POTASSIUM PERSULFATE PPS

Potassium persulfate PPS is a strong inorganic oxidizing agent used in polymerization, bleaching, etching, and surface treatment applications.
Potassium persulfate PPS acts as a free-radical initiator in many polymer systems and supports controlled reaction performance.
Because Potassium persulfate PPS can intensify fire and react with reducing or combustible materials, it must be stored dry, cool, and away from incompatible substances.

CAS Number: 7727-21-1
EC Number: 231-781-8
Molecular Formula: K2S2O8
Molecular Weight: 270.32 g/mol

Synonyms: Potassium Persulfate, PPS, Potassium Peroxydisulfate, Dipotassium Peroxodisulfate, Dipotassium Peroxydisulfate, Potassium Peroxodisulphate, Potassium Peroxydisulphate, Peroxydisulfuric Acid Dipotassium Salt, Peroxodisulfuric Acid Dipotassium Salt, Potassium Salt of Peroxydisulfuric Acid, K₂S₂O₈, Oxidizing Persulfate Salt, Polymerization Initiator PPS, Bleaching Agent PPS, Persulfate Oxidizer

Potassium persulfate PPS is an inorganic peroxide salt commonly used as a strong oxidizing agent and free-radical initiator.
Potassium persulfate PPS is widely applied in polymerization processes, hair bleaching products, printed circuit board etching, surface treatment, cleaning formulations, and chemical synthesis.

Due to its strong oxidizing nature, Potassium persulfate PPS should be handled carefully and kept away from heat, moisture, reducing agents, organic materials, and combustible substances.
Potassium persulfate PPS is the inorganic compound with the formula K2S2O8.

Potassium persulfate PPS is a white solid that is sparingly soluble in cold water, but dissolves better in warm water.
This salt is a powerful oxidant, commonly used to initiate polymerizations.

Initiate emulsion polymerization for synthetic rubber and latex.
This strong oxidant helps create styrene-butadiene rubber and is also used as a booster in hair bleaching formulas to accelerate the lightening process safely.

Potassium persulfate PPS is a white, finely crystalline, odourless salt consisting of technically pure potassium peroxodisulfate and silicic acid to enhance the free flowing properties.
Potassium persulfate PPS is used as an initiator (source of free radicals) for the polymerisation of monomers and as a strong oxidising agent in many applications.

Potassium persulfate PPS has the particular advantage of being only slightly hygroscopic and easy and safe to handle.
As a result of the process used for its production Potassium persulfate PPS is free from contamination by ammonium ions.

As a result of its extremely high purity Potassium persulfate PPS has a good storage stability.
Due to its fine crystallinity potassium peroxydisulfate tends to lumping.

Potassium persulfate PPS is a white, crystalline, odorless powder with strong oxidizing properties.
Potassium persulfate PPS is the potassium salt of peroxydisulfuric acid.
Potassium persulfate PPS is widely used as a radical initiator in polymerization reactions and as an oxidizing agent in various industrial and laboratory applications.

Potassium persulfate PPS is an inorganic compound, which is a white crystalline powder, soluble in water, insoluble in ethanol, with strong oxidation, often used as bleaching agent, oxidizing agent, can also be used as polymerization initiator, almost no moisture absorption, good stability at room temperature, easy to store, with the advantages of convenience and safety.
Potassium persulfate PPS is a white, crystalline, odourless salt.

Potassium persulfate PPS is used as initiator for the polymerisation of monomers and as a strong oxidizing agent in many applications.
Potassium persulfate PPS has the particular advantage of being almost non-hygroscopic, of having a particularly good storage stability as a result of its extremely high purity and of being easy and safe to handle.

Potassium persulfate PPS is the inorganic compound with the formula K₂S₂O₈.
Potassium persulfate PPS is a white solid that is sparingly soluble in cold water, but dissolves better in warm water.
This salt is a powerful oxidant, commonly used to initiate polymerizations.

Uses of Potassium Persulfate PPS:
This salt is used to initiate polymerization of various alkenes leading to commercially important polymers such as styrene-butadiene rubber and polytetrafluoroethylene and related materials.

