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EC / List no.: 825-250-5
CAS no.: 26100-51-6
Polylactic acid, also known as poly(lactic acid) or polylactide (abbreviation PLA) is a thermoplastic polyester with backbone formula (C3H4O2)n or [–C(CH3)HC(=O)O–]n, formally obtained by condensation of lactic acid C(CH3)(OH)HCOOH with loss of water (hence its name).
Polylactic acid (PLA) can also be prepared by ring-opening polymerization of lactide [–C(CH3)HC(=O)O–]2, the cyclic dimer of the basic repeating unit.
Polylactic acid (PLA) has become a popular material due to it being economically produced from renewable resources.
In 2010, Polylactic acid (PLA) had the second highest consumption volume of any bioplastic of the world, although it is still not a commodity polymer.
Its widespread application has been hindered by numerous physical and processing shortcomings.
Polylactic acid (PLA) is the most widely used plastic filament material in 3D printing.
Although the name "polylactic acid" is widely used, it does not comply with IUPAC standard nomenclature, which is "poly(lactic acid)".
The name "polylactic acid" is potentially ambiguous or confusing, because Polylactic acid (PLA) is not a polyacid (polyelectrolyte), but rather a polyester.
Chemical properties
Synthesis
The monomer is typically made from fermented plant starch such as from corn, cassava, sugarcane or sugar beet pulp.
Several industrial routes afford usable (i.e. high molecular weight) PLA.
Two main monomers are used: lactic acid, and the cyclic di-ester, lactide.
The most common route to Polylactic acid (PLA) is the ring-opening polymerization of lactide with various metal catalysts (typically tin octoate) in solution or as a suspension.
The metal-catalyzed reaction tends to cause racemization of the PLA, reducing its stereoregularity compared to the starting material (usually corn starch).
The direct condensation of lactic acid monomers can also be used to produce PLA.
This process needs to be carried out at less than 200 °C; above that temperature, the entropically favored lactide monomer is generated.
This reaction generates one equivalent of water for every condensation (esterification) step.
The condensation reaction is reversible and subject to equilibrium, so removal of water is required to generate high molecular weight species.
Water removal by application of a vacuum or by azeotropic distillation is required to drive the reaction toward polycondensation.
Molecular weights of 130 kDa can be obtained this way.
Even higher molecular weights can be attained by carefully crystallizing the crude polymer from the melt.
Carboxylic acid and alcohol end groups are thus concentrated in the amorphous region of the solid polymer, and so they can react. Molecular weights of 128–152 kDa are obtainable thus.
Another method devised is by contacting lactic acid with a zeolite.
This condensation reaction is a one-step process, and runs about 100 °C lower in temperature.
Stereoisomers
Due to the chiral nature of lactic acid, several distinct forms of polylactide exist: poly-L-lactide (PLLA) is the product resulting from polymerization of L,L-lactide (also known as L-lactide).
Progress in biotechnology has resulted in the development of commercial production of the D enantiomer form.
Polymerization of a racemic mixture of L- and D-lactides usually leads to the synthesis of poly-DL-lactide (PDLLA), which is amorphous.
Use of stereospecific catalysts can lead to heterotactic Polylactic acid (PLA) which has been found to show crystallinity.
The degree of crystallinity, and hence many important properties, is largely controlled by the ratio of D to L enantiomers used, and to a lesser extent on the type of catalyst used.
Apart from lactic acid and lactide, lactic acid O-carboxyanhydride ("lac-OCA"), a five-membered cyclic compound has been used academically as well.
This compound is more reactive than lactide, because its polymerization is driven by the loss of one equivalent of carbon dioxide per equivalent of lactic acid.
Water is not a co-product.
The direct biosynthesis of PLA, in a manner similar to production of poly(hydroxyalkanoate)s, has been reported.
Physical and mechanical properties
Polylactic acid (PLA) polymers range from amorphous glassy polymer to semi-crystalline and highly crystalline polymer with a glass transition 60–65 °C, a melting temperature 130-180 °C, and a Young's modulus 2.7–16 GPa.
Heat-resistant Polylactic acid (PLA) can withstand temperatures of 110 °C.
The basic mechanical properties of Polylactic acid (PLA) are between those of polystyrene and PET.
