POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 2000

SYNONYMS:
POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 2000 ; ppg; ppg 2000; Polyglykol 2000; polyglykol2000; poliglikol2000; poliglikol 2000; POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 2000 ; polyethyleneglycol; polyethylene glycol; polietilenglikol2000; poli etilen glikol 2000; poli etilenglikol 2000; polietilen glikol200; polietilenglikol 2000; poly ethylene glycol; poly ethylene glycol; polyethyleneglycol 2000; polyethylene glycol 2000; poly ethylene glycol 2000; poly ethylene glycol 2000; polyethyleneglycol2000; polyethylene glycol2000; poly ethylene glycol2000; poly ethylene glycol2000; 1,2-bis(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethane; 112-27-6; 2,2'-(Ethane-1,2-diylbis(oxy))diethanol; 2,2'-(Ethylenedioxy)diethanol; 2,2'-[1,2-Ethandiylbis(oxy)]diethanol; 2,2'-[1,2-Éthanediylbis(oxy)]diéthanol; 2,2'-[Ethane-1,2-diylbis(oxy)]diethanol; 203-953-2; 3P5SU53360; 928-40-5; 969357; Ethanol, 2,2'-[1,2-ethanediylbis(oxy)]bis-; MFCD00002880; TEG; Triethylene glycol; triethyleneglycol; Triglycol; YE4550000; 1-(2-METHOXY-ETHOXY)-2-{2-[2-(2-METHOXY-ETHOXY]-ETHOXY}-ETHANE; 1,2-bis-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-ethane ; 112-27-6; 118662-30-9; 121202-29-7; 15P; 1-METHOXY-2-[2-(2-METHOXY-ETHOXY]-ETHANE; 1PE; 1PG; 2-(2-(2-(2-(2-(2-ETHOXYETHOXY)ETHOXY)ETHOXY)ETHOXY)ETHOXY)ETHANOL; 2-(2-{2-[2-(2-Methoxy-Ethoxy)-Ethoxy]-Ethoxy} -Ethoxy)-Ethanol; 2-(2-{2-[2-(2-methoxy-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-ethoxy}-ethoxy)-ethanol; 2,2'-(1,2-Ethanediylbis(oxy))bisethanol; 2,2-(ethane-1,2-diylbis(oxy))diethanol; 2,2-(Ethylenedioxy)diethanol; 2,2-(ethylenedioxy)diethanol,99%; 2,2'-[Ethane-1,2-diylbis(oxy)]diethanol; 3,6-Dioxaoctane-1,8-diol; 2,2'-ethylenedioxybis(ethanol); 2,2'-ethylenedioxydiethanol; 2,2'-Ethylenedioxyethanol; 2,5,8,11,14,17,20,23,26,29,32,35,38,41,44,47,50,53,56,59,62,65,68,71,74,77,80-Heptacosaoxadooctacontan-82-ol; 2-[2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethan-1-ol; 2-[2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethanol; 2-[2-(2-HYDROXY-ETHOXY)-ETHOXY]-ETHANOL; 2-{2-[2-(2-{2-[2-(2-ETHOXY-ETHOXY)-ETHOXY]-ETHOXY}-ETHOXY)-ETHOXY]-ETHOXY}-ETHANOL; 3,6,9,12,15,18,21,24,27,30,33,36,39-Tridecaoxahentetracontane-1,41-diol; 3,6,9,12,15,18,21,24-Octaoxahexacosan-1-ol; 3,6,9,12,15,18,21-Heptaoxatricosane-1,23-diol; 3,6,9,12,15,18-Hexaoxaicosane-1,20-diol; 3,6,9,12,15-Pentaoxaheptadecane ; 3,6-Dioxa-1,8-octanediol; 3,6-dioxaoctane-1,8-diol; 4-01-00-02400; 676-18-6; 7PE; Adelavin 9; Bis(2-hydroxyethoxyethane); C8E; CHEBI:44926; CXE; DEG1 protein; di-β-hydroxyethoxyethane; Di-β-hydroxyethoxyethane; Dodecaethylene Glycol; EDO-EDO-EDO; EINECS 203-953-2; Ethanol, 2,2'-(1,2-ethanediylbis(oxy))bis-; Ethanol, 2,2'-(ethylenedioxy)di-; Ethylene glycol dihydroxydiethyl ether; Ethylene glycol-bis-(2-hydroxyethyl ether); GLYCOL BIS(HYDROXYETHYL) ETHER; HEXAETHYLENE GLYCOL; NCGC00163798-01; NCGC00163798-02; NCGC00163798-03; nocR protein; Nonaethylene Glycol; O-ACETALDEHYDYL-HEXAETHYLENE GLYCOL; oh-peg3-oh; P33; P3G; P4C; P6G; PE3; PE4; PE5; PE8; Pentaethylene Glycol; Pentaethylene glycol monodecyl ether; PEU; PG4; PG6; Polyethylene Glycol (N34); Polyethylene glycol 10,000; Polyethylene glycol 1000; Polyethylene glycol 12,000; Polyethylene glycol 1500; Polyethylene glycol 20,000; POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 200; Polyethylene glycol 2000; Polyethylene glycol 400; Polyethylene glycol 4000; Polyethylene glycol 6,000; Polyethylene glycol 600; Polyethylene glycol 8,000; Polyethyleneglycol 300; Tetraethylene glycol; Tri-ethylene glycol; Triethylene Glycol (Industrial Grade); triethylene glycol (teg) labeled d4; Triethylene Glycol Reagent Grade; triethylene glycol; triethylene glycol, 99%; triethylene glycol, purified; Triethylene glycol;Triglycol; triethyleneglycol; triethyleneglycol, 99%,; triethylenglycol; Triethylenglykol; Triethylenglykol; Trigen; Trigenos; Trigol; ubinon; UNII:3P5SU53360; UNII-3P5SU53360; WLN: Q2O2O2Q; POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 2000 , polietilenglikol 2000, poli etilen glikol 2000, cas no : 25322-68-3, macrogol, carbowax; poli etilenglikol; poly(ethylene glycol) poly(ethyleneglycol); polietilen glikol; PEG-2000; Polyethylene Glycol 2000; poli etilen 2000; poliethyleneglikol; poli ethylene glikol; poli ethylene glycol; polyethylene glikol; Polyglycol; Polyethylene oxide; Polyoxy ethylene; POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 2000 ; Polyglycol; Polyethylene oxide; Polyoxy ethylene; POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 2000 ; Polyglycol; Polyethylene oxide; Polyoxy ethylene; TRIETHYLENE GLYCOL; 112-27-6; Triglycol; 2,2'-(Ethane-1,2-diylbis(oxy))diethanol; Trigen; Triethylenglykol; 