POLYVINYLPYRROLIDONE

Polyvinylpyrrolidone is abbreviated as PVP, and is the polymer of vinylpyrrolidone. 
According to the different degree of polymerization, Polyvinylpyrrolidone is further classified into soluble PVP and insoluble PVPP (polyvinyl polypyrrolidone). 
Molecular weight of the soluble PVP is 8,000 to 10,000.

CAS:    9003-39-8
MF:    CH4
MW:    16.04246
EINECS:    1312995-182-4

Synonyms
vinisil;vinylpyrrolidonepolymer;PVP K30 USP24;PVP K120;K30 PVP K30;PVP H-30;Povidone PVP K 30;POLYVINYLPYRROLIDONE K 25

The soluble Polyvinylpyrrolidone can be used as a precipitating agent which can be settle down through its action with polyphenols. 
Using this method, Polyvinylpyrrolidone is easily to have residual PVP in the alcohol. Due to the savings effect of PVP inside the human body, the World Health Organization doesn’t recommend to apply this substance. 
In recent years, the use of soluble Polyvinylpyrrolidone has been rare. 
Insoluble Polyvinylpyrrolidone system had began to be used in the beer industry since the early 1960s. 
Polyvinylpyrrolidone has a relative molecule weight greater than the relative mass greater than 700,000. 
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is a insoluble polymer derived from the further cross-linking and polymerization of PVP and can be used as an adsorbent of polyphenols with a good efficacy.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone, also commonly called povidone, is a water-soluble polymer compound made from the monomer N-vinylpyrrolidone.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is available in a range of molecular weights and related viscosities, and can be selected according to the desired application properties.
The water-soluble polymer Polyvinylpyrrolidone, also known as polyvidone or povidone, is created from the monomer N-vinylpyrrolidone. 
Polyvinylpyrrolidone can be chosen based on the desired application properties and is offered in a variety of molecular weights and associated viscosities. 
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is a linear polymer that consists of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone monomers, and appears like a faintly yellow solid. 
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is used in the formulation of a wide range of product types including mascara, eyeliner, hair conditioners, hair sprays, shampoos and other hair care products and it majorly works as a film former, emulsion stabilizer, and hair fixative. 
In the 1950s, Polyvinylpyrrolidone was the first synthetic polymer to be used as a hair fixative in place of the insect-derived Shellac.

Polyvinylpyrrolidone Chemical Properties
Melting point: >300 °C
Boiling point: 90-93 °C
density: 1,69 g/cm3
Tg: 175
bulk density: 330kg/m3
refractive index: (25) 1.5300
refractive index: 1.5300
storage temp.: 2-8°C
solubility: H2O: soluble100mg/mL
form: powder
color: White to yellow-white
PH: 3.0-5.0
biological source: synthetic (oragnic)
Water Solubility: Soluble in water.
Sensitive Hygroscopic
Merck: 14,7697
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. Light sensitive. Hygroscopic.
Cosmetics Ingredients Functions: EMULSION STABILISING
ANTISTATIC
BINDING
VISCOSITY CONTROLLING
HAIR FIXING
FILM FORMING
InChI: InChI=1S/C8H15NO/c1-3-7(2)9-6-4-5-8(9)10/h7H,3-6H2,1-2H3
InChIKey: FAAHNQAYWKTLFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
IARC: 3 (Vol. 19, Sup 7, 71) 1987
EPA Substance Registry System: Polyvinylpyrrolidone (9003-39-8)

Polyvinylpyrrolidone is soluble in water and other polar solvents. 
For example, Polyvinylpyrrolidone is soluble in various alcohols, such as methanol and ethanol, as well as in more exotic solvents like the deep eutectic solvent formed by choline chloride and urea (Relin).
When dry Polyvinylpyrrolidone is a light flaky hygroscopic powder, readily absorbing up to 40% of its weight in atmospheric water. 
In solution, Polyvinylpyrrolidone has excellent wetting properties and readily forms films. 
This makes Polyvinylpyrrolidone good as a coating or an additive to coatings.
A 2014 study found fluorescent properties of Polyvinylpyrrolidone and its oxidized hydrolyzate.