In solution, the dianion dissociates to give radicals:
[O3SO-OSO3]2− ⇌ 2 [SO4]•−

Potassium persulfate PPS is used in organic chemistry as an oxidizing agent for instance in the Elbs persulfate oxidation of phenols and the Boyland–Sims oxidation of anilines.

As a strong yet stable bleaching agent Potassium persulfate PPS also finds use in various hair bleaches and lighteners.
Such brief and non-continuous use is normally hazard free, however prolonged contact can cause skin irritation.
Potassium persulfate PPS has been used as an improving agent for flour with the E number E922, although it is no longer approved for this use within the EU.

Applications of Potassium Persulfate PPS:
Potassium persulfate PPS is used in emulsion polymerization as an initiator for acrylics, styrene, vinyl acetate, and other monomers.
Potassium persulfate PPS is also used in cosmetics for hair bleaching powders, in electronics for copper etching, in water treatment, soil remediation, textile processing, and industrial cleaning formulations.
Potassium persulfate PPS provides strong oxidation performance and helps initiate chemical reactions where radical formation is required.

Initiator for the emulsion or solution Polymerization of acrylic monomers, vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride etc. and for the emulsion co-polymerization of styrene, acrylonitrile, butadiene etc.,
Oxidizing agent, used in cleaning and pickling of metal surface, accelerated curing of low formaldehyde adhesives and modification of starch, production of binders and coating materials,

Desizing agent and bleach activator,
Potassium persulfate PPS is an essential component of bleaching formulations for hair cosmetics.
For drinking water applications, the optimum dosing must be max. 43 mg/L.

Polymerization:
Initiator for the emulsion or solution polymerization of acrylic monomers, vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride etc. and for the emulsion copolymerization of styrene, acrylonitrile, butadiene etc.
Dosage: 0.1 - 0.5 % KPS-5 (PPS)
Temperature: 75 - 95 °C

In combination with redox systems (ascorbic acid, Rongalite, sulfites or sugar - possibly in combination with heavy metal salts such as Fe2+) Potassium persulfate PPS can also be used for polymerization reactions carried out at lower - and even at ambient temperatures.
To reduce the residual monomer content, a combination of KPS-5 (PPS) with TBHP-70-AQ is recommended, particularly in cases where redox systems are used.

Cosmetic:
Essential component of bleaching formulations.

Paper:
Modification of starch; repulping particularly of wet-strength paper.

Textile:
Desizing agent and bleach activator - particularly for cold bleaching (e.g. bleaching of jeans).

Others:
Chemical synthesis
Water treatment (decontamination)
Waste gas treatment; oxidative degradation of harmful substances (e.g. Hg)

Structure of Potassium Persulfate PPS:
The sodium and potassium salts are very similar.
In the potassium salt, the O-O distance is 1.495 Å.
The individual sulfate groups are tetrahedral, with three short S-O distances near 1.43 and one long S-O bond at 1.65 Å.

Preparation of Potassium Persulfate PPS:
Potassium persulfate PPS can be prepared by electrolysis of a cold solution potassium bisulfate in sulfuric acid at a high current density.

2 KHSO4 → K2S2O8 + H2

Potassium persulfate PPS can also be prepared by adding potassium bisulfate (KHSO4) to a solution of the more soluble salt ammonium peroxydisulfate (NH4)2S2O8.
Several million kilograms of the ammonium, sodium, and potassium salts of peroxydisulfate are produced annually.

Stability and Reactivity of Potassium Persulfate PPS:

Chemical stability:
Potassium Persulfate (PPS) is stable under recommended dry, cool, and well-ventilated storage conditions.

Reactivity:
Potassium persulfate PPS is a strong oxidizing agent and may intensify fire.
Potassium persulfate PPS can react violently with reducing agents, organic materials, combustible substances, metals, metal powders, strong acids, strong bases, and contaminated materials.

Conditions to avoid:
Avoid heat, flames, sparks, direct sunlight, moisture, humidity, friction, shock, dust formation, and contamination.

Incompatible materials:
Reducing agents, combustible materials, organic substances, powdered metals, strong acids, strong bases, peroxides, alcohols, amines, and easily oxidized materials.

