PRODUCTS

POTASSIUM CHLORIDE

Potassium Chloride is used to remove calcium and magnesium ions which cause hardness of water.
Potassium chloride is used in the treatment or prevention of hypokalemia (low blood potassium level).
Potassium chloride is used as a stabilizer in water based sludge drilling in this sector.

CAS Number: 7447-40-7
EC Number: 231-211-8
MDL Number: MFCD00011360
Molecular Formula: KCl
Molecular Weight: 74.55 g/mol

SYNONYMS:
potassium chloride, 7447-40-7, Enseal, Klotrix, Sylvite, Klor-Con, Neobakasal, Muriate of potash, Slow-K, Chlorvescent, Acronitol, Kalitabs, Kaochlor, Potavescent, Kloren, Pfiklor, Potassium monochloride, Rekawan, Chloropotassuril, Klor-Lyte, KCl-retard Zyma, K-Contin, Kay Ciel, Monopotassium chloride, K-Lease, Kaon Cl, Kaon-Cl, Micro-K, Steropotassium, Kalcorid, Kaleorid, Kaliduron, Kaliglutol, Kalilente, Kalinorm, Kaliolite, Klorvess, Miopotasio, Potasion, Celeka, Chloride of potash, Durekal, Durules, Enpott, Kadalex, Kalipor, Kalipoz, Keylyte, Potasol, Kalium Duriles, Kalium Durules, Kalium Retard, Kalium-Durettes, Rekawan Retard, K-Lyte/Cl, Lento-Kalium, K-Lor, K-Tab, Kay-EM, Peter-kal, Ten-K, Kalitrans Retard, Potassium muriate, Durules-K, Kalium-R, Kay-Ciel, Repone K, Kalium SR, Diffu-K, K-Predne-Dome, Kalinor-Retard P, KCL Retard, Lento-K, Potassium chloride (KCl), Super K, Ultra K Chlor, Ultra-K-Chlor, Addi-K, Cena-K, K-Care, K-Grad, Kaliumchlorid, Span-K, Kayciel, Clor-K-Zaf, Micro-K Extentcaps, Plus Kalium Retard, Kali muriaticum, K-Lyte Cl, Kay-Cee-L, Apo-K, K Tab, K-Dur, K-Sol, Leo-K, Micro-K LS, Micro-Kalium Retard, Rum-K, Emplets potassium chloride, Slow-K tablets, Kalinorm Depottab, Nu-K, potassium; chloride, Kaon-Cl 10, Tripotassium trichloride, Super K (salt), K-SR, Kaon-Cl TABS, Kalium S.R., Chlorid draselny, Potassium Cl, Potassiumchloride, Klor-Con M20, Kaon Cl-10, Micro-K 10, KCL, Epiklor, Sylvine, Klor-Con M10, Klor-Con M15, Caswell No. 686, Kali Chloratum, Kali Chloridum, Potassium chloride (K3Cl3), Potassii Chloridum, Sylvite (KCl), Klor-Con 10, CCRIS 1962, Chloride (as potassium), Kalii chloridum, HSDB 1252, K+10, K-10, EINECS 231-211-8, MFCD00011360, NSC 77368, NSC-77368, Potassium Chloride 10meq in Plastic Container, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 013904, Potassium Chloride in Plastic Container, INS NO.508, Potassium chloride, AR, 99.5%, UNII-660YQ98I10, CHEBI:32588, INS-508, Potassium (as chloride), Potassium chloride 30meq in plastic container, Potassium chloride 40meq in plastic container, [KCl], Natural sylvite, Kato, 660YQ98I10, POTASSIUM(I) CHLORIDE, K-Norm, Potassium chloride [USP:JAN], 14336-88-0, K+8, Potassium chloride, ACS reagent, DTXSID5021178, E 508, E-508, Infalyte, Potassium chloride 20meq in plastic container, EC 231-211-8, NSC77368, Potassium chloride, ACS, 99.0%, Potassium chloride, for cell culture, Chlorid draselny [Czech], Potassium chloride, for molecular biology, THAM-E COMPONENT POTASSIUM CHLORIDE, (KCl), B1653, Potassium chloride, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard, HALFLYTELY COMPONENT POTASSIUM CHLORIDE, TIS-U-SOL COMPONENT POTASSIUM CHLORIDE, Potassium chloride [JAN], Chloride, Potassium, Potassium chloride (USP:JAN), POTASSIUM CHLORIDE (MART.), POTASSIUM CHLORIDE [MART.], POTASSIUM CHLORIDE (USP-RS), POTASSIUM CHLORIDE [USP-RS], Potassium chloride, inverted exclamation markY99.99% trace metals basis, POTASSIUM CHLORIDE (EP MONOGRAPH), POTASSIUM CHLORIDE [EP MONOGRAPH], POTASSIUM CHLORIDE (USP MONOGRAPH), POTASSIUM CHLORIDE [USP MONOGRAPH], Potassium chloride, meets analytical specification of Ph. 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Potassium Chloride is a white crystalline powder which readily dissolves in water.
In solid form Potassium chloride has a weak, bitter, unsalty flavor.
Potassium chloride is a naturally occurring mineral.

