POVIDONE IODINE

POVIDONE IODINE = Polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine

CAS Number : 25655-41-8 
EC Number  : 607-771-8 
PubChem CID : 410087
Molecular Formula : (C6H9NO)
Molecular Weight  : 364.95

Povidone-iodine (PVP-I), also known as iodopovidone, is an antiseptic used for skin disinfection before and after surgery.
Povidone-iodine may be used both to disinfect the hands of healthcare providers and the skin of the person they are caring for.
Povidone-iodine may also be used for minor wounds.
Povidone-iodine may be applied to the skin as a liquid or a powder.

Side effects include skin irritation and sometimes swelling.
If used on large wounds, kidney problems, high blood sodium, and metabolic acidosis may occur.
It is not recommended in women who are less than 32 weeks pregnant.
Frequent use is not recommended in people with thyroid problems or are taking lithium.

Povidone-iodine is a chemical complex of povidone, hydrogen iodide, and elemental iodine.
Povidone-iodine contains 10% Povidone, with total iodine species equaling 10,000 ppm or 1% total titratable iodine.
Povidone-iodine works by releasing iodine which results in the death of a range of microorganisms.

Povidone-iodine came into commercial use in 1955.
Povidone-iodine is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.
Povidone-iodine is available over the counter.
Povidone-iodine is sold under a number of brand names including Betadine.

Medical uses of Povidone-iodine
Povidone-iodine is a broad spectrum antiseptic for topical application in the treatment and prevention of wound infection. 
Povidone-iodine may be used in first aid for minor cuts, burns, abrasions and blisters. 
Povidone-iodine exhibits longer lasting antiseptic effects than tincture of iodine, due to its slow absorption via soft tissue, making it the choice for longer surgeries. 
Chlorhexidine provides superior results with equivalent adverse events.

Consequently, Povidone-iodine has found broad application in medicine as a surgical scrub; for pre- and post-operative skin cleansing; for the treatment and prevention of infections in wounds, ulcers, cuts and burns; for the treatment of infections in decubitus ulcers and stasis ulcers; in gynecology for vaginitis associated with candidal, trichomonal or mixed infections. 
For these purposes Povidone-iodine has been formulated at concentrations of 7.5–10.0% in solution, spray, surgical scrub, ointment, and swab dosage forms; however, use of 10% povidone-iodine though recommended, is infrequently used, as it is poorly accepted by health care workers and is excessively slow to dry.

Because of these critical indications, only sterile povidone-iodine should be used in most cases. 
Non-sterile product can be appropriate in limited circumstances in which people have intact, healthy skin that will not be compromised or cut. The non-sterile form of Povidone iodine has a long history of intrinsic contamination with Burkholderia cepacia (aka Pseudomonas cepacia), and other opportunistic pathogens. 
Its ability to harbor such microbes further underscores the importance of using sterile products in any clinical setting. 
Since these bacteria are resistant to povidone iodine, statements that bacteria do not develop resistance to PVP-I,should be regarded with great caution: some bacteria are intrinsically resistant to a range of biocides including povidone-iodine.

Antiseptic activity of Povidone-iodine is because of free iodine (I2) and Povidone-iodine only acts as carrier of I2 to the target cells. 
Most commonly used 10% Povidone-iodine delivers about 1-3 ppm of I2 in a compound of more than 31,600 ppm of total iodine atoms. 
All the toxic and staining effects of Povidone-iodine is due to the inactive iodine only.

Eyes 
A buffered Povidone-iodine solution of 2.5% concentration can be used for prevention of neonatal conjunctivitis, especially if it is caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, or Chlamydia trachomatis. 
Povidone-iodine is currently unclear whether Povidone-iodine is more effective in reducing the number of cases of conjunctivitis in neonates over other methods.
Povidone-iodine appears to be very suitable for this purpose because, unlike other substances, it is also efficient against fungi and viruses (including HIV and Herpes simplex).

Pleurodesis
Povidone-iodine is used in pleurodesis (fusion of the pleura because of incessant pleural effusions). 
For this purpose, povidone-iodine is equally effective and safe as talc, and may be preferred because of easy availability and low cost.

Alternatives
There is strong evidence that chlorhexidine and denatured alcohol used to clean skin prior to surgery is better than any formulation of povidone-iodine.

Contraindications
Povidone-iodine is contraindicated in people with hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid gland) and other diseases of the thyroid, after treatment with radioiodine, and in people with dermatitis herpetiformis.

Side effects
The sensitization rate to the product is 0.7%.

Interactions of Povidone-iodine
The iodine in PVP-I reacts with hydrogen peroxide, silver, taurolidine and proteins such as enzymes, rendering them (and itself) ineffective. 
It also reacts with many mercury compounds, giving the corrosive compound mercury iodide, as well as with many metals, making it unsuitable for disinfecting metal piercings.