Hazardous decomposition products:
Thermal decomposition may produce oxygen, sulfur oxides, potassium oxides, and irritating or toxic fumes.

Handling and Storage of Potassium Persulfate PPS:

Handling:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practices.
Avoid contact with eyes, skin, and clothing.
Avoid breathing dust and prevent dust formation.

Storage:
Store in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area.
Keep container tightly closed when not in use.

Storage conditions:
Protect from heat, moisture, direct sunlight, ignition sources, and contamination.
Store away from combustible materials, reducing agents, organic materials, and incompatible chemicals.

Packaging materials:
Keep in original sealed containers or suitable oxidizer-compatible industrial packaging.

Shelf life:
Stable when stored properly under dry, cool, and sealed conditions.

First Aid Measures of Potassium Persulfate PPS:

Inhalation:
Move person to fresh air and keep comfortable for breathing.
If coughing, irritation, asthma-like symptoms, or breathing difficulty occurs, seek medical attention immediately.

Skin contact:
Remove contaminated clothing.
Wash affected area with plenty of water and soap.
Seek medical attention if irritation, redness, or burning persists.

Eye contact:
Rinse cautiously with clean water for several minutes.
Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do.
Continue rinsing and seek medical attention immediately.

Ingestion:
Rinse mouth with water.
Do not induce vomiting unless instructed by medical personnel.
Seek medical attention immediately.

Most important symptoms:
May cause eye, skin, and respiratory irritation.
Dust may cause coughing, throat irritation, breathing difficulty, and allergic respiratory reactions in sensitive individuals.

Firefighting Measures of Potassium Persulfate PPS:

Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray or flooding quantities of water.
Use extinguishing media suitable for surrounding fire.

Unsuitable extinguishing media:
Do not use dry chemical powder, foam, or carbon dioxide as the main extinguishing method for the oxidizer itself, because cooling and dilution with water are preferred.

Specific hazards:
Potassium Persulfate is an oxidizer and may intensify fire.
Potassium persulfate PPS can release oxygen during decomposition and may support combustion of other materials.

Protective equipment for firefighters:
Firefighters should wear self-contained breathing apparatus and full protective clothing.

Firefighting instructions:
Cool containers exposed to fire with large amounts of water spray.
Remove containers from fire area if safe to do so.
Prevent contaminated firefighting water from entering drains or waterways.

Accidental Release Measures of Potassium Persulfate PPS:

Personal precautions:
Avoid contact with eyes, skin, and clothing.
Avoid breathing dust.

Remove ignition sources and keep away from combustible materials.
Use appropriate personal protective equipment.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent material from entering drains, soil, surface water, or waterways.

Methods for containment:
Stop spill if safe to do so.
Keep spilled material dry and avoid contamination with organic or combustible materials.

Methods for cleaning up:
Collect carefully by sweeping or vacuuming with dust-control methods.
Do not use combustible absorbents such as sawdust or paper.
Place into clean, dry, labeled containers for disposal.

Disposal:
Dispose of collected material according to local, regional, and national regulations for oxidizing substances.

Exposure Controls / Personal Protective of Potassium Persulfate PPS:

Engineering controls:
Use adequate ventilation.
Provide local exhaust ventilation where dust may be generated during weighing, transfer, mixing, or processing.

Respiratory protection:
Use suitable dust mask or respirator if dust levels are high, ventilation is insufficient, or exposure limits may be exceeded.

Hand protection:
Wear chemical-resistant protective gloves.

Eye protection:
Wear safety glasses or chemical splash goggles.
Use face protection where dust or splashing may occur.

Skin and body protection:
Wear suitable protective clothing to prevent skin contact.
Use protective workwear and closed shoes.

Hygiene measures:
Wash hands after handling and before eating, drinking, or smoking.
Remove contaminated clothing and wash before reuse.
Keep away from food, beverages, animal feed, combustible materials, and incompatible chemicals.

