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CAS NO.: 25322-68-3
EC/LİST NO.: 500-038-2
Polyethylene glycol 3350 is a laxative solution that increases the amount of water in the intestinal tract to stimulate bowel movements.
Polyethylene glycol 3350 is used as a laxative to treat occasional constipation or irregular bowel movements.
Polyethylene glycol 3350 may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.
Polyethylene glycol 3350 is a polyether compound derived from petroleum with many applications, from industrial manufacturing to medicine.
Polyethylene glycol 3350 is also known as polyethylene oxide (PEO) or polyoxyethylene (POE), depending on its molecular weight.
The structure of PEG is commonly expressed as H−(O−CH2−CH2)n−OH
Polyethylene glycol 3350 is the basis of a number of laxatives (as MiraLax).
Whole bowel irrigation with polyethylene glycol and added electrolytes is used for bowel preparation before surgery or colonoscopy.
Polyethylene glycol 3350 is also used as an excipient in many pharmaceutical products.
Polyethylene glycol 3350 used in medicines for treating disimpaction and maintenance therapy for children with constipation.
When attached to various protein medications, polyethylene glycol allows a slowed clearance of the carried protein from the blood.
The possibility that Polyethylene glycol 3350 could be used to fuse axons is being explored by researchers studying peripheral nerve and spinal cord injury.
An example of PEG hydrogels (see "Biological uses" section) in a therapeutic has been theorized by Ma et al.
They propose using the hydrogel to address periodontitis (gum disease) by encapsulating stem cells in the gel that promote healing in the gums.
The gel and encapsulated stem cells was to be injected to the site of disease and crosslinked to create the microenvironment required for the stem cells to function.
A PEGylated lipid is used as an excipient in both the Moderna and Pfizer–BioNTech vaccines for SARS-CoV-2.
Both RNA vaccines consist of messenger RNA, or mRNA, encased in a bubble of oily molecules called lipids.
Proprietary lipid technology is used for each.
In both vaccines, the bubbles are coated with a stabilizing molecule of polyethylene glycol.
As of December 2020 there is some concern that PEG could trigger allergic reaction, and in fact allergic reactions are the driver for both the United Kingdom and Canadian regulators to issue an advisory, noting that:
two "individuals in the U.K... were treated and have recovered" from anaphylactic shock.
As of 18 December, the US CDC stated that in their jurisdiction six cases of "severe allergic reaction" had been recorded from more than 250,000 vaccinations, and of those six only one person had a "history of vaccination reactions".
Because Polyethylene glycol 3350 is a hydrophilic molecule, it has been used to passivate microscope glass slides for avoiding non-specific sticking of proteins in single-molecule fluorescence studies.
Polyethylene glycol has a low toxicity and is used in a variety of products.
Polyethylene glycol 3350 is used as a lubricating coating for various surfaces in aqueous and non-aqueous environments.
Since Polyethylene glycol 3350 is a flexible, water-soluble polymer, it can be used to create very high osmotic pressures (on the order of tens of atmospheres).
Polyethylene glycol 3350 also is unlikely to have specific interactions with biological chemicals.
These properties make Polyethylene glycol 3350 one of the most useful molecules for applying osmotic pressure in biochemistry and biomembranes experiments, in particular when using the osmotic stress technique.
Polyethylene glycol 3350 is also commonly used as a polar stationary phase for gas chromatography, as well as a heat transfer fluid in electronic testers.
Polyethylene glycol 3350 has also been used to preserve wooden and in some cases other organic objects that have been salvaged from underwater archaeological contexts, as was the case with the warship Vasa in Stockholm, and similar cases.
Polyethylene glycol 3350 replaces water in wooden objects, making the wood dimensionally stable and preventing warping or shrinking of the wood when it dries.
In addition, PEG is used when working with green wood as a stabilizer, and to prevent shrinkage.
Polyethylene glycol 3350 has been used to preserve the painted colors on Terracotta Warriors unearthed at a UNESCO World Heritage site in China.