Potassium chloride is a prescription medication used to prevent and treat low blood potassium levels (hypokalemia).
Potassium chloride is available in many forms, including capsules, tablets, and oral solutions.
This medication is taken by mouth, typically multiple times a day.

Some of the most common side effects of potassium chloride include nausea, vomiting, and stomach upset.
Potassium chloride is also available over the counter in lower doses as a supplement.
Chemical formula of the chemical form of Potassium chloride is odorless.

Potassium chloride is composed of white crystals.
These crystals are stacked in the form of surface-centric cubes.
It is preferred by chemists because of the fact that the salt (sodium chloride) cannot be converted into misbehavior with similar processes inside the heart or into the pregnancy sac.

Potassium Chloride, a chemical compound, is composed of potassium and chlorine elements.
Potassium chloride's symbol in chemistry is shown as KCl.
The pure form of this element, which consists of white crystals, is odorless.

Potassium chloride, a salt, has high solubility in water.
Potassium chloride is an important element for the human body.
Potassium chloride provides the proper distribution of pH of all body fluids and healthy nervous system and muscle function.

Low chloride levels cause alkalinity of body fluids and low potassium in urine.
Potassium Chloride is taken externally in case of potassium deficiency, which occurs when potassium is excreted in the body or potassium is not taken under normal conditions.

In this way, there are potassium chloride drugs in ampoule form on the market.
Some diseases that cause potassium loss are diarrhea, vomiting, gastrointestinal fistulas, primary and secondary hyperaldosteronism, chronic protein breakdown.

The symptoms are advanced muscle weakness, tachycardia, hyporeflexia, rapid and rapid breathing.
Potassium chloride is a fine crystal structure, white/orange colored fertilizer and contains the highest amount of potassium among potassium fertilizers.
In addition to potassium, Potassium chloride also contains 46% chlorine, a micronutrient element.

Potassium chloride is a potassium fertilizer suitable for plants other than chlorine-sensitive plants such as tobacco, potatoes, apples, citrus fruits and lettuce.
The fertilizer in question is produced by washing the potassium chloride mineral in the earth and removing other undesirable compounds.

Some Potassium chloride is produced by injecting hot water deep into the ground to dissolve the soluble sylvinite mineral and then pumping the brine back to the surface, where the water evaporates.
Solar evaporation is used to recover valuable potash salts from brine water in Utah’s Dead Sea and Great Salt Lake, for example.

Potassium chloride occurs as colorless or crystals or crystalline powder.
Potassium chloride is odorless, and has a saline taste.
Potassium chloride is freely soluble in water, and practically insoluble in ethanol (95) and in diethyl ether.

Potassium chloride is a solution of potassium chloride (1 in 10) is neutral.
Potassium chloride, also known as potassium salt, is used as a medication to treat and prevent low blood potassium.
Low blood potassium may occur due to vomiting, diarrhea, or certain medications.

The concentrated version should be diluted before use.
Potassium chloride is given by slow injection into a vein or by mouth.
Potassium chloride (KCl), ionic compound whose molecules consist of one potassium atom and one chlorine atom.

Potassium chloride is a white-to-colourless face-centred cubic crystal.
Potassium chloride came into large scale commercial use as a fertilizer in 1861 and has been used medically since the 1950s.
Potassium chloride is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.

Potassium chloride is available as a generic medication.
In 2022, Potassium chloride was the 35th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 16 million prescriptions.
Potassium chloride contains 52% of elemental potassium by mass.