Identifiers of Potassium Persulfate PPS:
CAS No.: 7727-21-1
EC No.: 231-781-8
Molecular formula: K₂S₂O₈
Molecular weight: 270.32 g/mol
Chemical type: Inorganic persulfate salt

CAS Number: 7727-21-1
EINECS No: 231-781-8
Purity: 99%
Molecular Formula： K2S2O8
Molecular Weight： 270.33

CAS Number: 7727-21-1
ChemSpider: 22821
ECHA InfoCard: 100.028.893
EC Number: 231-781-8
E number: E922 (glazing agents, ...)
PubChem CID: 24412
RTECS number: SE0400000
UNII: 6B86K0MCZC
UN number: 1492
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID4029690
InChI: InChI=1S/2K.H2O8S2/c;;1-9(2,3)7-8-10(4,5)6/h;;(H,1,2,3)(H,4,5,6)/q2*+1;/p-2
Key: USHAGKDGDHPEEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L
InChI=1/2K.H2O8S2/c;;1-9(2,3)7-8-10(4,5)6/h;;(H,1,2,3)(H,4,5,6)/q2*+1;/p-2
Key: USHAGKDGDHPEEY-NUQVWONBAA
SMILES: [O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS(=O)(=O)[O-].[K+].[K+]

Properties of Potassium Persulfate PPS:
Appearance: White crystalline powder
Odor: Odorless or slight characteristic odor
Solubility: Soluble in water
Chemical nature: Strong oxidizer
Melting/decomposition: Decomposes on heating

Chemical formula: K2S2O8
Molar mass: 270.322 g/mol
Appearance: white powder
Odor: odorless
Density: 2.477 g/cm3
Melting point: < 100 °C (212 °F; 373 K) (decomposes)
Solubility in water: 1.75 g/100 mL (0 °C)
4.49 g/100 mL (20 °C)
Solubility: insoluble in alcohol
Refractive index (nD): 1.467

Molecular Weight: 270.3 kg/kmol
Specific Gravity: 2.480 kg/m³
pH Value (%5 solution): 3 - 7
Thermal Decomposition: ≥65°C
Solubility in water: 6(25°C), 17(50 °C) (g/100 g H2O)

Appearance: white, finely crystalline solid
Assay (typically): approx. 99.0 % w/w
Active oxygen (AO, typically): approx. 5.9 % w/w
Acid (calculated as H2SO4, typically): approx. 0.05 % w/w
Iron content (typically): approx. 1 mg/kg
Bulk density: approx. 1100 kg/m3
Melting point: (decomposition)
Solubility in water at 10 / 20 / 40 / 60 °C: approx. 30 / 50 / 105 / 210 g/L
pH of a 1 % solution in water (typically)*: approx. 4.0
pH of a 10 % solution in water (typically)*: approx. 3.3
Decomposition temperature (SADT)**: 170 °C
Recommended storage temperature: < 30 °C
Storage stability as from date of delivery: 12 months
Moisture content (typically): < 0.03 % w/w

Specifications of Potassium Persulfate PPS:
Appearance: White Crystal
Purity K2S2O8: Min. %99 (w/w)
Active Oxygen: Min. %5.86 (w/w)
Acid Content (as H2SO4): Max. %0.15 (w/w)
Iron (Fe) Content: Max. 5 ppm
Heavy Metals (as Pb): Max. 5 ppm

HS Code: 865747
Chemical Name: Potassium persulfate PPS
Chemical Formula: K2S2O8
Molar Mass: 270.32 g/mol
Appearance: White crystalline powder
Odor: Odorless
Solubility In Water: 7.4 g/100 mL (20°C)
Density: 2.477 g/cm³
Melting Point: Decomposes at 120°C
Cas Number: 7727-21-1
Ph Value: 2.5 - 3.0 (50 g/L at 20°C)
Oxidizing Property: Strong oxidizer

Ammonium persulfate Content %: ≥99.0
Active Oxygen %: ≥5.85
As Cl %: ≤0.005
As Mn %: ≤0.0001
As Fe %: ≤0.001
Heavy Metals %: ≤0.001
Ammonia %: ≤0.2
Moisture %: ≤0.05

Names of Potassium Persulfate PPS:

Other names:
potassium peroxydisulfate
Anthion
potassium perdisulfate

Related Compounds of Potassium Persulfate PPS:

Other anions:
Potassium sulfite
Potassium sulfate
Potassium peroxymonosulfate

Other cations:
Sodium persulfate
Ammonium persulfate