These painted artifacts were created during the Qin Shi Huang (first emperor of China) era.
Within 15 seconds of the terra-cotta pieces being unearthed during excavations, the lacquer beneath the paint begins to curl after being exposed to the dry Xi'an air.
The paint would subsequently flake off in about four minutes.
The German Bavarian State Conservation Office developed a PEG preservative that when immediately applied to unearthed artifacts has aided in preserving the colors painted on the pieces of clay soldiers.
Polyethylene glycol 3350 is often used (as an internal calibration compound) in mass spectrometry experiments, with its characteristic fragmentation pattern allowing accurate and reproducible tuning.
Polyethylene glycol 3350 derivatives, such as narrow range ethoxylates, are used as surfactants.
Polyethylene glycol 3350 has been used as the hydrophilic block of amphiphilic block copolymers used to create some polymersomes.
Polyethylene glycol 3350 has also been used as a propellent on the UGM-133M Trident II Missile, in service with the United States Air Force.
Polyethylene glycol 3350 can be modified and crosslinked into a hydrogel and used to mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM) environment for cell encapsulation and studies.
An example study was done using PEG-Diacrylate hydrogels to recreate vascular environments with the encapsulation of endothelial cells and macrophages.
This model furthered vascular disease modeling and isolated macrophage phenotype's effect on blood vessels.
Polyethylene glycol 3350 is commonly used as a crowding agent in in vitro assays to mimic highly crowded cellular conditions.
Polyethylene glycol 3350 is commonly used as a precipitant for plasmid DNA isolation and protein crystallization.
X-ray diffraction of protein crystals can reveal the atomic structure of the proteins.
Polyethylene glycol 3350 is used to fuse two different types of cells, most often B-cells and myelomas in order to create hybridomas.
César Milstein and Georges J. F. Köhler originated this technique, which they used for antibody production, winning a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1984.
Polymer segments derived from Polyethylene glycol 3350 polyols impart flexibility to polyurethanes for applications such as elastomeric fibers (spandex) and foam cushions.
In microbiology, Polyethylene glycol 3350 precipitation is used to concentrate viruses. PEG is also used to induce complete fusion (mixing of both inner and outer leaflets) in liposomes reconstituted in vitro.
Gene therapy vectors (such as viruses) can be PEG-coated to shield them from inactivation by the immune system and to de-target them from organs where they may build up and have a toxic effect.
The size of the Polyethylene glycol 3350 polymer has been shown to be important, with larger polymers achieving the best immune protection.
Polyethylene glycol 3350 is a component of stable nucleic acid lipid particles (SNALPs) used to package siRNA for use in vivo.
In blood banking, Polyethylene glycol 3350 is used as a potentiator to enhance detection of antigens and antibodies.
When working with phenol in a laboratory situation, PEG 300 can be used on phenol skin burns to deactivate any residual phenol.
In biophysics, Polyethylene glycol 3350 are the molecules of choice for the functioning ion channels diameter studies, because in aqueous solutions they have a spherical shape and can block ion channel conductance.
Polyethylene glycol 3350 is the basis of many skin creams (as cetomacrogol) and personal lubricants (frequently combined with glycerin).
Polyethylene glycol 3350 is used in a number of toothpastes as a dispersant.
In this application, it binds water and helps keep xanthan gum uniformly distributed throughout the toothpaste.
Polyethylene glycol 3350 is also under investigation for use in body armor, and in tattoos to monitor diabetes.
In low-molecular-weight formulations (e.g. PEG 400), it is used in Hewlett-Packard designjet printers as an ink solvent and lubricant for the print heads.
Polyethylene glycol 3350G is also used as an anti-foaming agent in food and drinks– Polyethylene glycol 3350s INS number is 1521 or E1521 in the EU.
A nitrate ester-plasticized polyethylene glycol (NEPE-75) is used in Trident II submarine-launched ballistic missile solid rocket fuel.