The melting temperature of Poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) can be increased by 40–50 °C and its heat deflection temperature can be increased from approximately 60 °C to up to 190 °C by physically blending the polymer with PDLA (poly-D-lactide).
PDLA and Poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) form a highly regular stereocomplex with increased crystallinity.
The temperature stability is maximised when a 1:1 blend is used, but even at lower concentrations of 3–10% of PDLA, there is still a substantial improvement.
In the latter case, PDLA acts as a nucleating agent, thereby increasing the crystallization rate.
Biodegradation of PDLA is slower than for Polylactic acid (PLA) due to the higher crystallinity of PDLA. The flexural modulus of Polylactic acid (PLA) is higher than polystyrene and Polylactic acid (PLA) has good heat sealability.
Several technologies such as annealing, adding nucleating agents, forming composites with fibers or nano-particles, chain extending and introducing crosslink structures have been used to enhance the mechanical properties of Polylactic acid (PLA) polymers.
Polylactic acid can be processed like most thermoplastics into fiber (for example, using conventional melt spinning processes) and film.
Polylactic acid (PLA) has similar mechanical properties to PETE polymer, but has a significantly lower maximum continuous use temperature.
Racemic Polylactic acid (PLA) and pure Poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) have low glass transition temperatures, making them undesirable because of low strength and melting point.
A stereocomplex of PDLA and Poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) has a higher glass transition temperature, lending it more mechanical strength.
The high surface energy of Polylactic acid (PLA) results in good printability, making it widely used in 3D printing.
The tensile strength for 3D printed Polylactic acid (PLA) was previously determined.
Solvents
Polylactic acid (PLA) is soluble in a range of organic solvents.
Ethyl acetate is widely used because of its ease of access and low risk.
Polylactic acid (PLA) is useful in 3D printers for cleaning the extruder heads and for removing Polylactic acid (PLA) supports.
Other safe solvents include propylene carbonate, which is safer than ethyl acetate but is difficult to purchase commercially.
Pyridine can be used, but it has a distinct fish odor and is less safe than ethyl acetate.
Polylactic acid (PLA) is also soluble in hot benzene, tetrahydrofuran, and dioxane.
Fabrication
Polylactic acid (PLA) objects can be fabricated by 3D printing, casting, injection moulding, extrusion, machining, and solvent welding.
Polylactic acid (PLA) is used as a feedstock material in desktop fused filament fabrication by 3D printers, such as RepRap printers.
The boiling point of ethyl acetate is low enough to smooth Polylactic acid (PLA) surfaces in a vapor chamber, similar to using acetone vapor to smooth ABS.
Polylactic acid (PLA) can be solvent welded using dichloromethane.
Acetone also softens the surface of PLA, making it sticky without dissolving it, for welding to another Polylactic acid (PLA) surface.
PLA-printed solids can be encased in plaster-like moulding materials, then burned out in a furnace, so that the resulting void can be filled with molten metal.
This is known as "lost Polylactic acid (PLA) casting", a type of investment casting.
Applications
Consumer goods
Polylactic acid (PLA) is used in a large variety of consumer products such as disposable tableware, cutlery, housings for kitchen appliances and electronics such as laptops and handheld devices, and microwavable trays.
(However, Polylactic acid (PLA) is not suitable for microwavable containers because of its low glass transition temperature.)
Polylactic acid (PLA) is used for compost bags, food packaging and loose-fill packaging material that is cast, injection molded, or spun.
In the form of a film, Polylactic acid (PLA) shrinks upon heating, allowing it to be used in shrink tunnels.
In the form of fibers, Polylactic acid (PLA) is used for monofilament fishing line and netting.
In the form of nonwoven fabrics, Polylactic acid (PLA) is used for upholstery, disposable garments, awnings, feminine hygiene products, and diapers.
Polylactic acid (PLA) has applications in engineering plastics, where the stereocomplex is blended with a rubber-like polymer such as ABS.
Such blends have good form stability and visual transparency, making them useful in low-end packaging applications.
Polylactic acid (PLA) is used for automotive parts such as floor mats, panels, and covers.
Its heat resistance and durability are inferior to the widely used polypropylene (PP), but its properties are improved by means such as capping of the end groups to reduce hydrolysis.