Iodine is absorbed into the body to various degrees, depending on application area and condition of the skin. 
As such, it interacts with diagnostic tests of the thyroid gland such as radioiodine diagnostics, as well as with various diagnostic agents used on the urine and stool, for example Guaiacum resin.

Structure of Povidone-iodine
Povidone-iodine is a chemical complex of the polymer povidone (polyvinylpyrrolidone) and triiodide (I3−).
Povidone-iodine is soluble in cold and mild-warm water, ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, and glycerol. 
Povidone-iodines stability in solution is much greater than that of tincture of iodine or Lugol's solution.

Free iodine, slowly liberated from the povidone-iodine (PVP-I) complex in solution, kills cells through iodination of lipids and oxidation of cytoplasmic and membrane compounds. 
This agent exhibits a broad range of microbiocidal activity against bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses. 
Slow release of iodine from the PVP-I complex in solution minimizes iodine toxicity towards mammalian cells.

PVP-I can be loaded into hydrogels, which can be based on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), and gelatin, or on crosslinked polyacrylamide. 
These hydrogels can be used for wound dressing. 
The rate of release of the iodine in the PVP-I is heavily dependent on the hydrogel composition: it increases with more CMC/PVA and decreases with more gelatin.

History of Povidone-iodine
PVP-I was discovered in 1955, at the Industrial Toxicology Laboratories in Philadelphia by H. A. Shelanski and M. V. Shelanski.
They carried out tests in vitro to demonstrate anti-bacterial activity, and found that the complex was less toxic in mice than tincture of iodine. 
Human clinical trials showed the product to be superior to other iodine formulations.

Following the discovery of iodine by Bernard Courtois in 1811, it has been broadly used for the prevention and treatment of skin infections, as well as the treatment of wounds. 
Iodine has been recognized as an effective broad-spectrum bactericide, and is also effective against yeasts, molds, fungi, viruses, and protozoans. 
Drawbacks to its use in the form of aqueous solutions include irritation at the site of application, toxicity, and the staining of surrounding tissues. 
These deficiencies were overcome by the discovery and use of PVP-I, in which the iodine is carried in a complexed form and the concentration of free iodine is very low. 
Povidone-iodineThe product thus serves as an iodophor.

Povidone-iodine has found application in the field of nanomaterials. 
A wound-healing application has been developed which employs a mat of single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) coated in a monolayer of povidone-iodine.
Research has previously found that the polymer polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP, povidone) can coil around individual carbon nanotubes to make them water-soluble.

An iodinated polyvinyl polymer used as topical antiseptic in surgery and for skin and mucous membrane infections, also as aerosol. 
The iodine may be radiolabeled for research purposes.

Mechanism of Povidone-iodine
Povidone-iodine functions as an antiseptic through several mechanisms and is considered to have the broadest spectrum of action compared to other common antiseptics such as chlorhexidine . 
The two most potent antiseptic metabolites of Povidone-iodine are molecular I2 and hypoiodous acid, which deliver free iodine. 
These free iodine molecules oxidize amino acids, nucleic acids and cell membranes . 
Through oxidation of cell surface receptors, Povidone-iodine prevents the attachment of viruses to cellular receptors

Povidone is found in both medical and household items and can cause mild symptoms with large ingestions. 
Povidone iodine is a common antiseptic used to disinfect the skin, eyes, and vagina. 
When used correctly, povidone iodine might cause mild side effects, but it can cause major problems when used incorrectly.

Povidone iodine, also known as polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), was originally developed in Germany as a plasma expander, intended for use by the German military in World War II. 
Povidone iodine was later found to be ineffective as a blood substitute, and is no longer used for this purpose. 
Because Povidone iodine dissolves easily in multiple substances, it is now commonly used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. 
Other chemical characteristics of Povidone iodine, including its biological inertness and ability to bind and form complexes with other materials, make povidone a favorable compound for use in many industries today. 

Povidone iodine is an ingredient in many artificial tear and eye lubricating products. 
Some contact lens manufacturers even incorporate povidone into their lens to act as a wetting agent to increase moisture retention. 
Povidone iodine is also used as a binder in medication tablets and in liquid oral drugs. 
You can frequently find it listed in cosmetic products such as hair spray, lipstick, gels, and shampoos. 
Povidone iodine is even used in toothpaste, as a stain remover and whitening ingredient.

Povidone iodine is stable under recommended storage conditions.
Povidone iodine is aqueous solutions have a pH near 2 and may be made more neutral (but less stable) by the addition of sodium bicarbonate.