Dimethyl ethers of Polyethylene glycol 3350 are the key ingredient of Selexol, a solvent used by coal-burning, integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power plants to remove carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide from the syngas stream.
Polyethylene glycol 3350 has been used as the gate insulator in an electric double-layer transistor to induce superconductivity in an insulator.
Polyethylene glycol 3350 is also used as a polymer host for solid polymer electrolytes.
Although not yet in commercial production, many groups around the globe are engaged in research on solid polymer electrolytes involving PEG, with the aim of improving their properties, and in permitting their use in batteries, electro-chromic display systems, and other products in the future.
Polyethylene glycol 3350 is injected into industrial processes to reduce foaming in separation equipment.
Polyethylene glycol 3350 is used as a binder in the preparation of technical ceramics.
Polyethylene glycol 3350 is used to extend the size and durability of very large soap bubbles.
Polyethylene glycol 3350 is the main ingredient in many personal lubricants.
Polyethylene glycol 3350 is the main ingredient in the paint in paintballs.
Polyethylene glycol 3350, PEO, and POE refer to an oligomer or polymer of ethylene oxide.
The three names are chemically synonymous, but historically Polyethylene glycol 3350 is preferred in the biomedical field, whereas PEO is more prevalent in the field of polymer chemistry.
Because different applications require different polymer chain lengths, Polyethylene glycol 3350 has tended to refer to oligomers and polymers with a molecular mass below 20,000 g/mol, PEO to polymers with a molecular mass above 20,000 g/mol, and POE to a polymer of any molecular mass.
Polyethylene glycol 3350s are prepared by polymerization of ethylene oxide and are commercially available over a wide range of molecular weights from 300 g/mol to 10,000,000 g/mol.
Polyethylene glycol 3350 and PEO are liquids or low-melting solids, depending on their molecular weights.
While Polyethylene glycol 3350 and PEO with different molecular weights find use in different applications, and have different physical properties (e.g. viscosity) due to chain length effects, their chemical properties are nearly identical.
Different forms of PEG are also available, depending on the initiator used for the polymerization process – the most common initiator is a monofunctional methyl ether PEG, or methoxypoly(ethylene glycol), abbreviated mPEG.
Lower-molecular-weight PEGs are also available as purer oligomers, referred to as monodisperse, uniform, or discrete.
Very high-purity PEG has recently been shown to be crystalline, allowing determination of a crystal structure by x-ray crystallography.
Since purification and separation of pure oligomers is difficult, the price for this type of quality is often 10–1000 fold that of polydisperse Polyethylene glycol 3350.
Polyethylene glycol 3350s are also available with different geometries.
Branched Polyethylene glycol 3350s have three to ten Polyethylene glycol 3350 chains emanating from a central core group.
Star Polyethylene glycol 3350s have 10 to 100 Polyethylene glycol 3350 chains emanating from a central core group.
Comb Polyethylene glycol 3350s have multiple Polyethylene glycol 3350 chains normally grafted onto a polymer backbone.
The numbers that are often included in the names of PEGs indicate their average molecular weights .
Most Polyethylene glycol 3350s include molecules with a distribution of molecular weights .
The size distribution can be characterized statistically by its weight average molecular weight (Mw) and its number average molecular weight (Mn), the ratio of which is called the polydispersity index (ĐM).
Mw and Mn can be measured by mass spectrometry.
PEGylation is the act of covalently coupling a Polyethylene glycol 3350 structure to another larger molecule, for example, a therapeutic protein, which is then referred to as a PEGylated protein.
PEGylated interferon alfa-2a or alfa-2b are commonly used injectable treatments for hepatitis C infection.
Polyethylene glycol 3350 is soluble in water, methanol, ethanol, acetonitrile, benzene, and dichloromethane, and is insoluble in diethyl ether and hexane.
Polyethylene glycol 3350 coupled to hydrophobic molecules to produce non-ionic surfactants.
