetic research.
Polyaziridine is a hydrophilic cationic polymer widely used as a nonviral nucleotide delivery reagent.
Branched Polyaziridine can be synthesized by cationic ring-opening polymerization of aziridine.

Polyaziridine-based particles can also be used as adjuvants for vaccines.
Owing to its excellent physicochemical properties, Polyaziridine is applied in many fields like the separation and purification of proteins, carbon dioxide absorption, drug carriers, effluent treatment, and biological labels.
The potential of Polyaziridine as a gene delivery vector was first discussed in 1995 following which there have been numerous studies reporting its application in gene delivery both in vitro and in vivo.

Polyaziridine of molecular weights ranging from 800 to 25 kDa have been investigated in gene delivery.
The results showed that Polyaziridine having molecular weight 25 kDa were the most suitable for transfection.
Higher molecular weight increases cytotoxicity due to cell surface aggregation of the polymer.

Though low molecular weight Polyaziridine is less toxic, they do not display effective transfection property.
Due to the low positive charge, low molecular weights PEIs are incapable of condensing DNA effectively.
Also, the low surface charge of the Polyaziridine/DNA complexes does not induce effective cellular uptake through charge-mediated interactions.

Polyaziridine polymers can be broadly classified into branched and linear PEI.
Compared to linear Polyaziridine, highly branched PEI forms stronger and smaller complexes with DNA.
The complexation of branched PEI with DNA is less dependent on the buffer conditions than the high molecular weight linear PEI, which is dependent on the buffer condition.

Polyaziridine on complexation with DNA in a high ionic strength solution has been observed to form larger-sized complexes (1 μm), whereas in 5% glucose, the complex size was found to be 30 60 nm. The in vivo studies showed that linear PEI/DNA complexes prepared in high salt conditions were less efficient in transfection than those formed in low salt condition.
The transfection efficiency/cytotoxicity profile of Polyaziridine is largely influenced by their molecular weight, degree of branching, zeta potential and particle size.
With increase in molecular weight, branched Polyaziridine exhibit high transfection efficiency; however, cytotoxicity has also been found to increase concurrently.

To overcome the cytotoxicity associated with PEIs, different strategies have been studied.
These include using linear high molecular weight Polyaziridine, substituting or linking high molecular weight branched Polyaziridine with polysaccharides, hydrophilic polymers such as PEG, disulfide linkers, lipid moieties, etc.
Polyaziridine and its derivatives have been used to deliver nucleic acids in vivo and the results are promising and have been used in cancer and RNA interference (RNAi) therapy.

There are several reports suggesting delivery of nucleic acids by PEI derivatives in vivo that showcase the potential of Polyaziridine in delivery of therapeutics.
These derivatives are either polysaccharide-decked Polyaziridine or cross-linked Polyaziridine nanoparticles.
The use of polysaccharides such as chondroitin sulphate, hyaluronic acid, gellan gum or dextran to modify branched PEI (Mw 25 kDa) has made the resulting polymers less toxic thereby improving their transfection efficiency in vivo.

Also, the linkers such as polyglutamic acid, polyethyleneglycol-bis (aminoethylphosphate), piperazine-N, N¢-dibutyric acid, butane-1, 4-diol bis glycidyl ether (BDG) when used to crosslink PEI (25 kDa) resulted in the formation of vectors with significantly enhanced transfection efficacy in vivo.
Subsequent sections will elaborate on low and high molecular weight branched and linear PEI-mediated delivery of therapeutic genes to various tissues in a specific manner.

Uses of Polyaziridines:
Polyaziridines, a cationic polymer, have revolutionized the field of transfection with their exceptional efficiency and adaptability.
Polyaziridines unique capability to create stable complexes with nucleic acids enables the effective transfer of DNA, RNA, and proteins into various cell types, including those historically challenging to transfect.
Polyaziridines are widely used in many applications due to their polycationic character.

Unlike Polyaziridine's linear equivalent, branched Polyaziridines contain primary, secondary, and tertiary amines.
Primarily utilized in industrial applications, high molecular weight Polyaziridines have been used as a flocculating agent, textile coating, adhesion promoter, enzyme carrier, and as a material for CO2 capture.
Polyaziridines are used Strongly cationic polymer that binds to certain proteins.

Polyaziridines are used as a marker in immunology, to precipitate and purify enzymes and lipids.
Polyaziridines have been shown to have receptor activity and can be used as a model system for studying the effects of polymers on living cells.

Polyaziridines may also be used as an adjuvant to increase the efficacy of other drugs or as a means of drug delivery.
Polyaziridines also have some glycol ethers, which can help prevent Polyaziridine from being degraded by hydrogen fluoride.
For a long time, Polyaziridines have been also used in non-pharmaceutical processes, including water purification, paper and shampoo manufacturing.

Polyaziridine has been also reported that Polyaziridines are relatively safe for internal use in animals and humans.
Polyaziridines are widely used to flocculate cellular contaminants, nucleic acids, lipids and debris from cellular homogenates to facilitate purification of soluble proteins.
Polyaziridines have a strong binding force to acid dyes and can be used as a fixing agent for acid dye dyeing paper.

Primary amines on the Polyaziridines are used to covalently link BPEI to carboxyl functionalized nanoparticles to generate a robust BPEI surface that is highly positively charged.
Polyaziridines can be used as a precursor to synthesize conjugated polyplexes for efficient gene transfection.
Conjugation of Polyaziridines with Jeffamine polyether and guanidinylation of the amino groups of Polyaziridine reduce the cytotoxicity of the polyplexes and protect them from aggregation in the presence of serum proteins.

