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Polyethylene Glycol 1500 is a family of linear polymers formed by a base-catalyzed condensation reaction with repeating ethylene oxide units being added to ethylene.
The molecular formula is (C2H4O)multH2O where mult denotes the average number of oxyethylene groups.
The molecular weight can range from 200 to several million corresponding to the number of oxyethylene groups.
CAS: 25322-68-3
MF: (C2H4O)nH2O
MW: 0
EINECS: 500-038-2
Synonyms
1,2-ethanediol,homopolymer;2-ethanediyl),.alpha.-hydro-.omega.-hydroxy-Poly(oxy-1;Alcox E 160;Alcox E 30;alcoxe30;Poly(ethylene oxide),approx. M.W. 600,000;Poly(ethylene oxide),approx. M.W. 200,000;Poly(ethylene oxide),approx. M.W. 900,000
The higher-molecular-weight materials (100 000 to 5 000 000) are also referred to as polyethylene oxides.
The average molecular weight of any specific polyethylene glycol product falls within quite narrow limits (°5%).
The number of ethylene oxide units or their approximate molecular weight (e.g., PEG-4 or PEG-200) commonly designates the nomenclature of specific polyethylene glycols. Polyethylene glycols with amolecular weight less than 600 are liquid, whereas those of molecular weight 1000 and above are solid.
These materials are nonvolatile, water-soluble, tasteless, and odorless.
They are miscible with water, alcohols, esters, ketones, aromatic solvents, and chlorinated hydrocarbons, but immiscible with alkanes, paraffins, waxes, and ethers.
Any of several condensa-tion polymers of ethylene glycol with thegeneral formula HOCH2(CH2OCH2)nCH2OH orH(OCH2CH2)nOH.
Average molecular weightsrange from 200 to 6000.
Properties vary with molec-ular weight.
Polyethylene Glycol 1500 Chemical Properties
Melting point: 64-66 °C
Boiling point: >250°C
Tg: -67
bulk density: 400-500kg/m3
density: 1.27 g/mL at 25 °C
vapor density: >1 (vs air)
vapor pressure: <0.01 mm Hg ( 20 °C)
refractive index: n20/D 1.469
Fp: 270 °C
storage temp.: 2-8°C
solubility H2O: 50 mg/mL, clear, colorless
form: waxy solid
color: White to very pale yellow
Specific Gravity: 1.128
PH: 5.5-7.0 (25℃, 50mg/mL in H2O)
biological source: synthetic (organic)
Water Solubility: Soluble in water.
λmax λ: 260 nm Amax: 0.6
λ: 280 nm Amax: 0.3
nChI: 1S/C2H6O2/c3-1-2-4/h3-4H,1-2H2
InChIKey: LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: -0.698 at 25℃
Surface tension: 43.5mN/m at 20°C
NIST Chemistry Reference: Polyethylene Glycol 1500(25322-68-3)
EPA Substance Registry System: Polyethylene Glycol 1500 (25322-68-3)
Absorption: ≤0.1 at 280nm ≤0.2 at 260nm
Polyethylene Glycol 1500 is a polymer which is hydrolyzed by ethylene oxide.
Polyethylene Glycol 1500 has no toxicity and irritation.
Polyethylene Glycol 1500 is widely used in various pharmaceutical preparations.
The toxicity of low molecular weight polyethylene glycol is relatively large.
In general, the toxicity of diols is very low.
Topical application of Polyethylene Glycol 1500, especially mucosal drug, can cause irritant pain.
In topical lotion, Polyethylene Glycol 1500 can increase the flexibility of the skin, and has a similar moisturizing effect with glycerin.
Diarrhoea can occur in large doses of oral administration.
In injection, the maximum Polyethylene Glycol 1500 concentration is about 30% (V/V).
Hemolysis could occur when the concentration is more than 40% (V/V).
The Polyethylene Glycol 1500 describes polyethylene glycol as being an addition polymer of ethylene oxide and water.