Potassium chloride (KCl, or potassium salt) is a metal halide salt composed of potassium and chlorine.
Potassium chloride is odorless and has a white or colorless vitreous crystal appearance.
The solid dissolves readily in water, and Potassium chloride's solutions have a salt-like taste.

Potassium chloride can be obtained from ancient dried lake deposits.
Potassium chloride occurs naturally as the mineral sylvite, which is named after salt's historical designations sal degistivum Sylvii and sal febrifugum Sylvii, and in combination with sodium chloride as sylvinite.

Potassium chloride is also an optical crystal with a wide transmission range from 210 nm to 20 μm.
While cheap, Potassium chloride crystals are hygroscopic.
This limits Potassium chloride's application to protected environments or short-term uses such as prototyping.

Exposed to free air, Potassium chloride optics will "rot".
Whereas Potassium chloride components were formerly used for infrared optics, they have been entirely replaced by much tougher crystals such as zinc selenide.

Potassium chloride appears as white colorless cubic crystals. Strong saline taste.
Potassium chloride is a metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.
Potassium chloride has a role as a fertilizer.

Potassium chloride is a potassium salt, an inorganic chloride and an inorganic potassium salt.
Potassium chloride is a white crystal or crystalline powder used as an electrolyte replenisher, in the treatment of hypokalemia, in buffer solutions, and in fertilizers and explosives.

The FDA withdrew its approval for the use of all solid oral dosage form drug products containing potassium chloride that supply 100 mg or more of potassium per dosage unit, except for controlled-release dosage forms and those products formulated for preparation of solution prior to ingestion.
Potassium Chloride is a metal halide composed of potassium and chloride.

Potassium maintains intracellular tonicity, is required for nerve conduction, cardiac, skeletal and smooth muscle contraction, production of energy, the synthesis of nucleic acids, maintenance of blood pressure and normal renal function.
This agent has potential antihypertensive effects and when taken as a nutritional supplement may prevent hypokalemia.

Potassium Chloride Extended-Release is an extended-release (ER) formulation of potassium chloride, the metal halide salt composed of potassium and chloride, that is used for the treatment and prophylaxis of hypokalemia.
Upon oral administration, potassium chloride provides potassium.

Potassium maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance, regulates the proper functioning of heart and muscle contractions, supports healthy bone density and blood pressure.
Potassium chloride also plays an important role in the transmission of nerve impulses and energy production.

Potassium chloride is a small molecule drug with a maximum clinical trial phase of IV (across all indications) and is indicated for hemorrhage and cardiac arrhythmia and has 11 investigational indications.
Sylvite is a mineral with formula of Potassium chloride.

Potassium chloride is a white crystal or crystalline powder used as an electrolyte replenisher, in the treatment of hypokalemia, in buffer solutions, and in fertilizers and explosives.
Potassium chloride is a white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES.

Potassium chloride can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.
Potassium is a mineral that is found in many foods and is needed for several functions of your body, especially the beating of your heart.

Potassium chloride is a white crystal or crystalline powder used as an electrolyte replenisher, in the treatment of hypokalemia, in buffer solutions, and in fertilizers and explosives.

Potassium chloride prevents and treats low levels of potassium in your body.
Potassium plays an important role in maintaining the health of your kidneys, heart, muscles, and nervous system.
Potassium is an essential mineral your body needs to function normally.

It plays a crucial role in regulating your heartbeat.
You can find it in many foods, but a lack of it can lead to hypokalemia or potassium deficiency.

Potassium chloride (KCI) is a form of salt that doctors prescribe to treat low potassium levels in the blood.
You may have lower-than-normal potassium levels in your blood because of a disease or certain medications.

USES and APPLICATIONS of POTASSIUM CHLORIDE:
Water: Potassium Chloride is used to remove calcium and magnesium ions which cause hardness of water.
Medicine: Potassium chloride is used in the treatment or prevention of hypokalemia (low blood potassium level).
Drill: Potassium chloride is used as a stabilizer in water based sludge drilling in this sector.