The molecular formula of Polyvinylpyrrolidone
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is one of the three major pharmaceutical new excipients and can be used as the co-solvent of tablets, granules, and injection, as the glidant of capsules, as the dispersant agent of liquid preparations and the colorant, as the stabilizer of enzyme and heat sensitive drug, as the co-precipitating agent of poorly soluble drugs, and as the detoxicant of ophthalmic drugs and lubricants.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is industrially used as expanded polystyrene additive, as the gelling agents for suspension polymerization, stabilizer, and fiber treating agents, paper processing aids, adhesives, and thickening agents.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone and its copolymers CAP is an important raw material of cosmetics, mainly used for hair retaining agent. 
The film Polyvinylpyrrolidone formed in the hair is elastic and shiny, and has excellent carding property as well as being free of dust. 
Adopting different category of resin can meet various kinds of relative humidity climatic conditions. 
Therefore, Polyvinylpyrrolidone is an indispensable raw material in styling hair cream, hair gel, and mousse. 
Polyvinylpyrrolidone can also be used for the cosmetics of skin moisturizing agents and the dispersants for grease based hair dying, also as foam stabilizers, and can improve the consistency of the shampoo.
Insoluble Polyvinylpyrrolidone is the stabilizer of beer and juice which can improve its transparency, color, and flavor.

Polyvinylpyrrolidone is a water soluble polyamide. 
Commercially available Polyvinylpyrrolidone is divided into four viscosity grades according to its press K value (Fikentscher K value): K-15, K-30, K-60, K-90, with the average molecular weight being 10,000, 40000,160000, and 360000, respectively. 
K value or molecular weight is an important factor which decides the various properties of PVP.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is dissolved in water, chlorinated solvents, alcohol, amine, nitro-paraffin and low molecular weight fatty acids, and is mutually soluble with most inorganic salts and a variety of resin; insoluble in acetone and ether. 
Polyvinylpyrrolidone used for the matrix of dropping pill matrix is odorless, tasteless, white to pale yellow waxy solid with the relative density being 1.062, and its 5% aqueous solution pH being 3 to 7. 
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is hygroscopic and of good thermal stability, and can be dissolved in various kinds of organic solvents, and has high melting point. 
Adding certain natural or synthetic polymers or organic compounds can effectively adjust the Polyvinylpyrrolidone’s hygroscopicity and softness. 
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is not prone to have chemical reaction. 
Under normal storage conditions, dry PVP is quite stable. 
Polyvinylpyrrolidone has excellent physical inertia and biocompatibility and has not stimulation to skin, eyes no stimulation with no allergic reactions and being non-toxic.
Because of the hydrogen bonding or complexation effect, Polyvinylpyrrolidone’s viscosity is increased and this further inhibits the formation and growth of crystallized nuclei of drugs, making the drug being in the amorphous state. 

The dropping pill whose matrix is Polyvinylpyrrolidone can enhance the dissolution and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. 
In general, the greater the PVP amount, the higher dissolution and solubility of drug in the medium. 
Susana et al have studied the dissolution of the Polyvinylpyrrolidone solid dispersant of the slightly soluble drug albendazole. 
The increased amount of Polyvinylpyrrolidone can increase the dissolution rate and efficiency of drug inside the solid dispersant. 
Teresa et al have studied the dissolution of the poorly soluble drugs, flunarizine in PVP solid dispersant and obtained similar conclusion. 
Polyvinylpyrrolidone also found that the higher the content, the more significant increase in dissolution. 
IR has showed that flunarizine and Polyvinylpyrrolidone has no chemical reaction except in some cases that a best dissolution efficacy is obtained only in certain ratio between some drugs with the PVP. 
Tantishaiyakul et al has found that: when the ratio of piroxicam: Polyvinylpyrrolidone is 1:5 and 1:6, the dissolution of the solid dispersant is the largest with a 40 times as high as that of single drug within 5min.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone can also be dissolved in another molten dropping pill matrix, such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyoxyethylene monostearate (S-40), poloxamer and stearyl acid, glyceryl monostearate, etc for making complex matrix.

Physical and chemical properties    
Commonly used Polyvinylpyrrolidone level in the cosmetic industry is K-30. 
Commercialized Polyvinylpyrrolidone is white and free flowing powder or solids with its content in the mass fraction of 20%, 30%, 45% and 50% aqueous solution. 
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is soluble in water and is hygroscopic with a moisture equilibrium being 1/3 of the relative humidity of the environment. 
Similar as the protein hydration action, each monomer associates with 0.5mol water.

