POLYGLUTAMIC ACID

POLYGLUTAMIC ACID = γ-PGA = PGA

CAS Number: 25513-46-6
MDL number: MFCD00148021
Chemical formula: (C5H9NO4)x

Glutamic acid is an amino acid. 
Polyglutamic acid (PGA) is a polymer of the amino acid glutamic acid (GA). 
Gamma PGA (Poly-γ-glutamic acid, γ-PGA) - the form where the peptide bonds are between the amino group of GA and the carboxyl group at the end of the GA side chain - is a major constituent of the Japanese food nattō. 
Gamma PGA is formed by bacterial fermentation.
Polyglutamic acid is a naturally-occurring biopolymer often produced with fermentation of Bacillus subtilis (B.subtilis) bacteria. 

Polyglutamic acid (PGA) is a natural biopolymer composed of duplicate units of L-glutamic acid, D-glutamic acid, or both. Different types of bacteria produce this polymer, each of which has a unique property. 
Polyglutamic acid has two isoforms of gamma polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA) and alpha polyglutamic acid (α-PGA ) . 
γ-PGA exhibits different properties (conformational modes, antimicrobial properties, and molecular weight). 
Due to the specific nature for example biodegradable , non-toxicity is used in the food, medical and water industries. 
In clinical applications, α-PGA has been used for drug delivery. 

γ-PGA is essentially different from α-PGA and is resistant to proteases. 
Other applications include the role of gene transfer. 
The various applications of this polymer depend on its structure and shape.
PGA can also be produced with the mucilage of fermented soybeans. 
Polyglutamic acid can hold 4,000 times its weight in water — 10 times more moisture than hyaluronic acid.
Polyglutamic acid boasts biodegradable, nontoxic, and non-immunogenic properties, making it an interesting ingredient in industries beyond medical and cosmetic.

Polyglutamic acid is created when lots of glutamic acid molecules are linked together.
Polyglutamic acid is a polypeptide that has many properties of interest to researchers, such as:
-water-solubility
-edibility
-environmental friendliness

Polypeptides are long chains of amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. 
Polyglutamic acid is made from chains of the amino acid glutamic acid. 
A powerful hydrator for the skin's surface, Polygluatmic Acid can hold 4x more moisture than Hyaluronic Acid, locking in moisture and helping the skin appear instantly smoother.
This 3% high molecular weight amino polymer is specifically designed to enhance skin moisturization on the surface. 
This helps to reduce the appearance of fine lines, as well as brighten and even skin tone. 

The lightweight silky texture creates a perfect make-up canvas.
A natural high-molecular weight amino acid polymer (big molecule from repeated subunits) that is claimed to have awesome, better than IT-moisturizer HA, skin hydrating properties. 
Polygluatmic Acid is a film-forming polymer that improves both the moisture binding and retention properties of the skin.
Polyglutamic acid is made of strands of the amino acid glutamic acid and is produced by several types of Bacillus bacteria through fermentation. 

Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.
Moisturizes skin, reduces the appearance of wrinkles and pores, replenishes cell moisture.
Polyglutamic acid may help reduce the appearance of wrinkles by keeping your skin hydrated. 
Dry skin tends to shrivel and can make wrinkles and fine lines more noticeable.
One 2014 studyTrusted Source found that polyglutamic acid had more of a moisturizing effect than hyaluronic acid.

Polyglutamic acid is ideal for anyone with dry or dehydrated skin. 
Polyglutamic acid is safe for all skin types.
WORKS WELL WITH: Polyglutamic acid plays nicely with other skincare ingredients, especially hyaluronic acid and vitamin C.
Poly-L-glutamic acid sodium salt is a negatively charged synthetic polyamino acid having one Na per glutamic acid unit. 
Polyglutamic acid is a crystalline solid soluble in water. 

Applications for poly-L-glutamic acid sodium salt include the conjugation to active molecules for improved activities and the layer-by-layer deposition techniques for surface coating.
Polyglutamic acid's a very effective humectant that can grab onto water and keep skin hydrated.
Polyglutamic acid helps seal the moisture in your skin, and enhances the skin’s elasticity.
Part of the aging process involves the loss of HA in the skin, which is broken down by an enzyme called hyaluronidase.

Polyglutamic acid that contain PGA help to inhibit the action of hyaluronidase, resulting in more HA in the skin, and giving an overall moisturized, rejuvenated, and hydrated appearance to the skin.
Polyglutamic acid hydrates your skin by binding water to your skin. 
Polyglutamic acid’s produced via fermentation in labs and also occurs in natto, which is a traditional Japanese food comprised of fermented soy beans, so if fermented ingredients are something you love, rejoice. 