Polyethylene glycol 3350 potentially contain toxic impurities, such as ethylene oxide and 1,4-dioxane.
Ethylene glycol and its ethers are nephrotoxic if applied to damaged skin.
Polyethylene glycol 3350 and related polymers (Polyethylene glycol 3350 phospholipid constructs) are often sonicated when used in biomedical applications.
However, as reported by Murali et al., Polyethylene glycol 3350 is very sensitive to sonolytic degradation and Polyethylene glycol 3350 degradation products can be toxic to mammalian cells.
Polyethylene glycol 3350, thus, imperative to assess potential Polyethylene glycol 3350 degradation to ensure that the final material does not contain undocumented contaminants that can introduce artifacts into experimental results.
Polyethylene glycol 3350s and methoxypolyethylene glycols are manufactured by Dow Chemical under the trade name Carbowax for industrial use, and Carbowax Sentry for food and pharmaceutical use.
They vary in consistency from liquid to solid, depending on the molecular weight, as indicated by a number following the name.
They are used commercially in numerous applications, including foods, in cosmetics, in pharmaceutics, in biomedicine, as dispersing agents, as solvents, in ointments, in suppository bases, as tablet excipients, and as laxatives.
Some specific groups are lauromacrogols, nonoxynols, octoxynols, and poloxamers.
The production of polyethylene glycol was first reported in 1859.
Both A. V. Lourenço and Charles Adolphe Wurtz independently isolated products that were polyethylene glycols.
Polyethylene glycol 3350 is produced by the interaction of ethylene oxide with water, ethylene glycol, or ethylene glycol oligomers.
The reaction is catalyzed by acidic or basic catalysts.
Polyethylene glycol 3350 and its oligomers are preferable as a starting material instead of water, because they allow the creation of polymers with a low polydispersity (narrow molecular weight distribution).
Polymer chain length depends on the ratio of reactants.
HOCH2CH2OH + n(CH2CH2O) → HO(CH2CH2O)n+1H
Depending on the catalyst type, the mechanism of polymerization can be cationic or anionic.
The anionic mechanism is preferable because it allows one to obtain Polyethylene glycol 3350 with a low polydispersity.
Polymerization of ethylene oxide is an exothermic process. Overheating or contaminating ethylene oxide with catalysts such as alkalis or metal oxides can lead to runaway polymerization, which can end in an explosion after a few hours.
Polyethylene glycol 3350 oxide, or high-molecular-weight polyethylene glycol, is synthesized by suspension polymerization.
Polyethylene glycol 3350 necessary to hold the growing polymer chain in solution in the course of the polycondensation process.
The reaction is catalyzed by magnesium-, aluminium-, or calcium-organoelement compounds.
To prevent coagulation of polymer chains from solution, chelating additives such as dimethylglyoxime are used.
Alkaline catalysts such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH), or sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) are used to prepare low-molecular-weight polyethylene glycol.
Macrogol, MiraLax, GoLytely, Colace used as a laxative, is a form of polyethylene glycol.
The name may be followed by a number which represents the average molecular weight (e.g. macrogol 3350, macrogol 4000 or macrogol 6000).
Polyethylene glycol 3350, or PEG 3350 for short, is a widely used polyether in many areas of academic research, industrial processing, and commercial applications.
Polyethylene glycol 3350's may also be commonly referred to as polyoxyethylene and polyethyleneoxide.
However, regardless of the name used, the simple structure of Polyethylene glycol 3350 's safe compounds used in daily life.
Due to the variety of physical properties that can be achieved with the Polyethylene glycol 3350 series, formulators in almost all industries can benefit from this Polyethylene glycol 3350 product line.
A Polyethylene glycol 3350's unique ability to increase the solubility of a dye in aqueous formulations results in the dye being used as dye carriers in the textile industry.
Polyethylene glycol 3350's are also exceptional in retaining moisture in complex formulations as well as on an applied surface.