Agricultural
In the form of fibers, Polylactic acid (PLA) is used for monofilament fishing line and netting for vegetation and weed prevention.
Polylactic acid (PLA) is used for sandbags, planting pots, binding tape and ropes.
Medical
Polylactic acid (PLA) can degrade into innocuous lactic acid, making it suitable for use as medical implants in the form of anchors, screws, plates, pins, rods, and mesh.
Depending on the type used, it breaks down inside the body within 6 months to 2 years.
This gradual degradation is desirable for a support structure, because it gradually transfers the load to the body (e.g., to the bone) as that area heals.
The strength characteristics of Polylactic acid (PLA) and Poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) implants are well documented.
Thanks to its bio-compatibility and biodegradability, Polylactic acid (PLA) found interest as a polymeric scaffold for drug delivery purposes.
The composite blend of poly(L-lactide-co-D,L-lactide) (PLDLLA) with tricalcium phosphate (TCP) is used as PLDLLA/TCP scaffolds for bone engineering.
Poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) is the main ingredient in Sculptra, a facial volume enhancer used for treating lipoatrophy of the cheeks.
Poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) is used to stimulate collagen synthesis in fibroblasts via foreign body reaction in the presence of macrophages.
Macrophages act as a stimulant in secretion of cytokines and mediators such as TGF-β, which stimulate the fibroblast to secrete collagen into the surrounding tissue.
Therefore, Poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) has potential applications in the dermatological studies.
Poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) is under investigation as a scaffold that can generate a small amount of electric current via the piezoelectric effect that stimulates the growth of mechanically robust cartilege in multiple animal models
Degradation
Polylactic acid (PLA) is degraded abiotically by three mechanisms:
Hydrolysis: The ester groups of the main chain are cleaved, thus reducing molecular weight.
Thermal decomposition: A complex phenomenon leading to the appearance of different compounds such as lighter molecules and linear and cyclic oligomers with different Mw, and lactide.
Photodegradation: UV radiation induces degradation.
This is a factor mainly where Polylactic acid (PLA) is exposed to sunlight in its applications in plasticulture, packaging containers and films.
The hydrolytic reaction is: -COO + H2O -> - COOH + -OH-
The degradation rate is very slow in ambient temperatures.
A 2017 study found that at 25 °C in seawater, Polylactic acid (PLA) showed no loss of mass over a year, but the study did not measure breakdown of the polymer chains or water absorption.
As a result, it degrades poorly in landfills and household composts, but is effectively digested in hotter industrial composts, usually degrading best at temperatures of over 60 °C.
Pure Polylactic acid (PLA) foams are selectively hydrolysed in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) supplemented with fetal bovine serum (FBS) (a solution mimicking body fluid).
After 30 days of submersion in DMEM+FBS, a Poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) scaffold lost about 20% of its weight.
Polylactic acid (PLA) samples of various molecular weights were degraded into methyl lactate (a green solvent) by using a metal complex catalyst.
Polylactic acid (PLA) can also be degraded by some bacteria, such as Amycolatopsis and Saccharothrix.
A purified protease from Amycolatopsis sp., Polylactic acid (PLA) depolymerase, can also degrade PLA.
Enzymes such as pronase and most effectively proteinase K from Tritirachium album degrade PLA.
General Description
polylactic acid (PLA) is an improved carbon fiber reinforced 3D printing filament.
This filament is ideal for anyone that desires a structrual component with high modulus, excellent surface quality, light weight, and ease of printing.
Made using premium Natureworks Polylactic acid (PLA)and high modulus carbon fiber.
9100 Mpa Flexural Modulus (128% improvement over unfilled ABS)
Polylactic acid (PLA), DL- is the racemic isomer of lactic acid, the biologically active isoform in humans.
Polylactic acid (PLA) or lactate is produced during fermentation from pyruvate by lactate dehydrogenase.
This reaction, in addition to producing lactic acid, also produces nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) that is then used in glycolysis to produce energy source adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Uses:
polylactic acid (PLA) is a lactic acid polymer that can be used as a filler.
Polylactic acid (PLA) was introduced in 1966 for degradable surgical implants.
Hydrolysis yields lactic acid, a normal intermediate of carbohydrate metabolism.