2,2'-Ethylenedioxydiethanol; Triethyleneglycol; 1,2-Bis(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethane; 3,6-Dioxaoctane-1,8-diol; 2,2'-(Ethylenedioxy)diethanol; Di-beta-hydroxyethoxyethane; 2,2'-Ethylenedioxybis(ethanol); 2,2'-Ethylenedioxyethanol; 2,2'-[ethane-1,2-diylbis(oxy)]diethanol; 2-[2-(2-Hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethanol; Ethanol, 2,2'-[1,2-ethanediylbis(oxy)]bis-; Glycol bis(hydroxyethyl) ether; Caswell No. 888; Ethylene glycol dihydroxydiethyl ether; Trigol; TEG; Triethylenglykol [Czech]; Triethylene glcol; Bis(2-hydroxyethoxyethane); Ethanol, 2,2'-(ethylenedioxy)di-; NSC 60758; HSDB 898; UNII-3P5SU53360; 2,2'-(1,2-Ethanediylbis(oxy))bisethanol; Ethylene glycol-bis-(2-hydroxyethyl ether); EINECS 203-953-2; EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 083501; 2-[2-(2-HYDROXY-ETHOXY)-ETHOXY]-ETHANOL; BRN 0969357; Di-.beta.-hydroxyethoxyethane; 2-[2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethan-1-ol; AI3-01453; CHEBI:44926; Ethanol, 2,2'-(1,2-ethanediylbis(oxy))bis-; ZIBGPFATKBEMQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N; MFCD00002880; 3P5SU53360; NCGC00163798-03; Triethylene glycol, 99; DSSTox_CID_1393; DSSTox_RID_76135; DSSTox_GSID_21393; MFCD00081839; CAS-112-27-6; Trigenos; triethylenglycol; CCRIS 8926; triethylene-glycol; Triethyleneglycol,; Tri-ethylene glycol; 3,8-diol; Polyethyleneglycol 300; EDO-EDO-EDO; AC1L1QFD; ACMC-1C4BE; Polyethylene glycol 1500; EC 203-953-2; Polyethylene Glycol 2000; AC1Q7DA8; Triethylene glycol, puriss.; Polyethylene glycol 8,000; Polyethylene Glycol 6,000; SCHEMBL14929; WLN: Q2O2O2Q; 3,6-Dioxa-1,8-octanediol; 4-01-00-02400 (Beilstein Handbook Reference); KSC909E5P; 2,2-(Ethylenedioxy)diethanol; Polyethylene glycol 10,000; Polyethylene glycol 12,000; Polyethylene glycol 20,000; di(2-ethylbutyrate), diacetate; Ethanol,2'-(ethylenedioxy)di-; CHEMBL1235259; DTXSID4021393; Triethylene Glycol Reagent Grade; CTK8A9257; NSC60758; POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 2000 ; STR02345; ZINC1690436; Tox21_112073; Tox21_202440; Tox21_300306; ANW-16436; LS-550; MFCD01779596; MFCD01779599; MFCD01779601; MFCD01779603; MFCD01779605; MFCD01779609; MFCD01779611; MFCD01779612; MFCD01779614; MFCD0177961; MFCD01779616; NSC-60758; STL282716; AKOS000120013; Triethylene Glycol (Industrial Grade); CS-W018156; DB02327; MCULE-7605038595; Polyethylene oxide, M.W. 100,000; Polyethylene oxide, M.W. 300,000; RP21354; RTR-032440; NCGC00163798-01; NCGC00163798-02; NCGC00163798-04; NCGC00163798-05; NCGC00254097-01; NCGC00259989-01; 2-[2-(2-Hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethanol; AJ-30064; AK-72565; AN-43120; BP-21036; CJ-06471; CJ-28122; Polyethylene oxide, M.W. 1,000,000; SC-79003; Polyethylene glycol (PEG), 50% solution; Triethylene glycol, ReagentPlus(R), 99%; Ethanol,2'-[1,2-ethanediylbis(oxy)]bis-; Polyethylene oxide, M.W. >5,000,000; ST2408963; TR-032440; FT-0652416; FT-0659862; 7813-EP2270101A1; 7813-EP2272849A1; 7813-EP2284165A1; M-6031; Triethylene glycol, SAJ first grade, >=96.0%; SR-01000944720; Triethylene glycol, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%; I14-2697; J-506706; SR-01000944720-1; F0001-0256; Triethylene glycol, BioUltra, anhydrous, >=99.0% (GC); Z1318198494; alpha,omega-Bis-hydroxy poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG-WM 3.000 Dalton); InChI=1/C6H14O4/c7-1-3-9-5-6-10-4-2-8/h7-8H,1-6H; Triethylene glycol, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard; Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl),alpha-hydro-omega-hydroxy- ethane-1,2-diol, ethoxylated; Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl),alpha-hydro-omega-hydroxy- Ethane-1,2-diol, ethoxylated 1 - 4.5 moles ethoxylated; 1,2-ethanediol,homopolymer; 2-ethanediyl),.alpha.-hydro-.omega.-hydroxy-Poly(oxy-1;Alcox E 160; Alcox E 30; alcoxe30; alkapolpeg-200; alkapolpeg-300; alkapolpeg-600; Carbowax; GoLYTELY; GlycoLax; Fortrans; TriLyte; Colyte; Halflytely; Macrogol; MiraLAX; MoviPrep; PEG; Carbowax®; Polyglycol; Polyethylene glycol 200; Polyethylene glycol 300; Polyethylene glycol 400; Polyethylene glycol 600; Polyethylene glycol 1000; Polyethylene glycol 1450; Polyethylene glycol 3350; Polyethylene glycol 4000; Polyethylene glycol 6000; Polyethylene glycol 8000; Polyethylene glycol 20000; ETHYLENE GLYCOL; 1,2-ethanediol; Ethane-1,2-diol; 107-21-1; glycol; monoethylene glycol; 1,2-Dihydroxyethane; 2-hydroxyethanol; Glycol alcohol; Ethylene alcohol; polyethylene glycol; Macrogol; Fridex; Tescol; Ethylene dihydrate; Norkool; Macrogol 400 BPC; Dowtherm SR 1; Carbowax 400; CCRIS 3744; Carbowax 1000; Dowtherm 4000; 1,2-ethylene glycol; Ethylene glycol polymer; HSDB 5012; NCI-C00920; HOCH2CH2OH; Union Carbide XL 54 Type I De-icing Fluid; PEG 3350; EINECS 203-473-3; M.e.g.;Ethylene glycol homopolymer; Polyethylene