Polyethylene glycol grades 200–600 are liquids; grades 1000 and above are solids at ambient temperatures.
Liquid grades (PEG 200–600) occur as clear, colorless or slightly yellow-colored, viscous liquids.
They have a slight but characteristic odor and a bitter, slightly burning taste.
Polyethylene Glycol 1500 can occur as a solid at ambient temperatures.
Solid grades (PEG>1000) are white or off-white in color, and range in consistency from pastes to waxy flakes.
They have a faint, sweet odor.
Grades of Polyethylene Glycol 1500 and above are available as freeflowing milled powders.
Application in biomedicine
Polyethylene Glycol 1500 is also known as polyoxirane (PEO).
Polyethylene Glycol 1500 is a linear polyether obtained by ring opening polymerization of ethylene oxide.
The main uses in the field of biomedicine are as follows:
Contact lens liquid.
The viscosity of Polyethylene Glycol 1500 is sensitive to the shear rate and it is not easy for bacteria to grow on polyethylene glycol.
Synthetic lubricants.
The condensation polymer of ethylene oxide and water.
Polyethylene Glycol 1500It is a cream matrix for preparing water-soluble drugs.
Polyethylene Glycol 1500 can also be used as a solvent for acetylsalicylic acid and caffeine, which is difficult to dissolve in water.
Drug sustained-release and immobilized enzyme carrier.
The Polyethylene Glycol 1500 is applied to the outer layer of the pill to control the diffusion of drugs in the pill so as to improve the efficacy.
Surface modification of medical polymer materials.
The biocompatibility of medical polymer materials in contact with blood can be improved by adsorption, interception and grafting of two amphiphilic copolymers containing Polyethylene Glycol 1500 on the surface of medical polymers.
Polyethylene Glycol 1500 can make the membrane of the alkanol contraceptive pill.
Polyethylene Glycol 1500 can make hydrophilic anticoagulant polyurethane.
Polyethylene Glycol 1500 is an osmotic laxative.
Polyethylene Glycol 1500 can increase osmotic pressure and absorb moisture in the intestinal cavity, which makes the stool soften and increase in volume, resulting in bowel movement and defecation.
Denture fixing agent.
Peg nontoxic and gelatinous nature can be used as a component of denture fixer.
PEG 4000 and PEG 6000 are commonly used to promote cell fusion or protoplast fusion and help organisms (such as yeasts) to take DNA in transformation.
Polyethylene Glycol 1500 absorbs water from the solution, so it is also used to concentrate the solution.
Pharmaceutical Applications
Polyethylene Glycol 1500 is widely used in a variety of pharmaceutical formulations, including parenteral, topical, ophthalmic, oral, and rectal preparations.
Polyethylene Glycol 1500 has been used experimentally in biodegradable polymeric matrices used in controlled-release systems.
Polyethylene Glycol 1500 is stable, hydrophilic substances that are essentially nonirritant to the skin;They do not readily penetrate the skin, although the polyethylene glycols are water-soluble and are easily removed from the skin by washing, making them useful as ointment bases.
Solid grades are generally employed in topical ointments, with the consistency of the base being adjusted by the addition of liquid grades of polyethylene glycol.
Mixtures of Polyethylene Glycol 1500 can be used as suppository bases,for which they have many advantages over fats.
For example, the melting point of the suppository can be made higher to withstand exposure to warmer climates; release of the drug is not dependent upon melting point; the physical stability on storage is better; and suppositories are readily miscible with rectal fluids. Polyethylene Glycol 1500 have the following disadvantages: they are chemically more reactive than fats; greater care is needed in processing to avoid inelegant contraction holes in the suppositories; the rate of release of water-soluble medications decreases with the increasing molecular weight of the polyethylene glycol; and polyethylene glycols tend to be more irritating to mucous membranes than fats.