Polyglycolic acid sutures have a predictable degradation rate which coincides with the healing sequence of natural tissues.
Polylactic acid, also known as polylactide, is prepared from the cyclic diester of lactic acid (lactide) by ring-opening addition polymerization.
Pure DL-lactide displays greater bioresorbability, whereas pure poly-Llactide is more hydrolytically resistant.
The actual time required for poly-L-lactide implants to be completely absorbed is relatively long, and depends on polymer purity, processing conditions, implant site, and physical dimensions of the implant.
Poly(L-lactide); PLLA; is a semi-crystalline biodegradable polymer used in drug delivery; the acetylene functionality is commonly utilized in copper mediated ligation.
PLLA is soluble in toluene; THF; CHCl3; and CH2Cl2; insoluble in methanol; hexane and ether.
Polylactic acid (PLA) appears as a colorless to yellow odorless syrupy liquid.
Corrosive to metals and tissue. Used to make cultured dairy products, as a food preservative, and to make chemicals.
The fastest growing use for lactic acid is its use as a monomer for the production of polylactic acid or polylactide (PLA). ...
Applications for Polylactic acid (PLA) include containers for the food and beverage industries, films and rigid containers for packaging, and serviceware (cups, plates, utensils).
The Polylactic acid (PLA) polymer can also be spun into fibers and used in apparel, fiberfill (pillows, comforters), carpet, and nonwoven applications such as wipes.
Polylactic acid (PLA) is used in metal plating, cosmetics, and the textile and leather industry.
In dyeing baths, as mordant in printing woolen goods, solvent for water-insoluble dyes (alcohol-soluble induline, nigrosine, spirit-blue).
Reducing chromates in mordanting wool.
Manufacturing cheese, confectionery.
Component of babies' milk formulas; acidulant in beverages; for acidulating worts in brewing.
In preparation of sodium lactate injections.
Ingredient of cosmetics.
Component of spermatocidal jellies. For removing Clostridium butyricum in manufacturing of yeast; dehairing, plumping, and decalcifying hides.
Solvent for cellulose formate. Flux for soft solder.
Manufacturing lactates which are used in food products, in medicine, and as solvents. Plasticizer, catalyst in the casting of phenolaldehyde resins.
Industry Uses
Agricultural chemicals (non-pesticidal)
Fuels and fuel additives
Intermediates
Plating agents and surface treating agents
Processing aids, specific to petroleum production
Consumer Uses
Agricultural products (non-pesticidal)
Electrical and electronic products
Food Production
Fuels and related products
Metal products not covered elsewhere
Plastic and rubber products not covered elsewhere
Polylactic acid for biodegradeable plastic and fibers.
Used as a raw material in making lactide which, in turn, is a monomer for PLA polymer.
oil wells
used in products which are used as paint strippers for painted automotive parts
Household & Commercial/Institutional Products
• Commercial / Institutional
• Home Maintenance
• Inside the Home
• Personal Care
Methods of Manufacturing
Polylactic acid (PLA) is produced on an industrial scale by fermentation or a synthetic method.
The fermentation process requires carbohydrates, nutrients, and a microorganism to produce Polylactic acid (PLA)via fermentation.
The carbohydrates used in fermentation consist predominantly of hexoses or compounds which can be easily split into hexoses, e.g., glucose, corn syrups, molasses, sugar beet juice, whey, as well as rice, wheat, corn, and potato starches.
The nutrients required by the microorganisms include soluble peptides and amino acids, phosphates and ammonium salts, and vitamins.
In many cases, the peptides and amino acids are a complex nitrogen source such as yeast extract paste, corn steep liquor, corn gluten meal, malt sprouts, soy peptone, and meat peptone.
Only a minimal amount of these complex nitrogen sources are used in order to simplify purification of the lactic acid.
During fermentation, the pH of the broth must be controlled between 5.0 and 6.5.
Lime (calcium hydroxide), calcium carbonate, ammonium hydroxide, and sodium hydroxide are typically used to neutralize the lactic acid made in the broth to maintain constant pH.
Thus, calcium lactate, ammonium lactate, or sodium lactate salts are formed in the fermentation broth.
Polylactic acid (PLA) yields are between 85 and 95% based on fermentable sugars.