Polyglutamic acid is chemically considered a protein, and much like hyaluronic acid, Polyglutamic acid also is naturally occurring within your skin, so Polyglutamic acid falls right in line with the philosophy of “help your skin do what PGA does” that I’ve really been sticking to lately. 
What makes Polyglutamic acid different is that, according to studies, PGA can hold more water than hyaluronic acid can. 
You always hear that hyaluronic acid can hold 1,000 times its weight in water, and apparently PGA can hold five times that. 

PGA has a relatively larger molecular size, which essentially means that PGA is useful for surface level, and not penetrative, hydration. 
Polyglutamic acid and hyaluronic acid, however, are not mutually exclusive ingredients in formulas. 
Naturally found in the skin, Polyglutamic Acid (PGA) helps to maintain skin's moisture levels and holds 4 times more moisture than hyaluronic acid.
Polyglutamic acid can hold up to 10 times more water than hyaluronic acid. 

PGA can support and boost hyaluronic acid within our skin and can help with signs of aging.
Polyglutamic acid is a humectant – a substance used to reduce the loss of moisture - derived from soybeans, and is a supercharged, powerful skincare ingredient with 4 X the HYDRATING POWER of hyaluronic acid.
Unlike hyaluronic acid, Polyglutamic Acid is made up of larger molecules which help to form a water-locking film over the skin when used in skincare, preventing waterloss and helping to retain moisture.

Polyglutamic Acid is a protein comprised of the amino acid Glutamic Acid. 
The prefix “poly-” in PGAs name means that this molecule contains several groups of the same type. 
“Glutamic acid” is a particular type of amino acid, which are the natural building blocks of the proteins in our bodies.
PGA is found naturally via fermentation of soybeans. 
Polyglutamic acid exists in two forms – alpha polyglutamic acid (synthesized chemically) or gamma polyglutamic acid (synthesized by the fermentation process). 

Due to the way PGA is synthesized, gamma polyglutamic acid is at least ten times larger in size than alpha polyglutamic acid. 
Incorporating polyglutamic acid into your skincare routine will help tremendously replenish the moisture in our skin, leaving our skin smooth, firm, and with reduced appearance of wrinkles. 
Polyglutamic Acid is known to be effective at concentrations as low as 0.1%!
Polyglutamic acid (aka PGA) is a humectant and water-based component, so expect moisture (and lots of it). 

While Polyglutamic Acid’s an acid, Polyglutamic Acid doesn’t exfoliate, but Polyglutamic Acid has similar properties to hyaluronic acid (HA) because Polyglutamic Acid keeps the skin hydrated all day long.
Polyglutamic acid is a powerful hydrator similar to hyaluronic acid, so we have been seeing this [ingredient] in skincare products. 
The actual compound has been around for more than 80 years, but Polyglutamic acid has definitely become more trendy lately.
PGA is used for keeping the skin hydrated and retaining moisture. 

During the colder seasons, try using Polyglutamic acid to replace any moisture loss. 
Polyglutamic acid helps pull in water similar to hyaluronic acid, therefore helping keep the skin hydrated. 
The three main benefits include: retaining and preserving moisture, reducing the appearance of wrinkles and pores and improving elasticity.
γ-Polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a novel molecule that is a component of the mucilage of the fermented soybean food product commonly found in Japan called natto. 

The International Nomenclature Cosmetic Ingredient (INCI) name of γ-PGA is natto gum and it is classified as a film-forming agent. 
The sodium salt of γ-PGA, which is more commonly used and thus served as the test sample in this paper.
The fermented soybean mucilage consists of a mixture of γ-PGA and fructan produced by Bacillus natto.  
γ-PGA to be a fermentation byproduct freely secreted into growth medium outside of the cell walls of Bacillus subtilis. 
Polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA) is mainly found in the sticky material of natto. 

Polyglutamic acid is a kind of natural biodegradable polymer with a rather peculiar structural constitution. 
Due to PGAs multi-functional characteristics, Polyglutamic acid can be applied to chemistry, biochemistry, nutrition, biomedicine, agriculture and industrial fields with high economic value. 
Vedan Biotechnology has mastered the critical production technology and is actively developing and applying Polyglutamic acid to different fields. 

Polyglutamic acid, or “PGA”, is a naturally occurring, non-toxic polymer of the non-essential amino acid glutamic acid. 
Known by its gamma form (γ-PGA), this highly versatile ingredient has a long history of human use. 
Polyglutamic acid occurs naturally in natto, a traditional fermented soy food whose characteristics are so unusual that Polyglutamic acid is called by its native name in every European language. 
Natto as a delicacy first appeared in Japanese culture in the 11th century and is thought to have been used as an offering at altars. 
The viscous, silky threads of PGA on soybeans are formed via fermentation with Bacillus species. 