Aqueous Polyethylene Glycol 1500 can be used either as suspending agents or to adjust the viscosity and consistency of other suspending vehicles.
When used in conjunction with other emulsifiers, polyethylene glycols can act as emulsion stabilizers.
Liquid Polyethylene Glycol 1500 are used as water-miscible solvents for the contents of soft gelatin capsules.
However, they may cause hardening of the capsule shell by preferential absorption of moisture from gelatin in the shell.
In concentrations up to approximately 30% v/v, PEG 300 and PEG 400 have been used as the vehicle for parenteral dosage forms.
In solid-dosage formulations, higher-molecular-weight polyethylene glycols can enhance the effectiveness of tablet binders and impart plasticity to granules.
However, they have only limited binding action when used alone, and can prolong disintegration if present in concentrations greater than 5% w/w.
When used for thermoplastic granulations,a mixture of the powdered constituents with 10–15% w/w Polyethylene Glycol 1500 is heated to 70–75°C.
The mass becomes pastelike and forms granules if stirred while cooling.
This technique is useful for the preparation of dosage forms such as lozenges when prolonged disintegration is required.
Polyethylene Glycol 1500 can also be used to enhance the aqueous solubility or dissolution characteristics of poorly soluble compounds by making solid dispersions with an appropriate polyethylene glycol.
Animal studies have also been performed using polyethylene glycols as solvents for steroids in osmotic pumps.
In film coatings, solid grades of Polyethylene Glycol 1500 can be used alone for the film-coating of tablets or can be useful as hydrophilic polishing materials.
Solid grades are also widely used as plasticizers in conjunction with film-forming polymers.
The presence of polyethylene glycols in film coats, especially of liquid grades, tends to increase their water permeability and may reduce protection against low pH in enteric-coating films.
Polyethylene Glycol 1500 is useful as plasticizers in microencapsulated products to avoid rupture of the coating film when the microcapsules are compressed into tablets.
Polyethylene Glycol 1500 grades with molecular weights of 6000 and above can be used as lubricants, particularly for soluble tablets.
The lubricant action is not as good as that of magnesium stearate, and stickiness may develop if the material becomes too warm during compression.
An antiadherent effect is also exerted, again subject to the avoidance of overheating.
Polyethylene Glycol 1500 have been used in the preparation of urethane hydrogels, which are used as controlled-release agents.
Polyethylene Glycol 1500 has also been used in insulin-loaded microparticles for the oral delivery of insulin;Polyethylene Glycol 1500 has been used in inhalation preparations to improve aerosolization;polyethylene glycol nanoparticles have been used to improve the oral bioavailability of cyclosporine;Polyethylene Glycol 1500 has been used in self-assembled polymeric nanoparticles as a drug carrier;and copolymer networks of polyethylene glycol grafted with poly(methacrylic acid) have been used as bioadhesive controlled drug delivery formulations.
Uses
Polyethylene Glycol 1500 molecules of approximately 2000 monomers. Poly(ethylene Glycol) is used in various applications from industrial chemistry to biological chemistry.
Recent research has shown PEG m aintains the ability to aid the spinal cord injury recovery process, helping the nerve impulse conduction process in animals.
In rats, Polyethylene Glycol 1500 has been shown to aid in the repair of severed sciatic axons, helping with nerve damage recovery.
Polyethylene Glycol 1500 is industrially produced as a lubricating substance for various surfaces to reduce friction.
Polyethylene Glycol 1500 is also used in the preparation of vesicle transport systems in with application towards diagnostic procedures or drug delivery methods.
Polyethylene Glycol 1500 is a binder, coating agent, dispersing agent, flavoring adjuvant, and plasticizing agent that is a clear, colorless, viscous, hygroscopic liquid resembling paraffin (white, waxy, or flakes), with a ph of 4.0–7.5 in 1:20 concentration.
Polyethylene Glycol 1500 is soluble in water (mw 1,000) and many organic solvents.