Typical fermentation byproducts, such as formic acid and acetic acid, are found in concentrations of less than 0.5 wt%.
"Homofermentive" bacterial strains are typically used as they produce the least amount of byproducts.
After fermentation, the lactic acid broth needs to be purified for its intended use.
General Manufacturing Information
Industry Processing Sectors
All other basic organic chemical manufacturing
All other chemical product and preparation manufacturing
Electrical equipment, appliance, and component manufacturing
Miscellaneous manufacturing
Oil and gas drilling, extraction, and support activities
Pesticide, fertilizer, and other agricultural chemical manufacturing
Plastic material and resin manufacturing
resale of chemicals
Bioabsorbable polymers are considered a suitable alternative to the improvement and development of numerous applications in medicine.
Poly-lactic acid (PLA,) is one of the most promising biopolymers due to the fact that the monomers may produced from non toxic renewable feedstock as well as is naturally occurring organic acid.
Lactic acid can be made by fermentation of sugars obtained from renewable resources as such sugarcane.
Therefore, PLA is an eco-friendly product with better features for use in the human body (nontoxicity).
Lactic acid polymers can be synthesized by different processes so as to obtain products with an ample variety of chemical and mechanical properties.
Due to their excellent biocompatibility and mechanical properties, PLA and their copolymers are becoming widely used in tissue engineering for function restoration of impaired tissues.
In order to maximize the benefits of its use, it is necessary to understand the relationship between PLA material properties, the manufacturing process and the final product with desired characteristics.
In this paper, the lactic acid production by fermentation and the polymer synthesis such biomaterial are reviewed.
DENTIFICATION AND USE:
Polylactic acid (PLA) forms yellow to colorless crystals or syrupy 50% liquid.
Polylactic acid (PLA) has multiple uses in dyeing baths, as mordant in printing woolen goods, solvent for water-insoluble dyes.
Polylactic acid (PLA) is also used for reducing chromates in mordanting wool, in manufacture of cheese, confectionery. Polylactic acid (PLA) is a component of babies' milk formulas; acidulant in beverages; also used for acidulating worts in brewing.
Polylactic acid (PLA) is used in prepn of sodium lactate injections, and as ingredient of cosmetics, component of spermatocidal jellies.
Other uses:
for removing Clostridium butyricum in manufacture of yeast; dehairing, plumping, and decalcifying hides, solvent for cellulose formate, flux for soft solder.
Polylactic acid (PLA) is used to manufacture lactates which are used in food products, in medicine, and as solvents.
Polylactic acid (PLA) is also a plasticizer, catalyst in the casting of phenolaldehyde resins.
What is Polylactic acid (PLA), and what is it used for?
Polylactic Acid (PLA) is different than most thermoplastic polymers in that it is derived from renewable resources like corn starch or sugar cane.
Most plastics, by contrast, are derived from the distillation and polymerization of nonrenewable petroleum reserves.
Plastics that are derived from biomass (e.g. PLA) are known as “bioplastics.”
Polylactic Acid is biodegradable and has characteristics similar to polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), or polystyrene (PS).
Polylactic acid (PLA) can be produced from already existing manufacturing equipment (those designed and originally used for petrochemical industry plastics).
This makes it relatively cost efficient to produce.
Accordingly, Polylactic acid (PLA) has the second largest production volume of any bioplastic (the most common typically cited as thermoplastic starch).
There are a vast array of applications for Polylactic Acid.
Some of the most common uses include plastic films, bottles, and biodegradable medical devices (e.g. screws, pins, rods, and plates that are expected to biodegrade within 6-12 months).
For more on medical device prototypes (both biodegradable and permanent) read here.
Polylactic acid (PLA) constricts under heat and is thereby suitable for use as a shrink wrap material.
Additionally, the ease with which Polylactic Acid melts allows for some interesting applications in 3D printing (namely “lost Polylactic acid (PLA) casting” - read more below).
On the other hand, its low glass transition temperature makes many types of Polylactic acid (PLA) (for example, plastic cups) unsuitable to hold hot liquid.
What Are The Different Types of Polylactic Acid and Why is it Used so Often?