Still eaten primarily in Japan, Polyglutamic acid is cheap, nutritious, and easily made at home.
For a thousand years PGA was consumed as natto until the unique “mouth” and “skin feel” of PGA led to PGAs exploration in the early 2000’s as an active ingredient in topical cosmetic formulations. 
Knowledge of PGA was prevalent in East Asia from natto and PGA was not until the mid-2010’s that PGA gained global awareness. More research came out and PGA was explored in numerous applications for PGAs water-soluble, water-absorbent, and metal-binding properties. 

Since the 90’s, high productivity Bacillus strains, optimized fermentation conditions and cheaper feedstocks have significantly lowered the cost of goods (COGS) of PGA. 
A lower COGS means innovators are no longer constricted to commercializing highest-margin products. 
Likewise, innovators may be able to tailor the properties of PGA, like molecular weight. High molecular weight (MW) “linear” PGA has long, unmodified repeating units of glutamic acid that can reach over a million Daltons. 

These long strands attract and retain water, unique properties that are exploited as texturizers and film-formers in food and cosmetics, respectively. 
As a dietary supplement, PGA’s binding affinity have been shown to increase calcium absorption in postmenopausal women. 
Next, lower MW linear PGA can be used as non-toxic chelating or flocculating agents, as in eco-friendly wastewater treatment. 

High charge density and γ-amide linkages make γ-PGA an attractive target for replacing commonly-used acrylate polymers in many uses, especially in applications requiring biobased content and biodegradability. 
This includes replacing acrylate- and starch-based superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) with modified “crosslinked” derivatives of PGA. 

Linear PGA is crosslinked to form a three-dimensional lattice with sodium or potassium counter-ions that create an osmotic gradient that draws water in, creating a water-swellable biobased SAP. 
Many everyday absorbent hygiene products use a combination of SAP and cellulose fluff, including infant diapers, feminine napkins, and incontinence products.

Polyglutamic acid (PGA) is the new skin care ingredient causing a stir in the beauty world. 
PGA is on its way to becoming the most popular skin hydrator in the skin care industry.
Polyglutamic acid is a naturally occurring polymer produced from soybeans fermented with Bacillus subtilis. 
PGA is formed when glutamic acid (a type of amino acid) molecules are linked together. 
Polyglutamic acid is the main ingredient in nattō, traditional Japanese food prepared from fermented soybeans. 
PGA is water-soluble, non-toxic, and biodegradable and is often used as a thickener, biological glue, and humectant.

Polyglutamic acid hydrates the skin and maintains PGAs elasticity. 
You may wonder if PGA functions in the same manner as hyaluronic acid, what is the point of using PGA? 
Unlike hyaluronic acid, PGA does not occur naturally in your skin. 
However, PGA works better than hyaluronic acid. 

Provides Hydration:
Research suggests that PGA has moisturizing effects and can maintain skin elasticity better than hyaluronic acid (HA) and collagen. 
PGAs water retention capacity is 10 times more than hyaluronic acid, and 0.2% of PGA holds the same amount of water as 5% glyceroL. 
This means if you have dry and parched skin, PGA can easily quench PGAs thirst better than HA.

Keeps The Skin Youthful:
Well-hydrated skin stays plump and youthful. 
Polyglutamic acid maintains skin elasticity, which helps reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles and keeps your skin youthful, soft, and supple. 
Products with PGA may have anti-aging effects on the skin.

Has Wound Healing Properties:
Animal studies reveal that PGA can heal wounds by improving collagen production and blood vessel regeneration. 
PGA also increases the levels of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and beta-catenin proteins to speed up healing.

May Heal Skin Infections:
Polyglutamic acid is effective against acne-causing bacteria S.aureus and the yeast Candida albicans that causes fungal infections like athlete’s foot, jock itch, diaper rash, and nail fungus.

There are some major differences between hyaluronic acid and polyglutamic acid, one of which being that HA is naturally produced by the human body and PGA is not. 
PGA is naturally derived from plant sources, though: PGA occurs in nattō, a traditional Japanese breakfast food made of fermented soybeans.

Polyglutamic acid is made up of multiple amino acids (glutamic acid) that are all linked together. 
PGA’s actually made from bacterial fermentation of soybeans, commonly found in Japanese natto. 
Although PGA’s called polyglutamic acid, these days Polyglutamic acid goes by PGA!
PGA, like HA, is a humectant, working to hydrate skin by retaining water. 
And hydration, as we know, is key to helping preserve skin’s elasticity over time, as well as plump up skin in the short term, reducing the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. 
In fact, a 2014 study found PGA to be more effective in hydrating skin and preserving elasticity than HA or collagen. 

