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Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride is utilized in various applications, notably in water treatment, where Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride acts as a coagulant to remove impurities and pathogens.
In the semiconductor industry, Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride enhances chemical mechanical polishing processes for improved device precision.
Additionally, Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride plays a role in forward osmosis technologies as a component of hydrogels, enhancing water absorption and reducing energy requirements.
CAS No.26062-79-3
Chemical Name:Poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride)
CBNumber:CB1311640
Molecular Formula:C24H54Cl3N3X2
Molecular Weight:491.06
MDL Number:MFCD00192409
MOL File:26062-79-3.mol
Synonyms: PDADMAC,PDAC,Modified plant fibers,Cationic polyMer flocculant,poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) solution,e261,pbk1,261lv,cp261,vpk402
Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride is a synthetic, water-soluble cationic polymer belonging to the family of quaternary ammonium compounds.
Due to its exceptionally high cationic charge density and excellent water solubility, Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride has become one of the most important organic coagulants used in municipal water treatment, industrial wastewater treatment, papermaking, mining, textiles, and numerous other industrial processes.
Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride is valued for its ability to efficiently remove negatively charged contaminants from water, including suspended solids, colloidal particles, organic matter, algae, and certain dissolved impurities.
Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (shortened polyDADMAC or polyDDA), also commonly polyquaternium-6, is a homopolymer of diallyldimethylammonium chloride.
The molecular weight of polyDADMAC is typically in the range of hundreds of thousands of grams per mole, and even up to a million for some products.
Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride is usually delivered as a liquid concentrate having a solids level in the range of 10 to 50%.
Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride is a high charge density cationic polymer.
The charge density makes Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride well suited for flocculation.
Actually, Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride is used as a coagulant - a charge neutralization process that precedes flocculation.
Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (PolyDADMAC) is a water-soluble cationic polymer widely used as a coagulant and flocculant in water treatment processes.
Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride is synthesized from the monomer diallyldimethylammonium chloride (DADMAC) and contains positively charged quaternary ammonium groups along its polymer chain.
Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride solution (PDADMAC) is a cationic polyelectrolyte that is widely utilized as a flocculant.
Polydiallyldimethylammonium chlorideis prepared by the radical polymerization of diallyldimethylammonium chloride (DADMAC) in presence of a catalyst in the form of an organic peroxide.
However, toxicity studies indicate that high doses can lead to adverse effects, including weight loss and organ damage, with observed NOAELs of 200 mg/kg/day in dogs and 50 mg/kg/day in rats, highlighting the importance of careful handling.
Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride is a water-soluble polymer widely used as a flocculant in waste water treatment.
The purification process is designed to meet GMP requirements.
pDADMAC delivers the best flocculation results when used in a concentration between 0.01 and 0.05%.
Since Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride is of neutral pH, only slight pH adjustments may be needed during use.
Poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) is a cationicpolyelectrolyte that easily ionizes when dissolved in water.
This polymer iswidely used in the fields of waste-water treatment (as a flocculant) and the functionalizationof nanoparticles.
History
Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride were first prepared and studied in 1957 by Professor George Butler at the University of Florida.
Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride was remarkable as Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride was soluble in water in contrast at the time to other known synthetic polymers formed by polymerization of monomers containing more than one vinyl functionality.
The structure and reaction path was determined in 2002 with NMR studies.
Much of what we know about pDADMAC in water treatment and personal care is from Jerry Boothe of Calgon Corporation.
Key Properties
High positive charge density
Excellent coagulation and flocculation performance
Effective over a wide pH range
Low dosage requirements
Rapid settling characteristics
Compatible with many water treatment chemicals
Synthesis
The monomer DADMAC is formed by reacting two equivalents of allyl chloride with dimethylamine.
Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride is then synthesized by radical polymerization of DADMAC with an organic peroxide used as a catalyst.
Two polymeric structures are possible when polymerizing DADMAC: N-substituted piperidine structure or N-substituted pyrrolidine structure.
The pyrrolidine structure is favored.
Purification Methods
Precipitate it from water with acetone, and dry the salt in a vacuum for 24hours.
Toxics Screening Level
The initial threshold screening level (ITSL) for polydimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride is 1000 μg/m3 (annual averaging time) based on the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ).
Uses
Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride is used as a coagulant aid in water treatment.
Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride can be used as an electrolytic solution in a variety of applications such as drug delivery, biomedical systems, and sensors, which include biosensors and chemical sensors.