glycol 1000; Polyethylene Glycol 4000; EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 042203; 1,2-Ethanediol homopolymer; FC72KVT52F; AI3-03050; PEG; CHEBI:30742; LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N; PEG 4000; 1, 2-Ethanediol; DuPont Zonyl FSO Fluorinated Surfactants; alpha-Hydro-omega-hydroxypoly(oxyethylene); DSSTox_CID_597; H(OCH2CH2)nOH; DSSTox_RID_75680; DSSTox_GSID_20597; alpha-Hydro-omega-hydroxypoly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl); Glycol, polyethylene; Miralax; Polyethylene oxide; CAS-107-21-1; Polyethylene Glycols; Polyethylene glycol 3350; Athylenglykol; Aquaffin; Badimol; Carbowax; Modopeg; Nosilen; Nycoline; ehtylene glycol; ethylen glycol; ethylene-glycol; etylene glycol; Carbowax Sentry; Pluracol E; Polyaethylenglykol; Aquacide III; Ilexan E; Bradsyn PEG; ethylene alcohol; Merpol OJ; Polyaethylenglykole; MEG 100; Alkox SR; Oxide Wax AN; Polyglycol; Polyethylene glycol 200, 300, 400, 600,1000,1450, 3350, 2000, 6000, 2000 and 20000;ETHYLENE GLYCOL;1,2-ethanediol;Ethane-1,2-diol;107-21-1;glycol;monoethylene glycol;1,2-Dihydroxyethane;2-hydroxyethanol;Glycol alcohol;Ethylene alcohol;polyethylene glycol;Macrogol;Fridex;Tescol;Ethylene dihydrate;Norkool;Macrogol 400 BPC;Dowtherm SR 1;Carbowax 400;CCRIS 3744;Carbowax 1000;Dowtherm 2000;1,2-ethylene glycol;Ethylene glycol polymer;HSDB 5012;NCI-C00920;HOCH2CH2OH;Union Carbide XL 54 Type I De-icing Fluid;PEG 3350;EINECS 203-473-3;M.e.g.;Ethylene glycol homopolymer;Polyethylene glycol 1000;Polyethylene Glycol 2000;EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 042203;1,2-Ethanediol homopolymer;FC72KVT52F;AI3-03050;PEG;CHEBI:30742;LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N;POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 2000 ;1, 2-Ethanediol;DuPont Zonyl FSO Fluorinated Surfactants;alpha-Hydro-omega-hydroxypoly(oxyethylene);DSSTox_CID_597;H(OCH2CH2)nOH;DSSTox_RID_75680;DSSTox_GSID_20597;alpha-Hydro-omega-hydroxypoly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl);Glycol, polyethylene;Miralax;Polyethylene oxide;CAS-107-21-1;Polyethylene Glycols;Polyethylene glycol3350;Athylenglykol; Aquaffin;Badimol;Carbowax; Modopeg;Nosilen;Nycoline;ehtylene glycol;ethylen glycol;ethylene-glycol;etylene glycol;Carbowax Sentry;Pluracol E;Polyaethylenglykol;Aquacide III;Ilexan E;Bradsyn PEG;ethylene alcohol;Merpol OJ;Polyaethylenglykole;MEG 100;Alkox SR;Oxide Wax AN; PEG200?300?400?600?800?1000?1500?2000?3000?2000?6000 ?2000,Polyglycol, Polyethylene oxide, Polyoxy ethylene,PEG; Carbowax®; Polyglycol; Polyethylene glycol 200, 300, 400, 600,1000,1450, 3350, 2000, 6000, 2000 and 20000;ETHYLENE GLYCOL;1,2-ethanediol;Ethane-1,2-diol;107-21-1;glycol;monoethylene glycol;1,2-Dihydroxyethane;2-hydroxyethanol;Glycol alcohol;Ethylene alcohol;polyethylene glycol;Macrogol;Fridex;Tescol;Ethylene dihydrate;Norkool;Macrogol 400 BPC;Dowtherm SR 1;Carbowax 400;CCRIS 3744;Carbowax 1000;Dowtherm 2000;1,2-ethylene glycol;Ethylene glycol polymer;HSDB 5012;NCI-C00920;HOCH2CH2OH;Union Carbide XL 54 Type I De-icing Fluid;PEG 3350;EINECS 203-473-3;M.e.g.;Ethylene glycol homopolymer;Polyethylene glycol 1000;Polyethylene Glycol 2000;EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 042203;1,2-Ethanediol homopolymer;FC72KVT52F;AI3-03050;PEG;CHEBI:30742;LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N;POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 2000 ;1, 2-Ethanediol;DuPont Zonyl FSO Fluorinated Surfactants;alpha-Hydro-omega-hydroxypoly(oxyethylene);DSSTox_CID_597;H(OCH2CH2)nOH;DSSTox_RID_75680;DSSTox_GSID_20597;alpha-Hydro-omega-hydroxypoly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl);Glycol, polyethylene;Miralax;Polyethylene oxide;CAS-107-21-1;Polyethylene Glycols;Polyethylene glycol 350;Athylenglykol;Aquaffin; Badimol; Carbowax; Modopeg;Nosilen;Nycoline;ehtylene glycol;ethylen glycol;ethylene-glycol;etylene glycol;Carbowax Sentry;Pluracol E;Polyaethylenglykol;Aquacide III;Ilexan E;Bradsyn PEG;ethylene alcohol;Merpol OJ;Polyaethylenglykole;MEG 100;Alkox SR;Oxide WaxPOLİETİLEN GLİKOL,POLYETİLENGLİCOL,POLİETHİLENE GLYİCOL,POLİETHELENE pOLYethylen glikol 2000; Polyethylene glycol  2000; Polyethylene glycol2000;  Polyethylene glycol-2000; Polyethylene Glycol  2000;  Polyethyleneglycol  2000; Polyethylene glycol/2000; Polietilen Glikol; Polietilen Glikol 2000; Polietilen Glikol2000; Polietilen glikol 2000; Polietilen Glikol 2000; POLİETİLEN GLİKOL 2000; POLİETİLEN GLİKOL2000; POLİETİLEN GLİKOL/2000; POLİETİLEN GLİKOL-2000;  POLİETİLEN GLİKOL 2000; POLIETILEN GLIKOL 2000; POLIETILEN GLIKOL2000; POLIETILEN GLIKOL/2000; POLIETILEN GLIKOL-2000; POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 2000 ; PEG; POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 2000 ; peg2000;  peg-2000;  peg/2000; peg2000 
 