Evidence suggests that PGA, in addition to holding moisture, can help mitigate the effects of hyaluronidase, an enzyme that breaks down the hyaluronic acid that naturally occurs in the skin. 
So even if you’re already supplementing your skin with an HA serum, PGA can offer you some added benefits by protecting the HA already present. 
Furthermore, PGA can help ramp up your body’s production of moisturizing agents that occur naturally in the skin, like lactic acid. 
There’s also some research showing that PGA has anti-microbial and immune-supporting properties which could benefit skin.

Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a naturally occurring biopolymer made up of repeating units of l-glutamic acid, d-glutamic acid or both. 
γ-PGA can exhibit different properties (conformational states, enantiomeric properties and molecular mass). 
Owing to PGAs biodegradable, non-toxic and non-immunogenic properties, PGA has been used successfully in the food, medical and wastewater industries. 

Amongst other novel applications, PGA has the potential to be used for protein crystallization, as a soft tissue adhesive and a non-viral vector for safe gene delivery. 
This review focuses on the production, properties and applications of γ-PGA. 
Each application of γ-PGA utilizes specific properties attributed to various forms of γ-PGA. 
Many medical applications (especially drug delivery) have exploited α-PGA. 
As γ-PGA is essentially different from α-PGA (i.e. it does not involve a chemical modification step and is not susceptible to proteases), γ-PGA could be better utilized for such medical applications. 

PGA has the potential to beat out the OG hydrator hyaluronic acid. 
PGA is actually one of the most potent and powerful hydrators around! 
PGA not only attracts water like hyaluronic acid, but also works as an emollient. 
Forming a film on the top layer of your skin to smooth out texture, enhance elasticity and replenish your skin.
Unlike hyaluronic acid, PGA doesn’t occur naturally in our skin, but PGA does works synergistically with hyaluronic acid. Both inhibit enzymes that break hyaluronic acid down, so PGA just boosts the benefits even more! 

Polyglutamic acid is derived from fermented soybean mucilage and is a peptide (aka protein) that is emerging to be a game-changer in the world of skin care. 
Unlike hyaluronic acid, polyglutamic acid has larger molecules which in turn allows a thin film to form on the surface of your skin, thereby preventing water loss.

Having said that, polyglutamic acid is no replacement for hyaluronic acid. 
In fact, both these ingredients work powerfully together to provide our skin a mega dose of hydration which we need, when our moisture levels drastically dip. 
While hyaluronic acid on one hand will hydrate the lower levels of your skin, polyglutamic acid on the other will hydrate the top layer of your skin and form a seal that ensures maximum hydration.

Polyglutamic acid is what causes the stickiness and stringiness found in the Japanese food natto (fermented soybeans).  
The probiotic namely, bacillus subtilis that produces polyglutamic acid is water soluble and biodegradable.
You will see the stringiness and the sliminess of the beans and when mixed with water, you will see how Polyglutamic acid binds with water but still has the stringiness between the fingers.

While certain ingredients tend to dominate the conversation in the skin-care world (looking at you, vitamin C), others fly under the radar until they’re finally, eventually brought into the limelight. 
And that’s exactly the case with polyglutamic acid, an ingredient that might be news to you but has actually been low-key appearing  in formulations for a while now.
Evidence shows that polyglutamic acid acts like hyaluronic acid 2.0; PGA’s able to both protect the all-star molecule from breaking down and keep up with (and possibly even outperform) PGAs hydrating abilities. 
PGA can do more than just serve as a buddie to hyaluronic acid, too.

Just like tranexamic and hyaluronic acids before it, PGA is only an acid in structure — meaning PGA doesn’t function like the other exfoliating acids we know and love, like lactic and glycolic acids. 
Rather, PGA is a peptide, which is a type of short chain of amino acids that serves as a building block for key proteins in skin, such as collagen and elastin.
If you haven’t heard of polyglutamic acid before (often referred to as PGA), you’re probably wondering what PGA actually is. Well, PGA  is a protein derived from fermented soybean that is ten times more hydrating than hyaluronic acid.

Polyglutamic acid is a water-soluble peptide that is derived from fermented soybeans. 
Polyglutamic acid is highly praised for PGAs versatility and is often considered by skincare experts that polyglutamic acid contains more moisturising content than the well know humectant hyaluronic acid by deliver impressive results in the skin’s production of collagen and elastin a boost in hydration and the face restoring volume and bounce. 