Cosmetics and industrial Polyvinylpyrrolidone (Luvikol K, BASF)
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is not easy to have chemical reaction. When stored at normal conditions, dry PVP is quite stable. 
Solution undergone mildew treatment is also stable. 
When heated in air to 150 °C or mixed with ammonium persulfate to heat at 90 °C for 30min, PVP will be exchanged to become a water-insoluble compound. 
In the presence of azo compound or a dichromate oxidizing agent, light will cause PVP solution to become gel. 
The co-heating of Polyvinylpyrrolidone solution with strong base (such as sodium silicate or trisodium phosphate) will generate precipitation. 
Many different compounds can generate complexes with Polyvinylpyrrolidone. 
For example, the complexes of Polyvinylpyrrolidone and iodine is very stable and have a good bactericidal effect and can reduce its toxicity; Adding the copolymers of the polyacrylic acid, tannic acid or methyl vinyl ether and maleic acid to the aqueous solution of Polyvinylpyrrolidone will generate insoluble complexes which are insoluble in water, alcohols and ketones. 
But when being treated with base for neutralize the poly-acid can reverse the reaction; complexation between Polyvinylpyrrolidone and toxins, drugs and toxic chemicals can reduce their toxicity; some kinds of dyes can also form a strong complex with PVP, which is the basis for using Polyvinylpyrrolidone as a dye bleaching agent.

Uses
In the early 1950s, older, with shellac and oil-based hairspray had been rapidly replaced by Polyvinylpyrrolidone sprays which are still widely used until now. 
Polyvinylpyrrolidone can form wet, transparent film on the hair which is shiny and has good lubrication effect. 
Polyvinylpyrrolidone has good compatibility with a variety of good propellant and also has corrosion resistance. 
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is widely used in hair styling, as the film former in combing products, as the creatinine and stabilizer of skin care lotions and creams, as the base stock material for eye and facial cosmetics and lipstick base, and also as hair dye dispersants and shampoo foam stabilizer. 
Polyvinylpyrrolidone has detoxification effect and can reduce the irritation effects of other preparation on the skin and eyes. 
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is also used as toothpaste detergents, gelling agents and antidotes. 
The main drawback of Polyvinylpyrrolidone is its sensitivity to moisture. 
However, this issue can be tackled by using its vinyl acetate copolymer in order to mitigate the effects of moisture and humidity. 
In addition, Polyvinylpyrrolidone also has wide application in the pharmaceutical, beverage and textile industries.

Clarifying agent; pigment stabilizer; colloidal stabilizer; Polyvinylpyrrolidone is mainly used for beer clarifying and quality stabilizing (reference amount 8~20g/100L, maintained for 24h and remove it by filtration), and can also be applied in combination with enzymes (protease) and protein adsorbents. 
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is also used to clarify the wine and as a stabilizer to prevent discoloration (reference amount 24~72g/100L).
Clarifying agents; stabilizers; thickeners agent; tablet fillers; dispersants; PVP of molecular weight 360,000 are often used as the clarifying agent of beer, vinegar, and grape wine.
Used as the fixing liquid for gas chromatography.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is used as a colloidal stabilizer and clarifying agent for beer clarification. 
Apply proper amount according the demands of production.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone can be used for pharmacy, aquaculture, and livestock disinfectant for the sterilization of the skin and mucous.

Polyvinylpyrrolidone molecule has an amide bond for absorbing the hydroxyl groups located in polyphenol molecule to form hydrogen bonds, and therefore, can be used as the stabilizer of beer, fruit wine/grape wine, and drinking wine to extend their shelf life and improve the transparency, color and taste. 
The products have two specifications: disposable type and regeneration type. 
Disposable products are suitable for application by SMEs; renewable products demand the purchase of special filtration equipment; but since it is recyclable, it is suitable for large breweries for recycle application.
In daily cosmetics, Polyvinylpyrrolidone and its copolymer has good dispersion property and filming property, and thus being able to be used as a setting lotion, hair spray and styling mousse, as opacifiers for hair care agents, as the stabilizer of shampoo foam, as wave styling agent and as the dispersants and affinity agents in hair dye. 
Adding Polyvinylpyrrolidone to cream, sunscreen, and hair removal agent can enhance wetting and lubricating effect. 
Taking advantage of the excellent properties of Polyvinylpyrrolidone such as surface activity, film-forming and non-irritating to the skin, no allergic reactions, etc., has broad prospects in its application in hair care and skin care products.