The unique decolorization ability is mainly applied to the decolorization treatment of high chroma wastewater from dye factory, and the applicable dyes are active type, acid type and disperse dye, etc; Can also be used for textile, printing and dyeing, ink and other industrial wastewater treatment; This product can also be used as paper reinforcement, sizing agent, etc.
Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride has been widely used as a polymer flocculant in tap water and sewage treatment.
Especially for the high turbidity raw water in the river flood season, in order to effectively coagulate the clay, silica, microorganisms and hydrated metal oxides in the raw water, Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride is usually used to treat
flocculant, dehydrating coagulant
Application
Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride can be used as a stabilizing agent in the synthesis of nanoparticles such as capped copper hexacyanoferrate (CuHCF) nanoparticles.
The addition of PDDA protects the particles from aggregation and allows the synthesis of nanoparticles with controlled size and polydispersity.
Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride can also be used to fabricate chemical and biological sensors.
For example, PDDA-modified catalyst platforms can be used in the electrochemical detection of L-cysteine.
Applications
Effluent treatment
Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride is used in waste water treatment as a primary organic coagulant which neutralizes negatively charged colloidal material and reduces sludge volume compared with inorganic coagulants.
Pulp and paper industry
Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride is used for controlling disturbing substances in the papermaking process.
Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride provides superior fixing of pitch from mechanical pulp and of latex from coated broke.
Used in the short circulation of a paper mill to enhance retention and dewatering.
In addition, Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride can be used to improve the efficiency of disk filters and flotators, and for cationization of fillers to provide maximal filler retention.
Water purification
Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride is used as a coagulant in water purification.
Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride is effective in coagulating and flocculating inorganic and organic particles such as silt, clay, algae, bacteria and viruses.
At high concentrations the organic polymer can remove natural organic matter such as humic and fulvic acids resulting in fewer disinfection byproduct precursors and less color.
Versatile Applications
Water Treatment and Purification Applications
Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride serves as a critical agent in the field of water treatment and purification.
This polymer is commonly utilized as a coagulant in the treatment of drinking water, as well as in wastewater treatment processes.
The efficacy of Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride in these applications stems from its ability to neutralize negatively charged particles in water, promoting the aggregation of suspended solids into larger particles that can be easily removed through sedimentation or filtration.
Studies have shown that Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride is particularly effective in removing organic compounds, heavy metals, and pathogens from water, thereby improving water clarity and safety.
The polymer's role is not only pivotal in enhancing the physical appearance of water but also in ensuring its compliance with health and safety standards, making Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride a valuable component in the treatment infrastructure.
Enhancement of Chemical Mechanical Polishing Processes
In the semiconductor industry, Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride is employed to optimize the chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) process, which is essential for the production of electronic devices.
The polymer aids in selectively polishing polysilicon over silicon dioxide and silicon nitride films, which is a critical step in the manufacturing of semiconductors. PolyPolydiallyldimethylammonium chloride achieves this by adjusting the removal rates of different materials, thereby enhancing the efficiency and precision of the CMP process.
This selective polishing capability is crucial for the development of devices with finely tuned electronic properties and contributes to the advancement of microelectronic technology.
The implementation of Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride in CMP processes underscores its significance in the production of high-performance semiconductor devices.
Innovations in Forward Osmosis Applications
Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride has also been integrated into forward osmosis technologies as part of novel draw solutions in the form of hydrogels.
These polymeric network hydrogels, which incorporate poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride), exhibit enhanced water absorption capabilities and increased osmotic pressure, facilitating more efficient water transport through osmotic processes.
The application of these hydrogels in forward osmosis systems is particularly beneficial for low-energy water concentration and crystallization of aqueous solutions, which are vital in environmental and food processing applications.
The inclusion of Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride in these hydrogels significantly improves their performance by boosting their swelling capacity and osmotic efficiency.
This advancement not only supports sustainable water treatment technologies but also contributes to the reduction of energy requirements in water processing applications, promoting environmental sustainability and resource conservation.
Advantages
Highly effective at low concentrations
Produces less sludge than inorganic coagulants
Fast treatment performance
Easy to handle and dose
Stable in storage
Effective in low-temperature water
Versatile Applications
Water Treatment and Purification Applications
Poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) serves as a critical agent in the field of water treatment and purification.
This polymer is commonly utilized as a coagulant in the treatment of drinking water, as well as in wastewater treatment processes.
The efficacy of poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) in these applications stems from its ability to neutralize negatively charged particles in water, promoting the aggregation of suspended solids into larger particles that can be easily removed through sedimentation or filtration.