Use and Manufacturing of Povidone-iodine
Sources/Uses
Use to clean contaminated wounds and for pre-operative preparation of the skin; Used as a suspending agent, dispersing agent, and vehicle for pharmaceuticals, as a blood volume expander, topical antiseptic, and for infections of the skin and mucous membranes; The iodine can be radiolabeled for research applications; 

Povidone-iodine is an iodophore that is used as a disinfectant and antiseptic mainly for the treatment of contaminated wounds and pre-operative preparation of the skin and mucous membranes as well as for disinfection of equipment.

Industry Uses
Surface active agents

Consumer Uses
Personal care products

Household Products
Information on 5 consumer products that contain Povidone-Iodine in the following categories is provided:
• Pet Care

First Aid Measures of Povidone-iodine
Description of First Aid
Measures:
In Case of Inhalation:Remove to fresh air. 
If not breathing, give artificial respiration or give oxygen by trained personnel.
Get immediate medical attention.

In Case of Skin Contact:Immediately wash skin with soap and plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. 
Remove contaminated clothing. 
Get medical attention if symptoms occur. 
Wash clothing before reuse.

In Case of Eye Contact:Hold eyelids apart and flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. 
Have eyes examined and tested by medical personnel.

In Case of Ingestion:Wash out mouth with water provided person is conscious. 
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. 
Get medical attention. 
Do NOT induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel.

Handling and Storage of Povidone-iodine
Precautions To Be Taken in Handling:
Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray.
Avoid prolonged or repeated exposure.

Precautions To Be Taken in Storing:
Keep container tightly closed.
Store in accordance with information listed on the product insert.

Povidone-iodine is a stable chemical complex of polyvinylpyrrolidone (povidone, PVP) and elemental iodine. 
It contains from 9.0% to 12.0% available iodine, calculated on a dry basis. 
This unique complex was discovered in 1955 at the Industrial Toxicology Laboratories in Philadelphia by H. A. Shelanski and M. V. Shelanski. During in vitro testing to demonstrate anti-bacterial activity it was found that the complex was less toxic in mice than tincture of iodine. Human clinical trials showed the product to be superior to other iodine formulations. 
Povidone-iodine was immediately marketed, and has since become the universally preferred iodine antiseptic.

Povidone iodine is a kind of iodine disinfectant which directly cause in vivo protein denaturation, precipitation of bacteria, and further resulting in the death of pathogenic microorganisms. 
Therefore, Povidone iodine is effective in disinfection and sterilization. 
Povidone iodine can kill viruses, bacteria, spores, fungi, and protozoa with low toxicity to human. 
Povidone-iodine aqueous solution has strong pharmacological activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, syphilis, hepatitis B virus, HIV, and Trichomonas vaginalis. 
Povidone iodine gel is a gynecological topical semi-mobile colloidal agent made by povidone iodine and hydrophilic matrix. 

Povidone iodine is a system for maintaining its sustained release. 
Owing to the continuous release of free iodine, it can enable the skin and mucous membranes to maintain a certain effective concentration of iodine for killing bacteria. 
Povidone iodine is mainly used for gynecological vaginal infection. 
Povidone iodine exerted its effect through being miscible with vaginal secretions and further killing the inside pathogenic microorganisms, and thus blocking the spread of sexually transmitted diseases and invasion, as well as treating other infected vaginal diseases caused by other kinds of bacteria.

Povidone-iodine is called iodophore which means povidone acts as a carrier of iodine. 
Iodine is considered as the active moiety that mediates microbicidal actions. 
When released from the complex, free iodine (I2) penetrates the cell wall of microorganisms quickly, and the lethal effects are believed to result from disruption of protein and nucleic acid structure and synthesis. 
While the full mechanism of action is not fully elucidated, iodine is thought to inhibit vital bacterial cellular mechanisms and structures, and oxidizes nucleotides fatty or amino acids in bacterial cell membranes.
Additionally, free iodine disrupts the function of the cytosolic enzymes involved in the respiratory chain, causing them to become denatured and deactivated.

In vitro evidence suggests that iodine also counteracts inflammation elicited by both pathogens and the host response via multifactorial effects. In hosts, povidone-iodine was demonstrated to modulate the redox potential, inhibit the release of inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α and β-galactosidase, inhibit metalloproteinase production, and potentiate the healing signals from pro-inflammatory cytokines by activation of monocytes, T-lymphocytes, and macrophages, in vitro.

Povidone-Iodine is intended for topical application and is not absorbed.
Povidone-Iodine is intended for topical application and has no volume of distribution.
Povidone-Iodine to be used topical. No plasma protein binding reported.
Povidone-Iodine is not absorbed or metabolized.
Povidone-Iodine is intended for topical application and is not eliminated.