Medical
There are high-purity injectable grades of PVP available on the market, for specific use in intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous applications.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is a frequently used binder in pharmaceutical tablet formulations.
Pharmacokinetic studies in humans and various laboratory animal models indicate no to very little systemic absorption of PVP following oral administration.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone added to iodine forms a complex called povidone-iodine that possesses disinfectant properties.
This complex is used in various products such as solutions, ointment, pessaries, liquid soaps, and surgical scrubs. 
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is sold under the trade names Pyodine and Betadine, among others.
It is used in pleurodesis (fusion of the pleura because of incessant pleural effusions). 
For this purpose, povidone-iodine is as effective and safe as talc, and may be preferred because of its easy availability and low cost.

Polyvinylpyrrolidone is used in some contact lenses and their packaging solutions. 
Polyvinylpyrrolidone reduces friction, thus acting as a lubricant, or wetting agent, built into the lens. 
Examples of this use include Bausch & Lomb's Ultra contact lenses with MoistureSeal Technology, Air Optix contact lens packaging solution (as an ingredient called "copolymer 845"), and Johnson & Johnson's Acuvue contact lenses.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone was used as a plasma volume expander for trauma victims after the 1950s. 
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is not preferred as a volume expander due to its ability to provoke histamine release and also interfere with blood grouping.

Technical
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is also used in many technical applications:
as a special additive for batteries, ceramics, fiberglass, inks, and inkjet paper, and in the chemical-mechanical planarization process
as an emulsifier and disintegrant for solution polymerization
to increase resolution in photoresists for cathode-ray tubes (CRT)
in aqueous metal quenching
for production of membranes, such as dialysis and water purification filters
as a binder and complexation agent in agricultural applications such as crop protection, seed treatment and coating
as a thickening agent in tooth whitening gels
as an aid for increasing the solubility of drugs in liquid and semi-liquid dosage forms (syrups, soft gelatine capsules) and as an inhibitor of recrystallisation
as an additive to Doro's RNA extraction buffer 
as a liquid-phase dispersion enhancing agent in DOSY NMR
as a surfactant, reducing agent, shape controlling agent and dispersant in nanoparticle synthesis and their self-assembly
as a stabilizing agent in all inorganic solar cells

Other uses
Polyvinylpyrrolidone binds to polar molecules exceptionally well, owing to its polarity. 
This has led to its application in coatings for photo-quality ink-jet papers and transparencies, as well as in inks for inkjet printers.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is also used in personal care products, such as shampoos and toothpastes, in paints, and adhesives that must be moistened, such as old-style postage stamps and envelopes. 
Polyvinylpyrrolidone has also been used in contact lens solutions and in steel-quenching solutions.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is the basis of the early formulas for hair sprays and hair gels, and still continues to be a component of some.

As a food additive, PVP is a stabilizer and has E number E1201. 
Polyvinylpyrrolidone (crospovidone) is E1202. 
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is also used in the wine industry as a fining agent for white wine and some beers.
In in-vitro fertilisation laboratories, polyvinylpyrrolidone is used to slow down spermatozoa in order to capture them for e.g. ICSI.
In molecular biology, Polyvinylpyrrolidone can be used as a blocking agent during Southern blot analysis as a component of Denhardt's buffer. 
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is also exceptionally good at absorbing polyphenols during DNA purification. 
Polyphenols are common in many plant tissues and can deactivate proteins if not removed and therefore inhibit many downstream reactions like PCR.
In microscopy, Polyvinylpyrrolidone is useful for making an aqueous mounting medium.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone can be used to screen for phenolic properties, as referenced in a 2000 study on the effect of plant extracts on insulin production.

Production method    
Polyvinylpyrrolidone's crude product comes from the polymerization of vinylpyrrolidone under basic catalyst or the existence of N, N'-divinyl amidine and further cross-inking reaction. 
Then use water, 5% acetic acid and 50% ethanol for reflux to until extract ≤50mg/kg (for over 3h).
The 30% to 60% aqueous solution of the purified 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone, in the presence of ammonia or amines and also with hydrogen peroxide as the catalyst, has cross-linking and homo-polymerization reaction at a temperature of 50 °C and subject to further purification to obtain the final product.

Production Methods    
Povidone is manufactured by the Reppe process. 
Acetylene and formaldehyde are reacted in the presence of a highly active copper acetylide catalyst to form butynediol, which is hydrogenated to butanediol and then cyclodehydrogenated to form butyrolactone. 
Pyrrolidone is produced by reacting butyrolactone with ammonia. 
This is followed by a vinylation reaction in which pyrrolidone and acetylene are reacted under pressure. 
The monomer, vinylpyrrolidone, is then polymerized in the presence of a combination of catalysts to produce povidone.