Polyethylene Glycol 1500 is a binder, solvent, plasticizing agent, and softener widely used for cosmetic cream bases and pharmaceutical ointments.
Pegs are quite humectant up to a molecular weight of 500.
Beyond this weight, their water uptake diminishes.
Used in conjunction with carbon black to form a conductive composite.
Polymer nanospheres of poly(ethylene glycol) were used for drug delivery.
Medical uses
Pharmaceutical-grade Polyethylene Glycol 1500 is used as an excipient in many pharmaceutical products, in oral, topical, and parenteral dosage forms.
Polyethylene Glycol 1500 is the basis of a number of laxatives (as MiraLax, RestoraLAX, MoviPrep, etc.).
Macrogol (with brand names such as Laxido, Movicol and Miralax) is the generic name for Polyethylene Glycol 1500 used as a laxative.
The name may be followed by a number that represents the average molecular weight (e.g. macrogol 3350, macrogol 4000, or macrogol 6000).
Whole bowel irrigation with Polyethylene Glycol 1500 and added electrolytes is used for bowel preparation before surgery or colonoscopy or for children with constipation.
The possibility that Polyethylene Glycol 1500 could be used to fuse axons is being explored by researchers studying peripheral nerve and spinal cord injury.
An example of Polyethylene Glycol 1500 hydrogels in a therapeutic has been theorized by Ma et al.
They propose using the hydrogel to address periodontitis (gum disease) by encapsulating stem cells in the gel that promote healing in the gums.
The gel with encapsulated stem cells was to be injected into the site of disease and crosslinked to create the microenvironment required for the stem cells to function.
PEGylation of adenoviruses for gene therapy can help prevent adverse reactions due to pre-existing adenovirus immunity.
Polyethylene Glycol 1500 is used as an excipient in both the Moderna and Pfizer–BioNTech vaccines for SARS-CoV-2.
Both RNA vaccines consist of messenger RNA, or mRNA, encased in a bubble of oily molecules called lipids.
Proprietary lipid technology is used for each.
In both vaccines, the bubbles are coated with a stabilizing molecule of polyethylene glycol.
Polyethylene Glycol 1500 could trigger allergic reaction, and allergic reactions are the driver for both the United Kingdom and Canadian regulators to issue an advisory, noting that: two "individuals in the U.K. ... were treated and have recovered" from anaphylactic shock.
The US CDC stated that in their jurisdiction six cases of "severe allergic reaction" had been recorded from more than 250,000 vaccinations, and of those six only one person had a "history of vaccination reactions".
Chemical uses
Polyethylene Glycol 1500 can serve as a green reaction medium in a variety of organic reactions.
Polyethylene Glycol 1500 is also commonly used as a polar stationary phase for gas chromatography, as well as a heat transfer fluid in electronic testers.
Polyethylene Glycol 1500 is frequently used to preserve waterlogged wood and other organic artifacts that have been salvaged from underwater archaeological contexts, as was the case with the warship Vasa in Stockholm, and similar cases.
Polyethylene Glycol 1500 replaces water in wooden objects, making the wood dimensionally stable and preventing the warping or shrinking of the wood when it dries.
In addition, Polyethylene Glycol 1500 is used when working with green wood as a stabilizer, and to prevent shrinkage.
Polyethylene Glycol 1500 has been used to preserve the painted colors on Terracotta Warriors unearthed at a UNESCO World Heritage site in China.
These painted artifacts were created during the Qin Shi Huang (first emperor of China) era.
Within 15 seconds of the terra-cotta pieces being unearthed during excavations, the lacquer beneath the paint begins to curl after being exposed to the dry Xi'an air.
The paint would subsequently flake off in about four minutes.
The German Bavarian State Conservation Office developed a PEG preservative that when immediately applied to unearthed artifacts has aided in preserving the colors painted on the pieces of clay soldiers.