Polyethylene glycol 3350 (PEG) is a product with both industrial and pharmaceutical uses.
Because many PEG compounds are hydrophilic, they are used industrially in cosmetic products as surfactants, emulsifiers, cleansing agents, moisturizers, and skin softeners.
As a drug, Polyethylene glycol 3350 is part of the laxative class.
Polyethylene glycol 3350 laxative is safer than PEG electrolyte lavage solution as there is no salt absorption.
FDA-approved indications include the treatment of constipation in patients 17 years of age and older.
Polyethylene glycol 3350 is preferred over other agents for chronic constipation and disimpaction, as Polyethylene glycol 3350 associated with limited side effects and a better tasting profile.
Melting point: 64-66 °C
Boiling point: >250°C
Density 1.27 g/mL at 25 °C
vapor density >1 (vs air)
vapor pressure <0.01 mm Hg ( 20 °C)
refractive index n20/D 1.469
Flash point: 270 °C
storage temp. 2-8°C
solubility H2O: 50 mg/mL, clear, colorless
form waxy solid
color White to very pale yellow
Specific Gravity 1.128
PH 5.5-7.0 (25℃, 50mg/mL in H2O)
Water Solubility Soluble in water.
λmax λ:260 nm
Amax: 0.6
λ: 280 nm
Amax: 0.3
Sensitive Hygroscopic
Merck 14,7568
Polyethylene glycol 3350 molecules of an average molecular mass of 2000.
Polyethylene glycol 3350 is used in various applications from industrial chemistry to biological chemistry.
Recent research has shown Polyethylene glycol 3350 maintains the ability to aid the spinal cord injury recovery process, helping the nerve impulse conduction process in animals.
In rats, Polyethylene glycol 3350 has been shown to aid in the repair of severed sciatic axons, helping with nerve damage recovery.
Polyethylene glycol 3350 industrially produced as a lubricating substance for various surfaces to reduce friction.
Polyethylene glycol 3350 is also used in the preparation of vesicle transport systems in with application towards diagnostic procedures or drug delivery methods.
IUPAC NAME:
3,6,9,12,15,18,21,24,27,30,33,36,39-tridecaoxahentetracontane-1,41-diol
a,w-Hydroxypoly(ethylene oxide)
alpha-Hydro-omega-hydroxypoly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl)
ethane-1,2-diol
Ethane-1,2-diol, ethoxylated
Not available
Polietilenoglicol
Poly(ethylene glycol)
Poly(ethylene glycol), flake, 600
Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) , .alpha.-hydro-.omega.-hydroxy-
Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), .alpha.-hydro-.omega.-hydroxy-
Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), .alpha.-hydro-.omega.-hydroxy- (90,000 mol EO average molar ratio)
Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), .alpha.-hydro-.omega.-hydroxy-Ethane-1,2-diol, ethoxylated
Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), a-hydro-w-hydroxy-
Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), alpha-hydro-omega-hydroxy-
Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), α-hydro-ω-hydroxy- Ethane-1,2-diol, ethoxylated
Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl),-hydro-hydroxy- Ethane-1,2-diol,
Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl),.alpha.-hydro-.omega.-hydroxy
Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl),.alpha.-hydro-.omega.-hydroxy;
Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl),?-hydro-?-hydroxy- Ethane-1,2-diol, ethoxylated
Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl),??-hydro-??-hydroxy- Ethane-1,2-diol, ethoxylated
Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl),a-hydro-?-hydroxy- Ethane-1,2-diol, ethoxylated
(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl),α-hydro-ω-hydroxy
Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl),α-hydro-ω-hydroxy- Ethane-1,2-diol
synonyms:
(±)-1,2-propanediol
(±)-1,2-Propanediol
(±)-1,2-Propanediol
(±)-Propylene glycol
(±)-Propylene glycol
(±)-Propylene glycol
(�)-Propylene glycol
(RS)-1,2-Propanediol
1,2-(RS)-Propanediol