There are several different types of Polylactic Acid to include Racemic PLLA (Poly-L-lactic Acid), Regular PLLA (Poly-L-lactic Acid), PDLA (Poly-D-lactic Acid), and PDLLA (Poly-DL-lactic Acid).
They each have slightly different characteristics but are similar in that they are produced from a renewable resource (lactic acid: C3H6O3) as opposed to traditional plastics which are derived from nonrenewable petroleum.
Polylactic acid (PLA) production is a popular idea as it represents the fulfillment of the dream of cost-efficient, non-petroleum plastic production.
The huge benefit of Polylactic acid (PLA) as a bioplastic is its versatility and the fact that it naturally degrades when exposed to the environment.
For example, a Polylactic acid (PLA) bottle left in the ocean would typically degrade in six to 24 months.
Compared to conventional plastics (which in the same environment can take several hundred to a thousand years to degrade) this is truly phenomenal.
Accordingly, there is a high potential for Polylactic acid (PLA) to be very useful in short lifespan applications where biodegradability is highly beneficial (e.g. as a plastic water bottle or as a container for fruit and vegetables).
Of note, despite its ability to degrade when exposed to the elements over a long time, Polylactic acid (PLA) is extremely robust in any normal application (e.g. as a plastic electronics part).
How is Polylactic acid (PLA) made?
Polylactic Acid is principally made through two different processes: condensation and polymerization. The most common polymerization technique is known as ring-opening polymerization.
This is a process that utilizes metal catalysts in combination with lactide to create the larger Polylactic acid (PLA) molecules.
The condensation process is similar with the principal difference being the temperature during the procedure and the by-products (condensates) that are released as a consequence of the reaction.
What are the Characteristics of Polylactic Acid?
Now that we know what it is used for, let’s examine some of the key properties of Polylactic Acid. Polylactic acid (PLA) is classified as a “thermoplastic” polyester (as opposed to “thermoset”), and the name has to do with the way the plastic responds to heat.
Thermoplastic materials become liquid at their melting point (150-160 degrees Celsius in the case of PLA).
A major useful attribute about thermoplastics is that they can be heated to their melting point, cooled, and reheated again without significant degradation.
Instead of burning, thermoplastics like Polylactic Acid liquefy, which allows them to be easily injection molded and then subsequently recycled.
By contrast, thermoset plastics can only be heated once (typically during the injection molding process).
The first heating causes thermoset materials to set (similar to a 2-part epoxy) resulting in a chemical change that cannot be reversed.
If you tried to heat a thermoset plastic to a high temperature a second time it would simply burn.
This characteristic makes thermoset materials poor candidates for recycling.
Polylactic acid (PLA) falls under the SPI resin identification code of 7 ("others").
Polylactic acid or polylactide (PLA) is a thermoplastic aliphatic polyester derived from renewable resources, such as corn starch (in the United States), tapioca roots, chips or starch (mostly in Asia), or sugarcane (in the rest of the world).
In 2010, PLA was the second most important bioplastic of the world in regard to consumption volume.
The name “poly(lactic acid)” does not comply with IUPAC standard nomenclature, and is potentially ambiguous or confusing, because PLA is not a polyacid (polyelectrolyte), but rather a polyester.
Polylactic Acid (PLA) is a bioplastic made from lactic acid and is used in the food industry to package sensitive food products.
However, PLA is too fragile and is not compatible with many packaging manufacturing processes. Therefore it should be strengthen with additives.
Anecdote
According to the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC Standard), the name polylactic acid is not compliant to their nomenclature as PLA is not a polyacid but rather a polyester.
Synonims
Polylactic acid
Polylactide
PLA
What is Polylactide (PLA)?
PLA or Polylactide (also known as Polylactic Acid, Lactic acid polymer) is a versatile commercial biodegradable thermoplastic based on lactic acid.
Lactic acid monomers can be produced from 100% renewable resources, like corn and sugarbeets.
Polylactide has been able to replace the conventional petroleum-based thermoplastics, thanks to the excellent combination of properties it possesses.
Polylactic acid (PLA) is one of the most promising biopolymers used today and has a large number of application such as Healthcare and medical industry, Packaging, Automotive applications etc.