Polypropylene glycol

Polypropylene glycol or polypropylene oxide is the polymer of propylene glycol. Chemically it is a polyether, and, more generally speaking, it's a polyalkylene glycol (PAG). The term polypropylene glycol or PPG is reserved for low to medium range molar mass polymer when the nature of the end-group, which is usually a hydroxyl group, still matters. The term "oxide" is used for high molar mass polymer when end-groups no longer affect polymer properties. In 2003, 60% of the annual production of propylene oxide of 6.6×106 tonnes was converted into the polymer.[1]

Polymerization
Polypropylene glycol is produced by ring-opening polymerization of propylene oxide. The initiator is an alcohol and the catalyst a base, usually potassium hydroxide. When the initiator is ethylene glycol or water the polymer is linear. With a multifunctional initiator like glycerine, pentaerythritol or sorbitol the polymer branches out.

Polypropylene glycol
Conventional polymerization of propylene oxide results in an atactic polymer. The isotactic polymer can be produced from optically active propylene oxide, but at a high cost. A salen cobalt catalyst was reported in 2005 to provide isotactic polymerization of the prochiral propylene oxide[2]

Cobalt catalyst for isotactic polypropylene oxide
Properties
PPG has many properties in common with polyethylene glycol. The polymer is a liquid at room temperature. Solubility in water decreases rapidly with increasing molar mass. Secondary hydroxyl groups in PPG are less reactive than primary hydroxyl groups in polyethylene glycol. PPG is less toxic than PEG, so biotechnologicals are now produced in PPG.

Difference in water solubility of PPG4000 and PPG400
Uses
PPG is used in many formulations for polyurethanes. It is used as a rheology modifier.

PPG is used as a surfactant, wetting agent, dispersant in leather finishing.

PPG is also employed as a tuning reference and calibrant in mass spectrometry.

PPG is used as a primary ingredient in the making of paintballs.

PPG is used as a primary ingredient in the making of some laxatives[

Propylene glycol
Properties
Chemical formula    C3H8O2
Molar mass    76.095 g·mol−1
Density    1.036 g/cm3
Melting point    −59 °C (−74 °F; 214 K)
Boiling point    188.2 °C (370.8 °F; 461.3 K)
Solubility in water    Miscible
Solubility in ethanol    Miscible
Solubility in diethyl ether    Miscible
Solubility in acetone    Miscible
Solubility in chloroform    Miscible
log P    -1.34[2]
Thermal conductivity    0.34 W/m-K (50% H2O @ 90 °C (194 °F))
Viscosity    0.042 Pa·s
Pharmacology
ATCvet code    QA16QA01 (WHO)
Hazards
S-phrases (outdated)    S24 S25
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)    
NFPA 704 four-colored diamond
100
Related compounds
Related glycols    Ethylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references
Propylene glycol (IUPAC name: propane-1,2-diol), according to the US National Library of Medicine and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, is a synthetic liquid substance that absorbs water.[4] It is labeled an organic compound in chemistry due to its carbon attributes. Its chemical formula is CH3CH(OH)CH2OH. It is a viscous, colorless liquid, which is nearly odorless but possesses a faintly sweet taste. Containing two alcohol groups, it is classed as a diol. It is miscible with a broad range of solvents, including water, acetone, and chloroform. In general, glycols are non-irritating and have very low volatility.[5]

It is produced on a large scale primarily for the production of polymers. In the European Union, it has E-number E1520 for food applications. For cosmetics and pharmacology, the number is E490. Propylene glycol is also present in propylene glycol alginate, which is known as E405. Propylene glycol is a compound which is GRAS (generally recognized as safe) by the US FDA (Food and Drug Administration) under 21 CFR x184.1666, and is also approved by the FDA for certain uses as an indirect food additive. Propylene glycol is approved and used as a vehicle for topical, oral and some intravenous pharmaceutical preparations in U.S. and in Europe.

Structure
The compound is sometimes called (alpha) α-propylene glycol to distinguish it from the isomer propane-1,3-diol, known as (beta) β-propylene glycol. Propylene glycol is chiral. Commercial processes typically use the racemate. The S-isomer is produced by biotechnological routes.

Production
Industrial
Industrially, propylene glycol is mainly produced from propylene oxide (for food-grade use). According to a 2018 source, 2.16 M tonnes are produced annually.[5] Manufacturers use either non-catalytic high-temperature process at 200 °C (392 °F) to 220 °C (428 °F), or a catalytic method, which proceeds at 150 °C (302 °F) to 180 °C (356 °F) in the presence of ion exchange resin or a small amount of sulfuric acid or alkali.[6]

1,2-Propandiol Synthesis V1.svg
Final products contain 20% propylene glycol, 1.5% of dipropylene glycol, and small amounts of other polypropylene glycols.[7] Further purification produces finished industrial grade or USP/JP/EP/BP grade propylene glycol that is typically 99.5% or greater. Use of USP (US Pharmacopoeia) propylene glycol can reduce the risk of Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA) rejection.[8]

Propylene glycol can also be obtained from glycerol, a byproduct from the production of biodiesel.[5] This starting material is usually reserved for industrial use because of the noticeable odor and taste that accompanies the final product.

Laboratory
S-Propanediol is synthesized from via fermentation methods. Lactic acid and lactaldehyde are common intermediates. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate, one of the two products of breakdown (glycolysis) of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, is a precursor to methylglyoxal. This conversion is the basis of a potential biotechnological route to the commodity chemical 1,2-propanediol. Three-carbon deoxysugars are also precursor to the 1,2-diol.[5]

A small-scale, nonbiological route from D-mannitol is illustrated in the following scheme:[9]

(s)-Propanediol from D-Mannitol.png
Applications
Polymers
Forty-five percent of propylene glycol produced is used as chemical feedstock for the production of unsaturated polyester resins. In this regard, propylene glycol reacts with a mixture of unsaturated maleic anhydride and isophthalic acid to give a copolymer. This partially unsaturated polymer undergoes further crosslinking to yield thermoset plastics. Related to this application, propylene glycol reacts with propylene oxide to give oligomers and polymers that are used to produce polyurethanes.[5] Propylene glycol is used in waterbased acrylic architectural paints to extend dry time which it accomplishes by preventing the surface from drying due to its slower evaporation rate compared to water.