If you are looking to introduce an ingredient into your daily skincare routine that can seal moisture into the skin, iron out the appearance of fine line and wrinkles whilst aiding other skincare formulations to absorb into the skin quicker allowing you see results and an overall improved complexion. 
Polyglutamic acid is in fact the ideal ingredient to focus on using during the colder, winter months which attacks the skin with harsh climate changes, change in temperatures and exposure to central heated environments.

To begin with, polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a naturally occurring, water-soluble biopolymer that comprises of large molecules. 
Polyglutamic acid forms a thin layer on the skin’s surface which prevents the loss of water. 
Additionally, Polyglutamic acid promotes the skin’s natural moisturizing process. 
This in turn will plump the appearance of fine lines and brighten dull complexions.

Polyglutamic acid is produced by a number of Bacillus (bacteria) species and has the ability to inhibit the enzyme hyaluronidase, which destroys hyaluronic acid when we age. 
This is significant as hyaluronic acid functions to retain water to keep tissues moist. 
Though polyglutamic acid bears many similarities to hyaluronic acid, PGAs moisture retention can go up to five times (or more) as compared to hyaluronic acid.

Polyglutamic acid or really any acid sounds like something you would want to avoid putting on your skin, especially your face. 
However, there are many acids incorporated into skincare products because of their exfoliating and brightening properties. Polyglutamic acid naturally appears in fermented soybeans but Polyglutamic acid was “discovered” by accident in 1937.
Glutamic acid is an amino acid, Polyglutamic acid is created when lots of glutamic acid molecules are linked together. 
This acid functions differently from most acids used for skincare. 
After PGAs properties were analyzed, Polyglutamic acid was discovered that polyglutamic acid was an incredibly powerful humectant moisturizer. 

A simple but thorough skincare routine consists of cleansing, toning, applying antioxidant serums, applying a hyaluronic acid product, then applying polyglutamic acid to seal everything in before finishing with sunscreen. 
These two ingredients have a synergistic effect, as polyglutamic acid stops hyaluronic acid from breaking down.
Of those, the two ingredients, apply polyglutamic acid second, as its gel-like consistency locks in hyaluronic acid, which has a more watery consistency.
However, if you have oily skin using PGA alone should be enough extra hydration for your skin. 
PGA can be applied twice a day, in the morning and again at night. 
If you’re using PGA in serum form, make the most of it by allowing the product to sink in fully before layering other products.

Moisturisers usually fall into one of two categories. 
They either help your skin to retain more water (these are called ‘humectant’) or stop your skin for losing moisture by creating a barrier over the top of skin (these are called ‘occlusive agents’). 
Hyaluronic acid falls into the first category, holding up to 100 times its weight in water to help boost your complexion’s hydration and leave you with more moisturised skin. 

Polyglutamic acid on the other hand, crossed both camps of products, and can reportedly hold even more water than hyaluronic acid, while also forming a film on skin to help prevent the loss of moisture, to boot.
But PGA isn’t necessarily a case of replacing your hyaluronic acid with a polyglutamic acid product. 
The two work together, with the hyaluronic acid penetrating the deeper levels of the skin and helping subsequent products work better.
Polyglutamic acid also works well as a primer, since PGA leaves a silky film over skin to lock in moisture. 

USES and APPLICATIONS of POLYGLUTAMIC ACID:
-When used in skin care, polyglutamic acid helps draw moisture from the atmosphere into your skin. 
Polyglutamic acid's properties are similar to other commonly used moisturizing ingredients like hyaluronic acid and glycerin.
-Moistening
-Regenerating
-Viscosity regulating agent
-Water treatment

-Delivering some medications
-Skin moisturizing
-Decreases the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles,
-Increases skin’s elasticity,
-Moisturises your skin and helps maintain healthy hydration levels,
-Supports your skin’s natural exfoliation process

-Minimises pigmentation.
-Polyglutamic acid is also found in the traditional Japanese food made from fermented soybeans, called “natto.”
-In skin care, polyglutamic acid acts as a humectant. 
-A humectant is a substance that pulls moisture from the air and into your skin.
-The primary benefit of polyglutamic acid and other humectants is keeping your skin moist by drawing moisture from the atmosphere into the upper layers of your skin.

-Polyglutamic acid may help reduce the effects of aging like dry or sagging skin by keeping your skin hydrated.
-Polyglutamic acid serum. 
You can apply a polyglutamic acid serum or other hydrating serums to your face up to twice daily to help keep your face moisturized.
-Polyglutamic acid creams, gels, or lotions. 
Many companies sell creams and other topical products containing polyglutamic to target your face or the area around your eyes. 
Often polyglutamic acid is combined with other ingredients that reduce the effects of aging.