Covering: Potassium chloride is used to provide high voltage in acid baths in electrolysis coatings.
Paint: Textile dyes; Potassium chloride is used together with sulfonic acids to contribute to this sector.
Heat: Potassium chloride is used for materials that cannot be surface treated by soldering / sandblasting, in heat treatment processes (especially in aluminum sheets)

Drilling Potassium chloride is used as a stabilizer in water-based mud drilling.
Potassium chloride can also be used in oil production.
In electrolytic coating, when high voltage is provided with potassium chloride in acid baths, more coating can be done in less time.

In azo/textile dyes, potassium chloride is used together with sulfonic acids.
Heat treatment For materials that cannot be surface treated by soldering/sandblasting, heat treatment processes are used (especially in aluminum sheets).
In metallurgy, surface treatment, galvanization, casting, melting are used.

Also, aluminum waste is melted using potassium chloride and sodium chloride (salt), thus removing unnecessary waste in it.
As a result, aluminum waste becomes high quality.
In Water Softening, Potassium Chloride is used to remove calcium and magnesium ions that cause water hardness.

Potassium chloride is also used in food and fertilizer areas.
The main use of potassium chloride is in the manufacture of fertilizers.
Potassium chloride finds use in medicine as an electrolyte replenisher, and to treat hypokalemia with its pharmaceutical preparation, a condition in which the level of potassium will be low in blood.

Further Potassium chloride finds use as a flux agent in welding and metal casting.
Potassium chloride is useful in water softener units, certain de-icing products and calibration of the radiation monitoring equipment.
Potassium chloride finds use as a scotophor in dark-trace CRTs.

Since Potassium chloride is completely soluble in water, it can be easily used in soils for plants that require potassium and are not sensitive to chlorine, using classical methods or drip/sprinkler/underground leakage irrigation systems.
Potassium chloride, the most commonly used source, is also frequently referred to as muriate of potash, or MOP (muriate is the old name for any chloride-containing salt).

Potassium Chloride (KCl) is widely used in various industrial, agricultural and laboratory applications.
Potassium chloride is an important component as a potassium source in fertilizers and plays a critical role in plant nutrition.
Potassium chloride is also used as a salt substitute in chemical syntheses, pharmaceutical production and the food industry.

Potassium chloride is widely used in laboratories to prepare buffer solutions, in biological and chemical analyses.
Potassium chloride is also used in water softening systems and in medical applications as an electrolyte.
Uses of Potassium chloride: Research reagent, Salt substitutes, Preparation of other potassium compounds, Food processing, and Fertilizer.

Potassium chloride can be used as a salt substitute for individuals on a restricted salt (sodium chloride) diet.
Potassium chloride is used as a deicing agent and has a fertilizing value after the ice melts.
Potassium chloride is also used in water softeners to replace calcium in water.

Potassium chloride is most often used in potash as part of an effective fertilizer for plants.
Approximately 90 percent of all potassium chloride manufactured is used in the fertilizer industry.
Other uses of Potassium chloride include industrial, pharmaceutical, and food and beverage applications.

In medicine Potassium chloride is used to treat or prevent low levels of potassium (hypokalemia) in the human body.
Potassium ions are needed for proper functioning of the heart, muscles, kidneys, and nervous and digestive systems.
Potassium chloride can be substituted for salt (sodium chloride) in water softeners and in processes related to food processing.

For people with high blood pressure, potassium chloride can be used as a salt substitute in food.
Potassium chloride is added to sodium chloride in table salt instead of using pure potassium chloride.
(Potassium chloride does not have as salty a taste as sodium chloride.)

A small substitution of potassium chloride into table salt helps reduce sodium intake for people worried about the health effects of too much sodium in their diet.
Potassium chloride is often added to animal feed to increase milk production in cows and goats.

Potassium chloride is used in some de-icing products designed to be safer for pets and plants, though these are inferior in melting quality to calcium chloride.
Potassium chloride is also used in various brands of bottled water.

Potassium chloride was once used as a fire extinguishing agent, and in portable and wheeled fire extinguishers.
Known as Super-K dry chemical, Potassium chloride was more effective than sodium bicarbonate-based dry chemicals and was compatible with protein foam.
This agent fell out of favor with the introduction of potassium bicarbonate (Purple-K) dry chemical in the late 1960s, which was much less corrosive, as well as more effective.

Potassium chloride is rated for B and C fires.
Along with sodium chloride and lithium chloride, potassium chloride is used as a flux for the gas welding of aluminium.
Potassium chloride is used as a scotophor with designation P10 in dark-trace CRTs, e.g. in the Skiatron.