Food
Propylene glycol is also used in various edible items such as coffee-based drinks, liquid sweeteners, ice cream, whipped dairy products and soda.[10][11] Vaporizers used for delivery of pharmaceuticals or personal-care products often include propylene glycol among the ingredients.[5] In alcohol-based hand sanitizers, it is used as a humectant to prevent the skin from drying.[12] Propylene glycol is used as a solvent in many pharmaceuticals, including oral, injectable, and topical formulations. Many pharmaceutical drugs which are insoluble in water utilize PG as a solvent and carrier; benzodiazepine tablets are one example.[13] PG is also used as a solvent and carrier for many pharmaceutical capsule preparations. Additionally, certain formulations of artificial tears use proplyene glycol as an ingredient.[14]

Propylene glycol is commonly used to de-ice aircraft
Antifreeze
The freezing point of water is depressed when mixed with propylene glycol. It is used as aircraft de-icing fluid.[5][15] Water-propylene glycol mixtures dyed pink to indicate the mixture is relatively nontoxic are sold under the name of RV or marine antifreeze. Propylene glycol is frequently used as a substitute for ethylene glycol in low toxicity, environmentally friendly automotive antifreeze. It is also used to winterize the plumbing systems in vacant structures.[16] The eutectic composition/temperature is 60:40 propylene glycol:water/-60 °C.[17][18] The −50 °F/−45 °C commercial product is, however, water rich; a typical formulation is 40:60.[19]

Electronic cigarettes liquid

Propylene glycol is often used in electronic cigarettes.
Along with vegetable glycerin as the main ingredient (<1–92%) in e-liquid used in electronic cigarettes, where it is aerosolized to resemble smoke. It serves as both the carrier for substances like nicotine and cannabinoids, as well as for creating a vapor which resembles smoke.[20]

Miscellaneous applications

A bottle of flavored e-liquid for vaping shows propylene glycol as one of the main ingredients along with vegetable glycerin.
Propylene glycol (often abbreviated 'PG') has many applications. Some common applications see PG used:

As a solvent for many substances, both natural and synthetic.[21]
As a humectant (E1520).
In veterinary medicine as an oral treatment for hyperketonaemia in ruminants.[22]
In the cosmetics industry, where PG is very commonly used as a carrier or base for various types of makeup.[23]
For trapping and preserving insects (including as a DNA preservative).[24]
For the creation of theatrical smoke and fog in special effects for film and live entertainment. So-called 'smoke machines' or 'hazers' vaporize a mixture of PG and water to create the illusion of smoke. While many of these machines use a PG-based fuel, some use oil. Those which use PG do so in a process which is identical to how electronic cigarettes work; utilizing a heating element to produce a dense vapor. The vapor produced by these machines has the aesthetic look and appeal of smoke, but without exposing performers and stage crew to the harms and odors associated with actual smoke.[25][26]
As an additive in PCR to reduce the melting temperature of nucleic acids for targeting of GC rich sequences.
Safety in humans
When used in average quantities, propylene glycol has no measurable effect on development and/or reproduction on animals and probably does not adversely affect human development or reproduction.[27] The safety of electronic cigarettes—which utilize PG-based preparations of nicotine or THC and other cannabinoids—is the subject of much controversy.[28][29][30]

Oral administration
The acute oral toxicity of propylene glycol is very low, and large quantities are required to cause perceptible health effects in humans; in fact, propylene glycol is three times less toxic than ethanol.[31] Propylene glycol is metabolized in the human body into pyruvic acid (a normal part of the glucose-metabolism process, readily converted to energy), acetic acid (handled by ethanol-metabolism), lactic acid (a normal acid generally abundant during digestion),[32] and propionaldehyde (a potentially hazardous substance).[33][34][35] According to the Dow Chemical Company, The LD50 (Lethal Dose that kills in 50% of tests) for rats is 20 g/kg (rat/oral).[36][37]

Toxicity generally occurs at plasma concentrations over 4 g/L, which requires extremely high intake over a relatively short period of time, or when used as a vehicle for drugs or vitamins given intravenously or orally in large bolus doses.[38] It would be nearly impossible to reach toxic levels by consuming foods or supplements, which contain at most 1 g/kg of PG, except for alcoholic beverages in the US which are allowed 5 percent = 50g/kg.[39] Cases of propylene glycol poisoning are usually related to either inappropriate intravenous administration or accidental ingestion of large quantities by children.[40]

The potential for long-term oral toxicity is also low. In an NTP continuous breeding study, no effects on fertility were observed in male or female mice that received propylene glycol in drinking water at doses up to 10,100 mg/kg bw/day. No effects on fertility were seen in either the first or second generation of treated mice.[27] In a 2-year study, 12 rats were provided with feed containing as much as 5% propylene glycol, and showed no apparent ill effects.[41] Because of its low chronic oral toxicity, propylene glycol was classified by the U. S. Food and Drug Administration as "generally recognized as safe" (GRAS) for use as a direct food additive, including frozen foods such as ice cream and frozen desserts.[39][42] The GRAS designation is specific to its use in food, and does not apply to other uses.[43]

Inhalation
The potential carcinogen (some studies revealed no cancerinogenic evidence of such product [44]) formaldehyde is suspected to be a product of propylene glycol and glycerol vapor degradation (there being no credible proof of this causality).[45] No indication can be given whether a harmful concentration of this product in the air can be reached.[46]

Skin, eye and inhalation contact
Propylene glycol is essentially non-irritating to the skin.[47] Undiluted propylene glycol is minimally irritating to the eye, producing slight transient conjunctivitis; the eye recovers after the exposure is removed. A 2018 human volunteer study found that 10 male and female subjects undergoing 4 hours exposures to concentrations of up to 442 mg/m3 and 30 minutes exposures to concentrations of up to 871 mg/m3 in combination with moderate exercise did not show pulmonary function deficits, or signs of ocular irritation, with only slight symptoms of respiratory irritation reported.[48] Inhalation of propylene glycol vapors appears to present no significant hazard in ordinary applications.[49] Due to the lack of chronic inhalation data, it is recommended that propylene glycol not be used in inhalation applications such as theatrical productions, or antifreeze solutions for emergency eye wash stations.[50] Recently, propylene glycol (commonly alongside glycerol) has been included as a carrier for nicotine and other additives in e-cigarette liquids, the use of which presents a novel form of exposure. The potential hazards of chronic inhalation of propylene glycol or the latter substance as a whole are as-yet unknown.[51]