Bamboo charcoal impregnated with Polyaziridines can be used as a CO2 adsorbent.
Numerous amino groups present in Polyaziridines can react with CO 2 due to acid-alkali interaction and enhance the adsorption capacity of bamboo charcoal.
Polyaziridines can also be used to prepare cross-linked water-soluble polymers with high coordination capabilities towards organic drug molecules.

Owing to its excellentphysicochemical properties, Polyaziridines are applied in many fields like the separation and purification of proteins, carbon dioxide absorption, drug carriers, effective treatment, and biological labels.
Polyaziridines are widely used as transfection reagent.
Polyaziridines, a cationic polymer, have revolutionized the field of transfection with their exceptional efficiency and adaptability.

Polyaziridines unique capability to create stable complexes with nucleic acids enables the effective transfer of DNA, RNA, and proteins into various cell types, including those historically challenging to transfect.
Polyaziridines are widely used in many applications due to their polycationic character.

Polyaziridines are used Strongly cationic polymer that binds to certain proteins.
Polyaziridines are used as a marker in immunology, to precipitate and purify enzymes and lipids.
Polyaziridines have been shown to have receptor activity and can be used as a model system for studying the effects of polymers on living cells.

Polyaziridine has been also reported that Polyaziridines are relatively safe for internal use in animals and humans.
Polyaziridines are widely used to flocculate cellular contaminants, nucleic acids, lipids and debris from cellular homogenates to facilitate purification of soluble proteins.
Polyaziridines are used stable in combination with other positively charged particles.

Polyaziridines are used layer by layer construction of nanoparticle surfaces.
Polyaziridines are used binding to negatively charged substrates or larger particles.
Polyaziridines are used color engineering.

Polyaziridines are used the degree of polymerization used in the paper industry is about 1 00.
Polyaziridines have high reaction activity, can react with the hydroxyl group in cellulose and cross-linking polymerization, so that the wet strength of the paper.
Polyaziridines are used the presence of any acid, base, and aluminum sulfate will affect the wet strength and retention.

Polyaziridines are used as the wet strength agent of the respiratory paper without sizing, the retention agent and the beating agent in the paper making process can reduce the beating degree of the pulp, improve the dehydration ability of the paper, and speed up the drainage of the pulp, the fine fibers in white water are easy to flocculate.
Polyaziridines can also be used to treat cellophane, reduce wetting deformation of the paper, etc.

Polyaziridines can also be used for fiber modification, printing and dyeing auxiliaries, ion exchange resins, etc.
Polyaziridines are used as the wet strength agent of the respiratory paper without sizing, the retention agent and the beating agent in the paper making process can reduce the beating degree of the pulp, improve the dehydration ability of the paper, and speed up the drainage of the pulp, the fine fibers in white water are easy to flocculate.
Polyaziridines can also be used to treat cellophane, reduce wetting deformation of the paper, etc.

Polyaziridines can also be used for fiber modification, printing and dyeing auxiliaries, ion exchange resins, etc.
Polyaziridines have a strong binding force to acid dyes and can be used as a fixing agent for acid dye dyeing paper.
Primary amines on the Polyaziridines are used to covalently link BPEI to carboxyl functionalized nanoparticles to generate a robust BPEI surface that is highly positively charged.

Polyaziridines can be used as a precursor to synthesize conjugated polyplexes for efficient gene transfection.
Conjugation of Polyaziridines with Jeffamine polyether and guanidinylation of the amino groups of Polyaziridine reduce the cytotoxicity of the polyplexes and protect them from aggregation in the presence of serum proteins.
Bamboo charcoal impregnated with Polyaziridines can be used as a CO2 adsorbent.

Numerous amino groups present in Polyaziridines can react with CO 2 due to acid-alkali interaction and enhance the adsorption capacity of bamboo charcoal.
Polyaziridines can also be used to prepare cross-linked water-soluble polymers with high coordination capabilities towards organic drug molecules.

Safety Profile Of Polyaziridine:
Polyaziridine, especially in its high molecular weight form, is cytotoxic.
It can cause damage to cells, leading to cell death.
This is a significant concern in biomedical applications such as gene delivery, where the polymer interacts directly with cells.

Exposure to Polyaziridine can potentially harm internal organs.
Animal studies have indicated that high doses of Polyaziridine can lead to damage in organs such as the liver and kidneys.
Polyaziridine can cause severe irritation to the skin and eyes upon contact.

Direct exposure can result in redness, pain, and potentially more severe skin reactions.
Inhalation of Polyaziridine dust or aerosols can irritate the respiratory tract.
Prolonged or repeated exposure may lead to respiratory sensitization and other respiratory issues.

Polyaziridine is a highly reactive compound due to its numerous amine groups.
It can react vigorously with oxidizing agents and other chemicals, leading to hazardous situations if not handled properly.
Polyaziridine should be stored in tightly sealed containers in a cool, dry place.

Inappropriate storage conditions can lead to degradation or unwanted chemical reactions.
Polyaziridine is toxic to aquatic life.

If released into water bodies, it can cause significant harm to aquatic organisms and disrupt ecosystems.
Polyaziridine can persist in the environment, leading to long-term ecological impacts.