Potassium chloride is used in the treatment of hypokalemia as an electrolyte replenisher.
Potassium chloride is used as a fertilizer, in medicine, in scientific applications, domestic water softeners (as a substitute for sodium chloride salt), and in food processing, where it may be known as E number additive E508.

Potassium chloride is used to prevent or to treat low blood levels of potassium (hypokalemia).
Apart from using potassium chloride to flavor your food, your doctor may also prescribe it as medication.

-Agricultural use of Potassium chloride:
Potassium chloride is the most widely applied K fertilizer because of its relatively low cost and because it includes more K than most other sources: 50 to 52 percent K (60 to 63 percent K₂O) and 45 to 47 percent Cl⁻.

More than 90 percent of global potash production goes into plant nutrition.
Farmers spread Potassium chloride onto the soil surface prior to tillage and planting.
Potassium chloride may also be applied in a concentrated band near the seed.

Since dissolving fertilizer will increase the soluble salt concentration, banded Potassium chloride is placed to the side of the seed to avoid damaging the germinating plant.
Potassium chloride rapidly dissolves in soil water.

The K⁺ will be retained on the negatively charged cation exchange sites of clay and organic matter.
The Cl⁻ portion will readily move with the water.
An especially pure grade of Potassium chloride can be dissolved for fluid fertilizers or applied through irrigation systems.

-Management practices
Potassium chloride is found in various shades and particle sizes.
Potassium chloride is primarily used as a source of K nutrition. However, there are regions where plants respond favorably to application of Cl⁻.

Potassium chloride is usually the preferred material to meet this need.
There are no significant impacts on water or air associated with normal application rates of KCl.
Elevated salt concentrations surrounding the dissolving fertilizer may be the most important factor to consider.

-Industrial uses of Potassium chloride:
As a chemical feedstock, Potassium chloride is used for the manufacture of potassium hydroxide and potassium metal.
Potassium chloride is also used in medicine, lethal injections, scientific applications, food processing, soaps, and as a sodium-free substitute for table salt for people concerned about the health effects of sodium.

Potassium chloride is used as a supplement in animal feed to boost the potassium level in the feed.
As an added benefit, Potassium chloride is known to increase milk production.

Potassium chloride is sometimes used in solution as a completion fluid in petroleum and natural gas operations, as well as being an alternative to sodium chloride in household water softener units.

Glass manufacturers use granular potash as a flux, lowering the temperature at which a mixture melts.
Because potash imparts excellent clarity to glass, Potassium chloride is commonly used in eyeglasses, glassware, televisions, and computer monitors.

Because natural potassium contains a tiny amount of the isotope potassium-40, potassium chloride is used as a beta radiation source to calibrate radiation monitoring equipment.
Potassium chloride also emits a relatively low level of 511 keV gamma rays from positron annihilation, which can be used to calibrate medical scanners.

-Medical use of Potassium chloride:
Potassium is vital in the human body, and potassium chloride by mouth is the standard means to treat low blood potassium, although it can also be given intravenously.

Potassium chloride is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.
Potassium chloride is also an ingredient in Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT)/solution (ORS) to reduce hypokalemia caused by diarrhoea.

This is another medicine on the WHO's List of Essential Medicines.
Potassium chloride contains 52% of elemental potassium by mass.

-Culinary use of Potassium chloride:
Potassium chloride can be used as a salt substitute for food, but due to its weak, bitter, unsalty flavor, it is often mixed with ordinary table salt (sodium chloride) to improve the taste, to form low sodium salt.

The addition of 1 ppm of thaumatin considerably reduces this bitterness.
Complaints of bitterness or a chemical or metallic taste are also reported with potassium chloride used in food.

WHAT IS ORAL POTASSIUM CHLORIDE USED OFR?
Prevention and treatment of low blood potassium levels (hypokalemia)

HOW POTASSIUM CHLORIDE WORKS?
Potassium chloride is a potassium salt, or supplement, used to raise your blood potassium levels when they're too low.
Potassium is essential for heart, nerve, and muscle health as well as for other important processes in the body to work properly.

Potassium chloride (also called potassium salt) is used in an increasing number of packaged and restaurant foods and salt substitutes sold at grocery stores to reduce sodium levels, a major cause of high blood pressure, heart disease, and strokes.