According to a 2010 study, the concentrations of PGEs (counted as the sum of propylene glycol and glycol ethers) in indoor air, particularly bedroom air, has been linked to increased risk of developing numerous respiratory and immune disorders in children, including asthma, hay fever, eczema, and allergies, with increased risk ranging from 50% to 180%. This concentration has been linked to use of water-based paints and water-based system cleansers. However, the study authors write that glycol ethers and not propylene glycol are the likely culprit.[52][53][54]

Propylene glycol has not caused sensitization or carcinogenicity in laboratory animal studies, nor has it demonstrated genotoxic potential.[55][56]

Intravenous administration
Studies with intravenously administered propylene glycol have resulted in LD50 values in rats and rabbits of 7 mL/kg BW.[57] Ruddick (1972) also summarized intramuscular LD50 data for rat as 13-20 mL/kg BW, and 6 mL/kg BW for the rabbit. Adverse effects to intravenous administration of drugs that use propylene glycol as an excipient have been seen in a number of people, particularly with large bolus dosages. Responses may include CNS depression, "hypotension, bradycardia, QRS and T abnormalities on the ECG, arrhythmia, cardiac arrhythmias, seizures, agitation, serum hyperosmolality, lactic acidosis, and haemolysis".[58] A high percentage (12% to 42%) of directly-injected propylene glycol is eliminated or secreted in urine unaltered depending on dosage, with the remainder appearing in its glucuronide-form. The speed of renal filtration decreases as dosage increases,[59] which may be due to propylene glycol's mild anesthetic / CNS-depressant -properties as an alcohol.[60] In one case, intravenous administration of propylene glycol-suspended nitroglycerin to an elderly man may have induced coma and acidosis.[61] However, no confirmed lethality from propylene glycol was reported.

Animals
Propylene glycol is an approved food additive for dog and sugar glider food under the category of animal feed and is generally recognized as safe for dogs,[62] with an LD50 of 9 mL/kg. The LD50 is higher for most laboratory animals (20 mL/kg).[63] However, it is prohibited for use in food for cats due to links to Heinz body formation and a reduced lifespan of red blood cells.[64] Heinz body formation from MPG has not been observed in dogs, cattle, or humans.

Allergic reaction
Estimates on the prevalence of propylene glycol allergy range from 0.8% (10% propylene glycol in aqueous solution) to 3.5% (30% propylene glycol in aqueous solution).[65][66][67] The North American Contact Dermatitis Group (NACDG) data from 1996 to 2006 showed that the most common site for propylene glycol contact dermatitis was the face (25.9%), followed by a generalized or scattered pattern (23.7%).[65] Investigators believe that the incidence of allergic contact dermatitis to propylene glycol may be greater than 2% in patients with eczema or fungal infections, which are very common in countries with lesser sun exposure and lower-than-normal vitamin D balances. Therefore, propylene glycol allergy is more common in those countries.[68]

Because of its potential for allergic reactions and frequent use across a variety of topical and systemic products, propylene glycol was named the American Contact Dermatitis Society's Allergen of the Year for 2018.[69][70] Recent publication from The Mayo Clinic reported 0.85% incidence of positive patch tests to propylene glycol (100/11,738 patients) with an overall irritant rate of 0.35% (41/11,738 patients) during a 20-year period of 1997–2016.[71] 87% of the reactions were classified as weak and 9% as strong. The positive reaction rates were 0%, 0.26%, and 1.86% for 5%, 10%, and 20% propylene glycol respectively, increasing with each concentration increase. The irritant reaction rates were 0.95%, 0.24%, and 0.5% for 5%, 10%, and 20% propylene glycol, respectively. Propylene glycol skin sensitization occurred in patients sensitive to a number of other concomitant positive allergens, most common of which were: Myroxylon pereirae resin, benzalkonium chloride, carba mix, potassium dichromate, neomycin sulfate; for positive propylene glycol reactions, the overall median of 5 and mean of 5.6 concomitant positive allergens was reported.

POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) IUPAC Name 2-(2-hydroxypropoxy)propan-1-ol
POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) InChI InChI=1S/C6H14O3/c1-5(8)4-9-6(2)3-7/h5-8H,3-4H2,1-2H3
POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) InChI Key DUFKCOQISQKSAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) Canonical SMILES CC(CO)OCC(C)O
POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) Molecular Formula C6H14O3
POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) CAS 25322-69-4
POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) European Community (EC) Number 500-039-8
POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) RTECS Number TR5250000
POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) UNII WNY0H4G53Q
POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) DSSTox Substance ID DTXSID9027863
POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) Physical Description Polypropylene glycol appears as colorless liquid that is odorless or has a mild sweet odor. May float or sink in water. 
POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) Color/Form Clear, lightly colored, slightly oily, viscous liquids
POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) Melting Point -58 °F 
POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) Flash Point 390 to 495 °F
POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) Solubility Lower molecular weight members are sol in water 
POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) Density 1.012 at 68 °F
POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) Vapor Pressure <0.01 mm Hg at 20 °C /contains 130-190 ppm proprietary phenolic antioxidant/
POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) Stability/Shelf Life Quite stable chemically
POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) pH Noncorrosive
POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) Odor Threshold 340 ppm
 

POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) Molecular Weight    134.17 g/mol 
POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) XLogP3    -0.7 
POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) Hydrogen Bond Donor Count    2 
POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count    3 
POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) Rotatable Bond Count    4 
POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) Exact Mass    134.094294 g/mol 
POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) Monoisotopic Mass    134.094294 g/mol 
POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) Topological Polar Surface Area    49.7 Ų 
POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) Heavy Atom Count    9 
POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) Formal Charge    0 
POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) Complexity    65.3 
POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) Isotope Atom Count    0 
POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) Defined Atom Stereocenter Count    0 
POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count    2 
POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) Defined Bond Stereocenter Count    0 
POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count    0 
POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) Covalently-Bonded Unit Count    1 
POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) Compound Is Canonicalized    Yes
 