-Polyglutamic acid supplement. 
You may find polyglutamic acid in supplement form, but Polyglutamic acid’s unlikely to improve your skin health. 
Polyglutamic acid supplements may increase calcium bioavailability and help prevent osteoporosis, according to a 2016 research.
-Gamma PGA has a wide number of potential uses ranging from food and medicine to water treatment.
-The other isomer, poly-α-glutamic acid is being used as a drug delivery system in cancer treatment and research is underway for its application in a treatment of type I diabetes and its potential use in the production of an AIDS vaccine.

-PGA is a powerful humectant able to increase the production of natural moisturizing factors similar to hyaluronic acid and collagen.
-PGA can enhance the skin’s elasticity levels more than collagen and hyaluronic acid. 
-PGA has been reported to refresh and nourish the skin, helping it to feel smoother and look better.
-PGA has demonstrated the potential to improve the qualities of skin care products, including those formulated to exfoliate, moisturize, and address wrinkles. 

-PGA can apparently help your skin not break down hyaluronic acid as quickly, regardless of whether PGA’s naturally occurring or topically applied, meaning Polyglutamic acid can help your hydration last longer. 
Longer lasting hydration means we can better avoid the appearance and, more importantly, the feeling of dehydrated skin. 
-There’s also some research that PGA can help aid in preventing and treating hyperpigmentation. 
-Polyglutamic acid (often abbreviated to PGA) holds up to 10 times more moisture than cult skincare ingredient hyaluronic acid (or HA), making Polyglutamic acid one of the most powerful hydrating ingredients around for tired, dry and dehydrated skin.

-From slowing down the ageing process to boosting skin elasticity
-PGA keeps skin super dewy, hydrated and maintains the bounce or sponge-like quality of younger skin. 
-But the lesser-known PGA does have some specific advantages. 
First, PGA is an instant gratification ingredient. 
-Polyglutamic acid is more effective in diminishing the appearance of fine lines, wrinkles, and the appearance of pores. 
The acid's efficient hydration plumps the upper layers of your complexion, creating a quick-acting glass skin effect. 

-A high molecular weight formula, Polyglutamic acid works on the surface of the skin, and helps to enhance skin's own natural moisturising factors, while helping to brighten and even skin tone. 
For optimal results pair with Hyaluronic Acid. 
A triple molecular weight formula that works below the surface of the skin, helping it look and feel hydrated, plump and healthy.

Polyglutamic Acid helps to:
-Forms a thing, smooth and moisturising film on the skin
-Reduce the appearance of fine lines
-Brighten skin and evens tone

-Polyglutamic acid (PGA) is derived from fermented soybeans and is a peptide (protein) with incredible humectant properties. Polyglutamic acid is said to hold up to 10 times more water than hyaluronic acid, and hyaluronic acid holds 1000x its weight in water. 
-Polyglutamic acid also improves the barrier function of our skin by aiding in the synthesis of natural moisturizing factors; this means PGA’s great for sensitive skin conditions where the barrier function may be compromised. 

-Polyglutamic acid hydrates the skin:
Polyglutamic acid is a powerful humectant. 
Polyglutamic acid works by stimulating our skin to produce “moisture magnets”, otherwise known as natural moisturizing factors. 
Natural moisturizing factors such as free amino acids produced by our skin are important for skin hydration as they attract and bind water molecules in our skin.

-Polyglutamic acid protects the skin:
In addition, research shows that polyglutamic acid can protect our skin by preventing it from losing moisture to the environment. 
Polyglutamic acid protects our skin from losing moisture by strengthening the skin's barrier function, thereby increasing the ability of our skin to retain moisture. 
The PGA itself also forms a protective layer over the skin itself, to further protect the natural skin barrier.

-Polyglutamic acid reduces signs of aging:
Skin hydration is the key to preventing skin aging as skin that is well-hydrated is healthier, smoother and firmer than when dry.
Keeping your skin hydrated also slows down the formation of wrinkles and even softens those pesky fine lines you have been trying to get rid of. 
This is corroborated by research findings that show that Polyglutamic acid (PGA) increases skin elasticity as early as 2 weeks after usage.

-Polyglutamic acid makes the skin feel smooth and soft:
Applying skincare products with polyglutamic acid onto our skin also provides a desirable sensory feel as Polyglutamic acid forms a smooth and soft film on our skin. 
Using skincare products with polyglutamic acid therefore nourishes our skin by replenishing the moisture in our skin while leaving our skin smooth and firm.