Grocery stores offer a range of salt substitutes for home use.
Some consist almost entirely of potassium chloride and are sodium-free.

However, to counteract potassium’s bitter taste, many “lite” salts are about half potassium chloride and half sodium chloride.
If you use only as much of a salt substitute as you would have used regular salt, you would cut the sodium content of those meals significantly.

Besides reducing sodium intake, the extra potassium in salt substitutes offers its own health benefits.
There is moderately strong evidence that higher potassium intakes reduce blood pressure, especially in people with high blood pressure.

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE:
Potassium chloride has a molecular mass of 74.551 grams per mole, a solubility in water of 253.9 grams per litre at 20 °C (68 °F), and a density of 1.984 grams per milliliter.
Potassium chloride is odourless and has a slightly sour taste.
The melting point of Potassium chloride is 770 °C (1,418 °F), and the boiling point is 1,420 °C (2,588 °F).

Potassium chloride readily dissolves in water, and the aqueous solution that forms is a good conductor of electricity.
Potassium chloride produces a lilac or pale violet colour when it burns.
While it is not directly used in fireworks, potassium chloride is used to manufacture other chemicals used in pyrotechnics, such as potassium chlorate and potassium perchlorate.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE:
*Solubility
Potassium chloride is soluble in a variety of polar solvents.

Solutions of Potassium chloride are common standards, for example for calibration of the electrical conductivity of (ionic) solutions, since KCl solutions are stable, allowing for reproducible measurements.
In aqueous solution, Potassium chloride is essentially fully ionized into solvated K+ and Cl− ions.

*Redox and the conversion to potassium metal
Although potassium is more electropositive than sodium, Potassium chloride can be reduced to the metal by reaction with metallic sodium at 850 °C because the more volatile potassium can be removed by distillation (see Le Chatelier's principle):

KCl(l)+Na(l)↽−−⇀NaCl(l)+K(g)
This method is the main method for producing metallic potassium. Electrolysis (used for sodium) fails because of the high solubility of potassium in molten KCl.

*Other potassium chloride stoichiometries
Potassium chlorides with formulas other than KCl have been predicted to become stable under pressures of 20 GPa or more.

Among these, two phases of KCl3 were synthesized and characterized.
At 20-40 GPa, a trigonal structure containing K+ and Cl3− is obtained; above 40 GPa this gives way to a phase isostructural with the intermetallic compound Cr3Si.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE:
Under ambient conditions, the crystal structure of potassium chloride is like that of NaCl.
Potassium chloride adopts a face-centered cubic structure known as the B1 phase with a lattice constant of roughly 6.3 Å.
Crystals cleave easily in three directions.
Other polymorphic and hydrated phases are adopted at high pressures.

SOME OTHER PROPERTIES OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE:
Transmission range: 210 nm to 20 μm
Transmittivity = 92% at 450 nm and rises linearly to 94% at 16 μm
Refractive index = 1.456 at 10 μm
Reflection loss = 6.8% at 10 μm (two surfaces)
dN/dT (expansion coefficient)= −33.2×10−6/°C
dL/dT (refractive index gradient)= 40×10−6/°C
Thermal conductivity = 0.036 W/(cm·K)
Damage threshold (Newman and Novak): 4 GW/cm2 or 2 J/cm2 (0.5 or 1 ns pulse rate); 4.2 J/cm2 (1.7 ns pulse rate Kovalev and Faizullov)
As with other compounds containing potassium, Potassium chloride in powdered form gives a lilac flame.

PRODUCTION OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE:
Potassium chloride is extracted from minerals sylvite, carnallite, and potash.
Potassium chloride is also extracted from salt water and can be manufactured by crystallization from solution, flotation or electrostatic separation from suitable minerals.

Potassium chloride is a by-product of the production of nitric acid from potassium nitrate and hydrochloric acid.
Most potassium chloride is produced as agricultural and industrial-grade potash in Saskatchewan, Canada, Russia, and Belarus.
Saskatchewan alone accounted for over 25% of the world's potash production in 2017.

*Laboratory methods
Potassium chloride is inexpensively available and is rarely prepared intentionally in the laboratory.
Potassium chloride can be generated by treating potassium hydroxide (or other potassium bases) with hydrochloric acid:

KOH+HCl⟶KCl+H2O
This conversion is an acid-base neutralization reaction.