Chemical Name: POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) Synonyms: POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400); Poly (propylene oxide).CAS No.: 25322-69-4 Appearance: Colorless viscous liquid Product description: POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) (PPG) POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) or polypropylene oxide is the polymer of propylene glycol. Chemically it is a polyether, and, more generally speaking, it's a polyalkylene glycol (PAG). The term POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) or PPG is reserved for low to medium range molar mass polymer when the nature of the end-group, which is usually a hydroxyl group, still matters. The term "oxide" is used for high molar mass polymer when end-groups no longer affect polymer properties. In 2003, 60% of the annual production of propylene oxide of 6.6×106 tonnes was converted into the polymer.POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) is produced by ring-opening polymerization of propylene oxide. The initiator is an alcohol and the catalyst a base, usually potassium hydroxide. When the initiator is ethylene glycol or water the polymer is linear. With a multifunctional initiator like glycerine, pentaerythritol or sorbitol the polymer branches out.POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) has many properties in common with polyethylene glycol. The polymer is a liquid at room temperature. Solubility in water decreases rapidly with increasing molar mass. Secondary hydroxyl groups in POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) are less reactive than primary hydroxyl groups in polyethylene glycol. POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) is less toxic than PEG, so biotechnologicals are now produced in POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400).Uses POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) is used in many formulations for polyurethanes. It is used as a rheology modifier.POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) is used as a surfactant, wetting agent, dispersant in leather finishing.POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) is also employed as a tuning reference and calibrant in mass spectrometry.POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) is used as a primary ingredient in the making of paintballs.POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) is used as a primary ingredient in the making of some laxatives.It is used in cosmetic and pharmaceutical preparations and in the manufacture of emulsifying or wetting agents and lubricants,suppress foaming in industrial processes and for making polyurethane resins, hydraulic fluids, and various other materials. It acts as swelling agent for the preparation and characterization of organo-modified SBA-15. POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) and tetraethoxysilane precursors play an important role for the preparation of superhydrophobic silica-based surfaces.In dilute aqueous solution unimers of Pluronic F127 associate to form micelles. In more concentrated solution, micelles pack to form high-modulus gels. Our interest is the effect of addition of 10-30 wt % low molecular weight POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400)400 on the micellization and gelation of solutions of F127. DLS was used to determine the apparent size of the micelles (rh,app). The critical micelle concentration (cmc) using the dye solubilization method of F127 in POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400)400 solutions was studied. Visual observation was carried out to detect gel formation in concentrated solutions and the onset of clouding and turbidity, as the temperature was raised. Oscillatory rheometry was used to confirm the formation of high-modulus gels and provide values of elastic moduli (G′max) over a wide temperature range. SAXS was used to determine gel structure. Our results for the hydrophobic adduct POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400)400 were compared with literature values for the hydrophilic adduct PEG6000.Crystallization grade POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) P 400 for formulating screens or for optimization.POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400), DIOL TYPE, 1000;POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400), DIOL TYPE, 2,000;POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400), DIOL TYPE, 700;POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) P 400;POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) 700;POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) 2000;POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) 1000;POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) 400WHAT IS POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 400/PROPYLENE GLYCOL OPHTHALMIC AND HOW DOES IT WORK? Polyethylene glycol 400/propylene glycol ophthalmic is an over-the-counter (OTC) product used to treat dry eyes.Polyethylene glycol 400/propylene glycol ophthalmic is available under the following different brand names: Systane Gel Drops, Systane Preservative-Free, Systane Ultra Preservative-Free, Systane Lubricant Eye Drops, and Systane Ultra.Dosages of Polyethylene Glycol 400/Propylene Glycol Ophthalmic:Dosage Forms and Strengths Ophthalmic Drops 0.4%/0.3% Dosage Considerations - Should be Given as Follows:Dry Eyes Shake well before use.Instill 1-2 drop(s) in affected eye(s) as needed.Safety and efficacy not established in pediatric patients.WHAT ARE SIDE EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH USING POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 400/PROPYLENE GLYCOL OPHTHALMIC? Side effects of polyethylene glycol 400/propylene glycol ophthalmic include A POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400), propylene glycol initiated, 400 molecular weight homopolymer diol. It is a multipurpose short diol, which can be blended with other polyols for the production of two component compact or foamed systems and one component prepolymer based products for coatings, adhesives and sealants with a variety of end uses such as elastomers, adhesives, coatings, and sealants.POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400), propylene glycol initiated. Can be blended with other polyols for the production of two component compact or foamed systems and one component prepolymer based products for coatings.Chemical Name: POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) Synonyms: POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400); Poly (propylene oxide).CAS No.: 25322-69-4 Appearance: Colorless viscous liquid Product description: POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) (PPG) POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) or polypropylene oxide is the polymer of propylene glycol. Chemically it is a polyether, and, more generally speaking, it's a polyalkylene glycol (PAG). The term POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) or PPG is reserved for low to medium range molar mass polymer when the nature of the end-group, which is usually a hydroxyl group, still matters. The term "oxide" is used for high molar mass polymer when end-groups no longer affect polymer properties. In 2003, 60% of the annual production of propylene oxide of 6.6×106 tonnes was converted into the polymer.POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) is produced by ring-opening polymerization of propylene oxide. The initiator is an alcohol and the catalyst a base, usually potassium hydroxide. When the initiator is ethylene glycol or water the polymer is linear. With a multifunctional initiator like glycerine, pentaerythritol or sorbitol the polymer branches out.POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) has many properties in common with polyethylene glycol. The polymer is a liquid at room temperature. Solubility in water decreases rapidly with increasing molar mass. Secondary hydroxyl groups in POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) are less reactive than primary hydroxyl groups in polyethylene glycol. POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) is less toxic than PEG, so biotechnologicals are now produced in POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400).Uses POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) is used in many formulations for polyurethanes. It is used as a rheology modifier.POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) is used as a surfactant, wetting agent, dispersant in leather finishing.POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) is also employed as a tuning reference and calibrant in mass spectrometry.POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) is used as a primary ingredient in the making of paintballs.POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) is used as a primary ingredient in the making of some laxatives.It is used in cosmetic and pharmaceutical preparations and in the manufacture of emulsifying or wetting agents and lubricants,suppress foaming in industrial processes and for making polyurethane resins, hydraulic fluids, and various other materials. It acts as swelling agent for the preparation and characterization of organo-modified SBA-15. POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) and tetraethoxysilane precursors play an important role for the preparation of superhydrophobic silica-based surfaces.In dilute aqueous solution unimers of Pluronic F127 associate to form micelles. In more concentrated solution, micelles pack to form high-modulus gels. Our interest is the effect of addition of 10-30 wt % low molecular weight POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400)400 on the micellization and gelation of solutions of F127. DLS was used to determine the apparent size of the micelles (rh,app). The critical micelle concentration (cmc) using the dye solubilization method of F127 in POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400)400 solutions was studied. Visual observation was carried out to detect gel formation in concentrated solutions and the onset of clouding and turbidity, as the temperature was raised. Oscillatory rheometry was used to confirm the formation of high-modulus gels and provide values of elastic moduli (G′max) over a wide temperature range. SAXS was used to determine gel structure. Our results for the hydrophobic adduct POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400)400 were compared with literature values for the hydrophilic adduct PEG6000.Crystallization grade POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) P 400 for formulating screens or for optimization.POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400), DIOL TYPE, 1000;POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400), DIOL TYPE, 2,000;POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400), DIOL TYPE, 700;POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) P 400;POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) 700;POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) 2000;POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) 1000;POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) 400WHAT IS POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 400/PROPYLENE GLYCOL OPHTHALMIC AND HOW DOES IT WORK? Polyethylene glycol 400/propylene glycol ophthalmic is an over-the-counter (OTC) product used to treat dry eyes.Polyethylene glycol 400/propylene glycol ophthalmic is available under the following different brand names: Systane Gel Drops, Systane Preservative-Free, Systane Ultra Preservative-Free, Systane Lubricant Eye Drops, and Systane Ultra.Dosages of Polyethylene Glycol 400/Propylene Glycol Ophthalmic:Dosage Forms and Strengths Ophthalmic Drops 0.4%/0.3% Dosage Considerations - Should be Given as Follows:Dry Eyes Shake well before use.Instill 1-2 drop(s) in affected eye(s) as needed.Safety and efficacy not established in pediatric patients.WHAT ARE SIDE EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH USING POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 400/PROPYLENE GLYCOL OPHTHALMIC? Side effects of polyethylene glycol 400/propylene glycol ophthalmic include A POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400), propylene glycol initiated, 400 molecular weight homopolymer diol. It is a multipurpose short diol, which can be blended with other polyols for the production of two component compact or foamed systems and one component prepolymer based products for coatings, adhesives and sealants with a variety of end uses such as elastomers, adhesives, coatings, and sealants.POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400), propylene glycol initiated. Can be blended with other polyols for the production of two component compact or foamed systems and one component prepolymer based products for coatings.Chemical Name: POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) Synonyms: POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400); Poly (propylene oxide).CAS No.: 25322-69-4 Appearance: Colorless viscous liquid Product description: POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) (PPG) POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) or polypropylene oxide is the polymer of propylene glycol. Chemically it is a polyether, and, more generally speaking, it's a polyalkylene glycol (PAG). The term POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) or PPG is reserved for low to medium range molar mass polymer when the nature of the end-group, which is usually a hydroxyl group, still matters. The term "oxide" is used for high molar mass polymer when end-groups no longer affect polymer properties. In 2003, 60% of the annual production of propylene oxide of 6.6×106 tonnes was converted into the polymer.POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) is produced by ring-opening polymerization of propylene oxide. The initiator is an alcohol and the catalyst a base, usually potassium hydroxide. When the initiator is ethylene glycol or water the polymer is linear. With a multifunctional initiator like glycerine, pentaerythritol or sorbitol the polymer branches out.POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) has many properties in common with polyethylene glycol. The polymer is a liquid at room temperature. Solubility in water decreases rapidly with increasing molar mass. Secondary hydroxyl groups in POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) are less reactive than primary hydroxyl groups in polyethylene glycol. POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) is less toxic than PEG, so biotechnologicals are now produced in POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400).Uses POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) is used in many formulations for polyurethanes. It is used as a rheology modifier.POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) is used as a surfactant, wetting agent, dispersant in leather finishing.POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) is also employed as a tuning reference and calibrant in mass spectrometry.POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) is used as a primary ingredient in the making of paintballs.POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) is used as a primary ingredient in the making of some laxatives.It is used in cosmetic and pharmaceutical preparations and in the manufacture of emulsifying or wetting agents and lubricants,suppress foaming in industrial processes and for making polyurethane resins, hydraulic fluids, and various other materials. It acts as swelling agent for the preparation and characterization of organo-modified SBA-15. POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) and tetraethoxysilane precursors play an important role for the preparation of superhydrophobic silica-based surfaces.In dilute aqueous solution unimers of Pluronic F127 associate to form micelles. In more concentrated solution, micelles pack to form high-modulus gels. Our interest is the effect of addition of 10-30 wt % low molecular weight POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400)400 on the micellization and gelation of solutions of F127. DLS was used to determine the apparent size of the micelles (rh,app). The critical micelle concentration (cmc) using the dye solubilization method of F127 in POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400)400 solutions was studied. Visual observation was carried out to detect gel formation in concentrated solutions and the onset of clouding and turbidity, as the temperature was raised. Oscillatory rheometry was used to confirm the formation of high-modulus gels and provide values of elastic moduli (G′max) over a wide temperature range. SAXS was used to determine gel structure. Our results for the hydrophobic adduct POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400)400 were compared with literature values for the hydrophilic adduct PEG6000.Crystallization grade POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) P 400 for formulating screens or for optimization.POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400), DIOL TYPE, 1000;POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400), DIOL TYPE, 2,000;POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400), DIOL TYPE, 700;POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) P 400;POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) 700;POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) 2000;POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) 1000;POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400) 400WHAT IS POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 400/PROPYLENE GLYCOL OPHTHALMIC AND HOW DOES IT WORK? Polyethylene glycol 400/propylene glycol ophthalmic is an over-the-counter (OTC) product used to treat dry eyes.Polyethylene glycol 400/propylene glycol ophthalmic is available under the following different brand names: Systane Gel Drops, Systane Preservative-Free, Systane Ultra Preservative-Free, Systane Lubricant Eye Drops, and Systane Ultra.Dosages of Polyethylene Glycol 400/Propylene Glycol Ophthalmic:Dosage Forms and Strengths Ophthalmic Drops 0.4%/0.3% Dosage Considerations - Should be Given as Follows:Dry Eyes Shake well before use.Instill 1-2 drop(s) in affected eye(s) as needed.Safety and efficacy not established in pediatric patients.WHAT ARE SIDE EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH USING POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 400/PROPYLENE GLYCOL OPHTHALMIC? Side effects of polyethylene glycol 400/propylene glycol ophthalmic include A POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400), propylene glycol initiated, 400 molecular weight homopolymer diol. It is a multipurpose short diol, which can be blended with other polyols for the production of two component compact or foamed systems and one component prepolymer based products for coatings, adhesives and sealants with a variety of end uses such as elastomers, adhesives, coatings, and sealants.POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL 400 (POLİPROPİLEN GLİKOL 400), propylene glycol initiated. Can be blended with other polyols for the production of two component compact or foamed systems and one component prepolymer based products for coatings.