-Medical beauty:
Polyglutamic acid has excellent moisturizing effect and is a functional long-acting moisturizer. 
Polyglutamic acid is from non-animal source, so Polyglutamic acid is able to reduce skin sensitivity more and is ideal for use in cosmetics.
-Functional Healthcare:
As a functional healthcare material, γ-PGA can enhance the healthy growth of bones and flexibility.

-General food:
Polyglutamic acid is classified as an edible ingredient by Taiwan TFDA and as a food additive that can improve the quality of food by Japan’s Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare.
-Medical devices:
As Polyglutamic acid is an agent with high water-absorbing properties, Polyglutamic acid is suitable for use in related medical products.
-Water treatment:
Polyglutamic acid can remove heavy metals in water via chelation

-Polyglutamic acid’s been used in various applications, like water purification and medicine, for many years, and scientists continue to explore its potential uses in skincare and beyond.
-Polyglutamic acid is a molecule that naturally occurs within the skin and act as a humectant. 
PGA's bigger and rounder than your usual hyaluronic molecule, which means that Polyglutamic acid sits and hydrates the upper layer of the skin. 
PGA's amazing for those looking for that "glass skin" look, as PGA gives a dewy and plump appearance to the skin. 
As the acid works like a natural highlighter, PGA is amazing for prepping skin before a photoshoot, and making the skin look smoother.

-Hydration:
Polyglutamic is a master at hydration! 
Polyglutamic acid is ideal for those with dull or dry skin as Polyglutamic acid can help give you that bouncy glow.

-Wound Healing:
Surprisingly, polyglutamic acid was used for the medical healing of wounds and burns before being a star skincare ingredient. Polyglutamic acid is gentle and great to apply on sensitive skin.

-Anti-Aging:
With frequent use, polyglutamic acid can help to reduce fine lines and wrinkles. 
Since Polyglutamic acid hold in moisture for a long amount of time, Polyglutamic acid can help improve skin elasticity.

-From diminishing the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles and minimizing pigmentation to boosting skin elasticity and stimulating the skin’s natural moisturising processes, polyglutamic acid is the secret ingredient you didn’t know your skin needed. 
This all-new skin care ingredient works to give you smooth, plump and radiant skin. 
Polyglutamic acid is a humectant that not just draws more water into the cells but also holds it in. 
PGA is a miracle ingredient, especially for all those with tight, dehydrated skin.

-Moisturising Effects:
Exposure to external factors such as the sun’s UV rays and temperature, as well as endogenous factors like hormones, may disrupt skin balance between the water content and lipids on the skin. 
This results in dry skin and atopic dermatitis on the skin in more severe cases. 

When γ-PGA is incorporated into cosmeceutical moisturizers, PGA acts as a good hydrophilic humectant with the ability to increase production of natural moisturizing factors, namely urocanic acid and lactic acid. 
γ-PGA also shows to enhance skin elasticity more than collagen and hyaluronic acid.
Additionally, Polyglutamic acid is used as an active ingredient in hyaluronidase inhibitor that degrades hyaluronic acid present in skin dermis. 
Therefore, this is significant in maintaining skin elasticity and reduce allergenic reactions. 

-Antimicrobial Activity:
Furthermore, γ-PGA plays an important role as an antimicrobial agent, which is a crucial material for cosmeceutical and biomedical applications. 
To illustrate, research studies show that γ-PGA exhibits antimicrobial activity. 
γ-PGA was found to inhibit both Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria

-Plumps skin reducing the appearance of existing fine lines and wrinkles 
-Enhances elasticity to help prevent new fine lines and wrinkles from forming
-Slows the aging process by inhibiting the breakdown of natural hyaluronic acid found deep within the skin
-Increases the production of natural moisturizing acids, such as lactic acid

WHAT ARE POLYGLUTAMIC ACID'S BENEFITS?
Polyglutamic acid can also have a synergistic effect on hyaluronic acid, helping it to stick around longer so the latter can work its magic. 
Hyaluronic acid undergoes breakdown by an enzyme called hyaluronidase, which occurs naturally in our skin.
PGA will not only hydrate your skin longer than hyaluronic acid, but will also limit hyaluronic acid’s breakdown by hyaluronidase — keeping your HA around longer.
For that reason, hyaluronic acid and polyglutamic acid are a winning ingredient combo.

As if that weren’t compelling enough, Polyglutamic acid’s also been shown to have wound-healing abilities, and a study in Microbiology also found that polyglutamic acid is able to boost Natural Moisturizing Factors (or NMFs) in the skin. 
These NMFs are naturally found throughout skin, where they help maintain the skin barrier, hydrate the surface layer of skin, and help shed dead skin cells — so they’re integral to overall healthy skin.