Studies have shown that poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) is particularly effective in removing organic compounds, heavy metals, and pathogens from water, thereby improving water clarity and safety.
The polymer's role is not only pivotal in enhancing the physical appearance of water but also in ensuring its compliance with health and safety standards, making Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride a valuable component in the treatment infrastructure.
Enhancement of Chemical Mechanical Polishing Processes
In the semiconductor industry, Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride is employed to optimize the chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) process, which is essential for the production of electronic devices.
The polymer aids in selectively polishing polysilicon over silicon dioxide and silicon nitride films, which is a critical step in the manufacturing of semiconductors.
Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride achieves this by adjusting the removal rates of different materials, thereby enhancing the efficiency and precision of the CMP process.
This selective polishing capability is crucial for the development of devices with finely tuned electronic properties and contributes to the advancement of microelectronic technology.
The implementation of Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride in CMP processes underscores its significance in the production of high-performance semiconductor devices.
Innovations in Forward Osmosis Applications
Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride has also been integrated into forward osmosis technologies as part of novel draw solutions in the form of hydrogels.
These polymeric network hydrogels, which incorporate poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride), exhibit enhanced water absorption capabilities and increased osmotic pressure, facilitating more efficient water transport through osmotic processes.
The application of these hydrogels in forward osmosis systems is particularly beneficial for low-energy water concentration and crystallization of aqueous solutions, which are vital in environmental and food processing applications.
The inclusion of poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) in these hydrogels significantly improves their performance by boosting their swelling capacity and osmotic efficiency.
This advancement not only supports sustainable water treatment technologies but also contributes to the reduction of energy requirements in water processing applications, promoting environmental sustainability and resource conservation.
Toxicity
Overview of Toxicity
Polydiallyldimethylammonium chlorideexhibits various toxicological effects, particularly upon high doses.
In laboratory studies, intermittent oral doses exceeding 42 grams per kilogram have resulted in significant adverse effects, including weight loss and damage to liver and renal tissues.
These findings highlight the potential systemic toxicity of Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride during prolonged exposure.
Additionally, irritation profiles observed in animal studies indicate that Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride can cause slight skin irritation, as evidenced by very minimal erythema in rabbits after dermal application.
The overall irritation index suggests that while Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride can elicit some skin reactions, these effects are generally low.
Effects on Laboratory Animals
The toxicity of Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride in laboratory settings has been determined through various studies involving different animal species.
In beagle dogs, feeding trials with doses up to 800 mg per kilogram per day showed a decrease in body weight but no significant treatment-related effects otherwise.
The no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) was established at 200 mg/kg/day.
Moreover, studies on rats demonstrated that high doses of Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride also lead to reduced weight gain, with a NOAEL of 50 mg/kg/day. Furthermore, eye irritation studies indicated that while there was mild conjunctival redness observed, Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride was not found to be severely irritating to eyes overall.
These controlled studies underscore the need for careful handling and consideration of exposure levels to mitigate the potential health risks associated with Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride.
Safety and Handling
Avoid contact with eyes and skin.
Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE).
Store in tightly closed containers away from extreme temperatures.
Spills may create slippery surfaces.
Follow local regulations for disposal.
Poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) Properties
Chemical formula: (C8H16NCl)n
Molar mass: Variable
Solubility in water: Soluble
Boiling point: 100°
Density: 1.09 g/mL at 25 °C
refractive index n20/D 1.417
Flash point:100 °C
storage temp.:Store at room temperature, keep dry and cool
form viscous liquid
Appearance:Colorless to light yellow Viscous Liquid
Viscosity:60-180cP(25°C)
Stability:Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, iron and iron salts, steel, copper, copper alloys, aluminium.
Cosmetics Ingredients Functions: ANTISTATIC, FILM FORMING
InChI:1S/C8H16N.ClH/c1-5-7-9(3,4)8-6-2;/h5-6H,1-2,7-8H2,3-4H3;1H/q+1;/p-1
InChIKey: GQOKIYDTHHZSCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M
Environmental Considerations
Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride is commonly used in environmental treatment applications; however, excessive discharge into aquatic environments should be avoided.
Proper dosing and treatment practices help minimize environmental impact.
Summary
Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride is one of the most widely used cationic polymers in water treatment due to its high charge density, efficiency, and versatility.
Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride plays a crucial role in municipal and industrial water purification, wastewater treatment, papermaking, and various industrial separation processes.