As compared to other biopolymers, PLA exhibits several benefits such as:
Eco-friendly – Polylactic acid (PLA) is renewably-sourced, biodegradable, recyclable and compostable
Biocompatible – Polylactic acid (PLA) is non-toxic
Processability – Polylactic acid (PLA) has better thermal processability compared to poly(hydroxyl alkanoate) (PHA), poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and poly(γ-caprolactone) (PCL)
Polylactides break down into nontoxic products during degradation and being biodegradable and biocompatible, reduce the amount of plastic waste.
Polylactic acid, also known as PLA, is a thermoplastic monomer derived from renewable, organic sources such as corn starch or sugar cane.
Using biomass resources makes PLA production different from most plastics, which are produced using fossil fuels through the distillation and polymerization of petroleum.
IUPAC NAMES:
2-hydroxypropanoic acid
Poly(D-Lactide), Carboxylic acid-terminated
SYNONYMS:
Poly-2-hydroxypropanoic acid
Polysarcolatic acid
Poly[oxy(1-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-ethanediyl)]
Poly(DL-lactide),viscosity >11.25 dL/g
Poly(DL-lactide),viscosity 0.30~0.75 dL/g
Poly(DL-lactide),viscosity 0.75~1.25 dL/g
Poly(DL-lactide),viscosity 1.25~1.75 dL/g
Poly(DL-lactide),viscosity 1.75~2.25 dL/g
Poly(DL-lactide),viscosity 2.25~3.00 dL/g
Poly(DL-lactide),viscosity 3.00~4.25 dL/g
Poly(DL-lactide),viscosity 4.25~6.00 dL/g
Poly(DL-lactide),viscosity 6.00~8.25 dL/g
Poly(DL-lactide),viscosity 8.25~11.25 dL/g
Poly(D,L-lactide) inherent viscosity 0.55-0.75 dL/g (lit.)
Poly(DL-lactide),ester terminated,viscosity 1.25~1.75 dL/g
POLY(DL-LACTIDE), POLY(DL-LACTIC ACID)
Poly(L-lactide), propargyl terminated
propargyl PLLA
10 k PLLA-ATRP
PDLA
ATRP Macromonomer
ATRP terminated PLLA
Poly(L-lactide), 2-bromoisobutyryl terminated
Poly(L-lactide) average Mn 10,000, PDI <=1.1
Poly(L-lactide) average Mn 20,000, PDI <=1.1
Poly(L-lactide) average Mn 5,000, PDI <=1.2
Poly(L-lactide) average Mn 50,000
Poly(L-lactide) viscosity ~4.0 dL/g, 0.1 % (w/v) in chloroform(25 C)
3DXMAX(TM) CFR-PLA carbon fiber reinforced PLA 3D printing filament black, diam. 1.75 mm
)-Lactic acid homopolymer
Poly(L-lactide) viscosity ~2.0 dL/g, 0.1 % (w/v) in chloroforM(25 C)
Polylactic acid Mw ~60,000
2 k PLLA-ATRP
acrylate-PLA-OH
PLLA acrylate
Poly(L-lactide), acrylate terminated
PLLA acetylene
poly(lactic acid) macromolecule
polylactide, polylactic acid, PLA
3DXMAX CFR-PLA carbon fiber reinforced PLA 3D printing filament
3DXMAX(TM) CFR-PLA carbon fiber reinforced PLA 3D printing filament black, diam. 2.85 mm
POLYLACTIC ACID
POLY(2-HYDROXYPROPIONIC ACID)
Poly(lactic acid) (High M.Wt.)
Poly(lactic acid) (Low M.Wt.)
POLYLACTIC ACID STANDARD 78'000 CERTIF. REF. MAT. ACC.TO BAM
POLYLACTIC ACID STANDARD 225'000 CERT.