The resulting salt can then be purified by recrystallization.
Another method would be to allow potassium to burn in the presence of chlorine gas, also a very exothermic reaction:
2 K + Cl2 -> 2 KCl

HOW DOES POTASSIUM CHLORIDE WORK?
Potassium chloride helps raise potassium levels in the body.
About 98% of the body’s potassium is inside cells, especially in muscle cells.
Potassium inside cells helps balance fluid levels and controls the electrical activity of cell membranes.

In heart cells and nerves, potassium moves out of the cells through special channels to reset their electrical charge after each beat or signal.
If potassium levels are too low (hypokalemia) or too high (hyperkalemia), it can affect the heart’s normal rhythm, which can be bad.
But potassium problems rarely affect the brain directly.

SOLUBILITY OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE:
Potassium chloride is insoluble in water.
Potassium chloride is slightly soluble in alcohol.
Potassium chloride is insoluble in ether.

POTASSIUM CHLORIDE, COMPACTED, FERTILIZER GRADE:
The majority of the potassium chloride produced is used for making fertilizer, called potash, since the growth of many plants is limited by potassium availability.
The term "potash" refers to various mined and manufactured salts that contain potassium in water-soluble form.

Potassium chloride sold as fertilizer is known as "muriate of potash"—it is the common name for potassium chloride (KCl) used in agriculture.
The vast majority of potash fertilizer worldwide is sold as muriate of potash.

The dominance of muriate of potash in the fertilizer market is due to Potassium chloride's high potassium content (approximately 60% K
2O equivalent) and relative affordability compared to other potassium sources like sulfate of potash (potassium sulfate).

Potassium is one of the three primary macronutrients essential for plant growth, alongside nitrogen and phosphorus.
Potassium plays a vital role in various plant physiological processes, including enzyme activation, photosynthesis, protein synthesis, and water regulation.

For watering plants, a moderate concentration of potassium chloride (KCl) is used to avoid potential toxicity: 6 mM (millimolar) is generally effective and safe for most plants, that is approximately 0.4 grams (0.014 oz) per liter of water.

PRODUCTION AND REACTIONS OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE:
Potassium chloride is made of silvinite and carnalite.
Clean workover and well completion solutions are prepared for formations within the range of 0.437 - 0.504 psi / ft pressure gradients.
Potassium chloride and sodium chloride can be compressed with a disc, and then with an infrared solution (nujol) to be used in the analysis.
Potassium perchlorate can be obtained by staging potassium chloride and reactions with potassium chloride under appropriate conditions.

HISTORY OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE:
History
Slow-K is a 1950s development where the medicine is formulated to enter the bloodstream at delayed intervals.
Potassium chloride was first only prescribed to British military forces to balance their diets while serving in Korea.

LETHAL INJECTION OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE:
Potassium chloride is used in lethal injection as the third of a three-drug combination.
Potassium chloride is also sometimes used in fetal intracardiac injections in second- and third-trimester induced abortions.

Jack Kevorkian's thanatron machine injected a lethal dose of potassium chloride into the patient, which caused the heart to stop functioning, after a sodium thiopental-induced coma was achieved.
Cardiac arrest induced by potassium has been used in political assassinations in Iran, by injection or by inserting a potassium suppository into the victim's rectum.

HOW SHOULD I TAKE POTASSIUM CHLORIDE?
Take potassium chloride exactly as prescribed by your doctor.
Follow all directions on your prescription label and read all medication guides or instruction sheets.
Your doctor may occasionally change your dose.

Read and carefully follow any Instructions for Use provided with your medicine.
Ask your doctor or pharmacist if you do not understand these instructions.
Take potassium chloride with a full glass of water.

Take potassium chloride with food or just after a meal if this medicine upsets your stomach.
Measure liquid medicine with the dosing syringe provided, or with a special dose-measuring spoon or medicine cup.
If you do not have a dose-measuring device, ask your pharmacist for one.

Do not crush, chew, or suck on a tablet or capsule.
Sucking on the pill could irritate your mouth or throat.
Call your doctor if you have trouble swallowing a potassium chloride capsule or tablet.