What’s more, that Microbiology paper also concluded that polyglutamic acid seems to be even better at boosting skin’s elasticity — improving how bouncy and firm Polyglutamic acid is — than either collagen and hyaluronic acid. 
If that’s not a reason to use Polyglutamic acid, we’re not sure what is.

And last but certainly not least, Polyglutamic acid creates a type of invisible moisture barrier on the skin, like a lightweight seal. 
That makes a super-smooth canvas for makeup application, allowing you to apply and blend Polyglutamic acid more smoothly and seamlessly.

POLYGLUTAMIC ACID (PGA) AND HYALURONIC ACID (HA)
Hyaluronic acid and Polyglutamic acid should be new best friends! 
Hyaluronic acid occurs naturally in our bodies, but its concentration in our skin decreases over time, leading to sagging and wrinkled skin. 
Polyglutamic acid inhibits the hyaluronidase enzyme which normally breaks down HA. 

In PGA's hydrogel form, the larger polyglutamic acid molecules form a soft and smooth film outside of your skin, whereas the smaller hyaluronic acid molecules penetrate and hydrate your skin. 
This means that when combined, PGA and HA can prevent your skin from losing its natural moisture (PGA) and also restore any moisture already lost (HA)! 
The synergistic effects of these two powerhouse humectants is a great way to refresh and energize your skin.

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of POLYGLUTAMIC ACID:
Soluble in: water, 9.416e+005 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
Molecular Weight:15,000-50,000
Appearance: Powder
Physical State: Solid
Solubility: Soluble in water(alkaline solution), dichloroacetic acid, chloroform, DMF(warm), dioxane, and acetic acid.
Storage: Store at 4° C
Appearance Form: powder
Colour: white
Odour: No data available
Odour Threshold: No data available
pH: No data available
Melting point/freezing point: No data available
Initial boiling point and boiling range: No data available it.
Flash point: No data available
Evaporation rate: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Vapour pressure: No data available
Vapour density: No data available
Relative density: No data available
Water solubility: No data available
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water No data available
Auto-ignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
Viscosity: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: No data available

FIRST AID MEASURES of POLYGLUTAMIC ACID:
-Description of first aid measures:
*General advice:
Consult a physician. 
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air. 
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. 
Rinse mouth with water. 
Consult a physician. 

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of POLYGLUTAMIC ACID:
-Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:
Use personal protective equipment
-Environmental precautions:
No special environmental precautions required.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Sweep up and shovel. 
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.  

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of POLYGLUTAMIC ACID:
-Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.
-Further information: no data available 

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of POLYGLUTAMIC ACID:
-Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters:
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
-Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. 
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

-Personal protective equipment
*Eye/face protection
Safety glasses with side-shields conforming to EN166 . Use equipment for eye protection tested and
approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

*Skin protection
Handle with gloves. 
Gloves must be inspected prior to use. 
Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. 
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.
The selected protective gloves have to satisfy the specifications of EU Directive 89/686/EEC and the standard EN 374 derived from it.

*Body Protection
Choose body protection in relation to its type, to the concentration and amount of dangerous substances, and to the specific work-place. 

*Respiratory protection
Respiratory protection is not required. 
Where protection from nuisance levels of dusts are desired, use type N95 (US) or type P1 (EN 143) dust masks. 
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU)

HANDLING AND STORAGE of POLYGLUTAMIC ACID:
-Precautions for safe handling 
Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities
Store in cool place. 
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Recommended storage temperature 4°C

STABILITY AND REACTIVITY of POLYGLUTAMIC ACID:
-Reactivity: no data available
-Chemical stability: Stable under recommended storage conditions. 

SYNONYMS:
Poly[imino[(1S)-1-(2-carboxyethyl)-2-oxo-1,2-ethanediyl]]
Poly[imino[1-(2-carboxyethyl)-2-oxo-1,2-ethanediyl]]
Poly(L-α-glutamyl)
Poly-L-glutamic acid 
(2S)-2-aminopentanedioic acid (poly)
glutamic acid polymer
alpha-L-glutamic acid polymer
L-glutamic acid, homopolymer
poly-L-glutamate
poly(alpha-L-glutamic acid)
(2S)-2-aminopentanedioic acid (poly)
Poly[imino[1-carboxy-4-oxo-1,4-butanediyl]]
γ-poly(L-glutamic acid) macromolecule
Gamma-polyglutamic acid
γ-Polyglutamic Acid
Natto Gum
Plant collagen
collagene vegetable, phyto collage