Polyethylene Glycol 1500 is often used (as an internal calibration compound) in mass spectrometry experiments, with its characteristic fragmentation pattern allowing accurate and reproducible tuning.
Polyethylene Glycol 1500 derivatives, such as narrow range ethoxylates, are used as surfactants.
Polyethylene Glycol 1500 has been used as the hydrophilic block of amphiphilic block copolymers used to create some polymersomes.
Polyethylene Glycol 1500 is a component of the propellent used in UGM-133M Trident II Missiles, in service with the United States Navy.
Polyethylene Glycol 1500 has been used as a solvent for aryl thioether synthesis.
Biological uses
An example study was done using Polyethylene Glycol 1500-diacrylate hydrogels to recreate vascular environments with the encapsulation of endothelial cells and macrophages.
This model furthered vascular disease modeling and isolated macrophage phenotype's effect on blood vessels.
Polyethylene Glycol 1500 is commonly used as a crowding agent in in vitro assays to mimic highly crowded cellular conditions.
Although Polyethylene Glycol 1500 is considered biologically inert, it can form non-covalent complexes with monovalent cations such as Na+, K+, Rb+, and Cs+, affecting equilibrium constants of biochemical reactions.
Polyethylene Glycol 1500 is commonly used as a precipitant for plasmid DNA isolation and protein crystallization.
X-ray diffraction of protein crystals can reveal the atomic structure of the proteins.
Polyethylene Glycol 1500 is used to fuse two different types of cells, most often B-cells and myelomas to create hybridomas.
César Milstein and Georges J. F. Köhler originated this technique, which they used for antibody production, winning a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1984.
In microbiology, Polyethylene Glycol 1500 precipitation is used to concentrate viruses.
Polyethylene Glycol 1500 is also used to induce complete fusion (mixing of both inner and outer leaflets) in liposomes reconstituted in vitro.
Gene therapy vectors (such as viruses) can be Polyethylene Glycol 1500-coated to shield them from inactivation by the immune system and to de-target them from organs where they may build up and have a toxic effect.
The size of the Polyethylene Glycol 1500 polymer is important, with larger polymers achieving the best immune protection.
Polyethylene Glycol 1500 is a component of stable nucleic acid lipid particles (SNALPs) used to package siRNA for use in vivo.
In blood banking, Polyethylene Glycol 1500 is used as a potentiator to enhance detection of antigens and antibodies.
When working with phenol in a laboratory situation, Polyethylene Glycol 1500 can be used on phenol skin burns to deactivate any residual phenol.
In biophysics, polyethylene glycols are the molecules of choice for the functioning ion channel diameter studies, because in aqueous solutions they have a spherical shape and can block ion channel conductance.
Commercial uses
Polyethylene Glycol 1500 is the basis of many skin creams (as cetomacrogol) and personal lubricants.
Polyethylene Glycol 1500 is used in a number of toothpastes as a dispersant.
In this application, it binds water and helps keep xanthan gum uniformly distributed throughout the toothpaste.
Polyethylene Glycol 1500 is under investigation for use in liquid body armor, and in tattoos to monitor diabetes.
Polymer segments derived from Polyethylene Glycol 1500 polyols impart flexibility to polyurethanes for applications such as elastomeric fibers (spandex) and foam cushions.
In low-molecular-weight formulations (e.g. PEG 400), Polyethylene Glycol 1500 is used in Hewlett-Packard designjet printers as an ink solvent and lubricant for the print heads.
Polyethylene Glycol 1500 is used as an anti-foaming agent in food and drinks – its INS number is 1521 or E1521 in the EU.
Industrial uses
A nitrate ester-plasticized polyethylene glycol (NEPE-75) is used in Trident II submarine-launched ballistic missile solid rocket fuel.
Dimethyl ethers of Polyethylene Glycol 1500 are the key ingredient of Selexol, a solvent used by coal-burning, integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power plants to remove carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide from the syngas stream.