You may be able to dissolve the tablet in water, or mix Potassium chloride from a capsule with soft food.
Carefully follow your doctor's instructions.

Mix the powder form of Potassium chloride with at least 4 ounces (one-half cup) of cold water or fruit juice before taking.
Drink the mixture slowly, over 5 to 10 minutes in all.
To make sure you get the entire dose, add a little more water to the same glass, swirl gently and drink right away.

To be sure Potassium chloride is helping your condition, you may need frequent blood tests.
You may not notice any change in your symptoms, but your blood work will help your doctor determine how long to treat you with potassium chloride.

Your heart function may need to be checked using an electrocardiograph or ECG (sometimes called an EKG).
Even if you have no symptoms, tests can help your doctor determine if Potassium chloride is effective.

Your treatment may include a special diet.
Follow the diet plan created for you by your doctor or nutrition counselor.
Get familiar with the list of foods you should eat or avoid to help control your condition.

Potassium-rich foods include: squash, baked potatoes (skin on), spinach, lentils, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, zucchini, kidney or navy beans, raisins, watermelon, orange juice, bananas, cantaloupe, and low-fat milk or yogurt.
Consume only the daily amounts recommended by your doctor or nutrition counselor.

Some tablets are made with a shell that is not absorbed or melted in the body.
Part of this shell may appear in your stool.
This is normal and will not make the medicine less effective.

Store at room temperature away from moisture and heat.
Keep the medication in a closed container.

PRODUCTION OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE:
Potassium chloride can be extracted from sylvinite, a mineral mixture of sodium chloride (halite) and potassium chloride (sylvite), mined for potash, a mixture of potassium chloride and other potassium compounds.

Potassium chloride is recovered from ores in Saskatchewan, Canada (which produces more than one-quarter of the world’s potash), and to a lesser extent from ores in New Mexico, U.S.
Potassium chloride is refined from sylvite by using either fractional crystallization or the flotation process.
In fractional crystallization, materials are refined based on differences in solubility.

In the flotation process, air bubbles are injected into a flotation cell of potassium chloride crystals that are covered by surface-active materials.
These air bubbles attach to the potassium chloride crystals, which generate a potassium chloride foam, and this foam is then mechanically separated by using a centrifuge.

In the refining of ores in Utah, water is used to help the process.
The water dissolves the potassium chloride, and this solution is then pumped back to the surface, where the water evaporates, leaving the potassium chloride.

WHAT IS POTASSIUM CHLORIDE USED FOR?
Potassium chloride is commonly used to treat or prevent low potassium levels (hypokalemia).
Potassium chloride may also be used for other conditions as determined by your healthcare provider.

HOW DOES POTASSIUM CHLORIDE WORK (MECHANISM OF ACTION)?
Potassium chloride is a form of potassium.
Taking potassium chloride can help to increase potassium levels.

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of POTASSIUM CHLORIDE:
Molecular Weight: 74.55 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 1
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 73.9325592 Da
Monoisotopic Mass: 73.9325592 Da
Topological Polar Surface Area: 0 Å²
Heavy Atom Count: 2
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 2
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0

Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 2
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Linear Formula: KCl
CAS Number: 7447-40-7
Molecular Weight: 74.55
MDL number: MFCD00011360
UNSPSC Code: 12352302
EC Index Number: 231-211-8

NACRES: NA.21
Assay: ≥99.5% (silver nitrate titration)
Form: Solid
Solubility: 347 g/L
Physical state: Solid
Color: White
Odor: Odorless
Melting point/freezing point: Melting point: 770 °C
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 1.413 °C at 1.013 hPa
Flammability (solid, gas): The product is not flammable.
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available

Flash point: Not applicable
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: 5.5 - 8.5 at 50.0 g/l at 20.0 °C
Viscosity:
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available,
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: 355 g/l at 25 °C
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: Not applicable for inorganic substances

Vapor pressure: No data available
Density: 1.98 g/cm3 at 20.0 °C
Relative density: 1.98
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: None
Other safety information: Bulk density ca. 1.000 kg/m3
Solubility in other: Ethanol 4.0 g/l

FIRST AID MEASURES of POTASSIUM CHLORIDE:
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of POTASSIUM CHLORIDE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of POTASSIUM CHLORIDE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of POTASSIUM CHLORIDE:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of POTASSIUM CHLORIDE:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available