polylactic acid standard 78'000
POLYD,L-LACTICACIDNANOPARTICLES
Poly(2-hydroxypropionic acid), Polylactic acid
Polylactic acid Standard 225μ000
PLA
LACTIC ACID POLYMER
2-hydroxy-propanoicacihomopolymer
PLA_PLLA_PDLA_PLLA_PDLLA
3DXMAX(TM) CFR-PLA carbon fiber reinforced PLA 3D printing filament
POLYLACTIC ACID ISO 9001：2015 REACH
polylactic acid（PLA）
polylactide, polylactic acid
China Polylactic acid PLA plastics
Poly(L-lactic Acid)(Mw ~60,000)
lactic acid
2-hydroxypropanoic acid
DL-Lactic acid
50-21-5
2-hydroxypropionic acid
Milk acid
Polylactic acid
lactate
Ethylidenelactic acid
Propanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-
Lactovagan
Tonsillosan
Racemic lactic acid
Ordinary lactic acid
Acidum lacticum
Kyselina mlecna
DL-Milchsaeure
alpha-Hydroxypropionic acid
1-Hydroxyethanecarboxylic acid
Aethylidenmilchsaeure
26100-51-6
(RS)-2-Hydroxypropionsaeure
FEMA No. 2611
Kyselina 2-hydroxypropanova
Propionic acid, 2-hydroxy-
598-82-3
CCRIS 2951
HSDB 800
(+-)-2-Hydroxypropanoic acid
Lactic acid, tech grade
Propanoic acid, hydroxy-
SY-83
alpha-Hydroxypropanoic acid
DL- lactic acid
NSC 367919
AI3-03130
Purac FCC 80
Purac FCC 88
MFCD00004520
(R)-2-Hydroxy-propionic acid;H-D-Lac-OH
CHEBI:78320
Poly(L-lactide)
Lactic acid USP
NSC-367919
NCGC00090972-01
2-hydroxy-propionic acid
Lactic acid (natural)
E 270
DSSTox_CID_3192
(+/-)-Lactic acid
C01432
DSSTox_RID_76915
DSSTox_GSID_23192
Milchsaure [German]
Milchsaure
Lacticum acidum
FEMA Number 2611
Kyselina mlecna [Czech]
D(-)-lactic acid
Cheongin samrakhan
UNII-3B8D35Y7S4
CAS-50-21-5
Cheongin Haewoohwan
Cheongin Haejanghwan
Kyselina 2-hydroxypropanova [Czech]
EINECS 200-018-0
EINECS 209-954-4
Lactic acid [USP:JAN]
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 128929
BRN 5238667
lactaso
1-Hydroxyethane 1-carboxylic acid
Biolac
2-Hydroxy-2-methylacetic acid
Lactide Polymer
MFCD00064266
Chem-Cast
L- Lactic acid
DL-Polylactic acid
Lactate (TN)
3B8D35Y7S4
2-Hydropropanoic acid
2-Hydroxypropionicacid
4b5w
(+,-)-Lactic acid
Propanoic acid, (+-)
HIPURE 88
(.+/-.)-Lactic acid
EC 200-018-0
Lactic acid (7CI,8CI)
ACMC-1B0N9
Lactic acid (JP17/USP)
Lactic acid, 85%, FCC
NCIOpen2_000884
.alpha.-Hydroxypropanoic acid
.alpha.-Hydroxypropionic acid
(RS)-2-hydroxypropanoic acid
Lactic Acid (Fragrance Grade)
INS NO.270
DL-Lactic Acid (90per cent)
L-(+)-Lactic acid, 98%
CHEMBL1200559
DTXSID7023192
Lactic acid, natural, >=85%
(+/-)-2-hydroxypropanoic acid
BDBM23233
DL-Lactic acid, ~90% (T)
INS-270
DL-Lactic acid, AR, >=88%
DL-Lactic acid, LR, >=88%
Propanoic acid, 2-hydroxy- (9CI)
DL-Lactic acid, 85 % (w/w), syrup
Propanoic acid,2-hydroxy-,(.+/-.)-
Lactic acid, 1.0N Standardized Solution
DL-Lactic acid 90%, Ph.Eur., synthetic
Lactic acid solution, ACS reagent, >=85%
Lactic acid solution, USP, 88.0-92.0%
Lactic acid solution, p.a., 84.5-85.5%
Lactic acid, meets USP testing specifications
D00111
PROPANOIC ACID, 2-HYDROXY-, (.+-.)-
A877374
DL-Lactic acid, SAJ first grade, 85.0-92.0%
Q161249
DL-Lactic acid, JIS special grade, 85.0-92.0%
Lactic acid solution, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 85%
F2191-0200
BC10F553-5D5D-4388-BB74-378ED4E24908
Lactic acid, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
Lactic acid, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