Polyethylene Glycol 1500 has been used as the gate insulator in an electric double-layer transistor to induce superconductivity in an insulator.
Polyethylene Glycol 1500 is used as a polymer host for solid polymer electrolytes.
Although not yet in commercial production, many groups around the globe are engaged in research on solid polymer electrolytes involving Polyethylene Glycol 1500, to improve their properties, and in permitting their use in batteries, electro-chromic display systems, and other products in the future.
Polyethylene Glycol 1500 is injected into industrial processes to reduce foaming in separation equipment.
Polyethylene Glycol 1500 is used as a binder in the preparation of technical ceramics.
Polyethylene Glycol 1500 was used as an additive to silver halide photographic emulsions.
Polyethylene Glycol 1500 is used as an active ingredient in agricultural soil wetter, which improves water-retention and seedling growth.
Polyethylene Glycol 1500 polymers are also common constituents of agricultural formulations, where they serve as additives that enhance the stability and application efficiency of active ingredients such as pesticides and fertilizers.
An inventory of formulation additives used in Germany and Switzerland identified PEG-based (co)polymers as the most frequently occurring class of water-soluble polymers in these products, accounting for roughly half of all identified polymers by trade name.
Binary polyethylene oxide and titania solid-state redox electrolytes are used today for efficient nanocrystalline TiO2 photoelectrochemical cells.
Entertainment uses
Polyethylene Glycol 1500 is used to extend the size and durability of very large soap bubbles.
Polyethylene Glycol 1500 is an ingredient in some personal lubricants. (Not to be confused with propylene glycol.)
Polyethylene Glycol 1500 is the main ingredient in the paint (known as "fill") in paintballs.
Production
The production of Polyethylene Glycol 1500 was first reported in 1859. Both A. V. Lourenço and Charles Adolphe Wurtz independently isolated products that were polyethylene glycols. Polyethylene Glycol 1500 is produced by the interaction of ethylene oxide with water, ethylene glycol, or ethylene glycol oligomers.
The reaction is catalyzed by acidic or basic catalysts.
Ethylene glycol and its oligomers are preferable as a starting material instead of water because they allow the creation of polymers with a low polydispersity (narrow molecular weight distribution).
Polymer chain length depends on the ratio of reactants.
HOCH2CH2OH + n(CH2CH2O) → HO(CH2CH2O)n+1H
Depending on the catalyst type, the mechanism of polymerization can be cationic or anionic.
The anionic mechanism is preferable because Polyethylene Glycol 1500 allows one to obtain Polyethylene Glycol 1500 with a low polydispersity.
Polymerization of ethylene oxide is an exothermic process.
Overheating or contaminating ethylene oxide with catalysts, such as alkalis or metal oxides, can lead to runaway polymerization, which can end in an explosion after a few hours.
Polyethylene oxide, or high-molecular-weight Polyethylene Glycol 1500, is synthesized by suspension polymerization.
Polyethylene Glycol 1500 is necessary to hold the growing polymer chain in solution in the course of the polycondensation process.
The reaction is catalyzed by magnesium-, aluminium-, or calcium-organoelement compounds.
To prevent coagulation of polymer chains from solution, chelating additives, such as dimethylglyoxime, are used.
Alkaline catalysts, such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH), or sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), are used to prepare low-molecular-weight polyethylene glycol.
Production Methods
Polyethylene Glycol 1500 polymers are formed by the reaction of ethylene oxide and water under pressure in the presence of a catalyst.
Manufacturing Process
Polyethylene Glycol 1500 was obtained by polymerization of ethylene oxide in an autoclave at 80-100°C using as a catalyst dipotassium alcogolate of polyethylene glycol 400.
Dipotassium alcogolate of polyethylene glycol 400 was synthesized by a heating of the dry mixture of Polyethylene Glycol 1500 and potassium hydroxide.
The molecular weight of polymer was regulated by the ratio of monomer:catalyst.