Povidone-iodine (Betadine) is a complex of the potent bactericidal agent iodine and the carrier molecule povidone. 
On contact with tissues, the carrier complex slowly releases free iodine. 
Gradual release decreases tissue irritation and reduces potential toxicity while preserving the agent’s germicidal activity. 
Povidone-iodine is effective against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, fungi, and viruses.
In contrast to chlorhexidine, povidone-iodine has a shorter protective effect against bacterial buildup on the skin after hand washing and seems to be less effective than these agents for that purpose.

Povidone-iodine is manufactured as a solution by itself (povidone-iodine solution) or in conjunction with an ionic detergent (povidone-iodine scrub preparation). 
The detergent in the scrub preparation seems to be toxic to several normal tissues and to components of an open wound.
Excessive exposure of open wounds to scrub solutions by wound scrubbing or soaking is not recommended. 
Scrub solutions were designed for preoperative preparation of intact skin before operative incisions.

Povidone-iodine, without the detergent, is distributed most commonly as a 10% solution. 
When diluted to a 1% concentration or lower, it can be applied safely to wounds, and it retains its bactericidal activity.
It has no inherent negative effect on wound healing.
The lack of clinical toxicity of povidone-iodine without detergent was shown with 225 patients undergoing ophthalmologic surgery.
Povidone-iodine 10% solution, diluted with saline, was used to prepare the eye and its surrounding structures for surgery. 
There was no reported corneal, conjunctival, or skin toxicity. 
Adverse and allergic reactions are extremely rare, even when the solution is used in known iodine-allergic patients.

An iodophor solution containing a water-soluble complex of iodine and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) with broad microbicidal activity. 
Free iodine, slowly liberated from the povoiodine-iodine (PVPI) complex in solution, kills eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells through iodination of lipids and oxidation of cytosplasmic and membrane compounds. 
This agent exhbits a broad range of microbicidal activity against bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses. Slow release of iodine from the PVPI complex in solution minimizes iodine toxicity towards mammalian cells.

Povidone Iodine Solution is an antiseptic and disinfectant agent. It is used for the treatment and prevention of infections in wounds and cuts. It kills the harmful microbes and controls their growth, thereby preventing infections in the affected area.

Povidone Iodine Solution is for external use only. 
You should always use it exactly as your doctor has told you. 
The affected area should be clean and dry before application. 
You must wash your hands thoroughly before and after applying this medicine. 
This medicine should be used regularly to get the most benefit from it. 
Do not use more than you need as it will not clear your condition faster and some side effects may be increased. 
You can help this medication work better by keeping the affected areas clean.

This medicine may cause side effects like skin irritation, redness, or itching at the site of application. 
Please consult your doctor if these side effects persist for a longer duration. 
Avoid direct contact with your eyes. 
In case of direct contact, wash your eyes with water and seek immediate medical attention. 
You should stop taking it straight away if you have any signs of an allergic reaction. 
Signs of this include rash, swelling of the lips, throat, or face, swallowing or breathing problems, feeling dizzy or faint, and nausea.

Povidone Iodine Solution is a versatile antiseptic that is used for the treatment and prevention of infection. 
Povidone Iodine Solution kills and prevents the growth of infection-causing microbes, thereby preventing abrasions, cuts, and wounds, or any break in the skin from getting infected. 
The antiseptic effect is caused due to the slow release of iodine. 
Keep the affected area clean and use the medicine as prescribed by your doctor.

Povidone Iodine belongs to the class of medications called 'antiseptic and disinfectant' primarily used to treat and prevent skin infections in minor burns, lacerations (deep cut in the skin), cuts, and abrasions (the first layer of skin is scraped off). 
It also helps to treat infections of the lining of the mouth and throat, such as gingivitis (inflammation of the gums) and mouth ulcers. 
Povidone Iodine is also used in infection control during insertion and care of urinary catheters, circumcision , suture removal and dressing changes. 

Povidone iodine is an iodophore that has a broad-spectrum germicidal activity against a wide range of bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa and spores. 
It is a complex of polyvinylpyrrolidone (povidone) with iodine. 
After application, it gradually and continuously delivers iodine to exert its germicidal activity.

Substance identity

EC / List no.: 607-771-8
CAS no.: 25655-41-8

Hazard classification & labelling of Povidone-iodine
Danger! According to the classification provided by companies to ECHA in CLP notifications this substance is toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects, causes serious eye damage and causes skin irritation.

Biocidal Uses of Povidone-iodine
Povidone-iodine is approved for use as a biocide in the EEA and/or Switzerland, for: human hygiene, veterinary hygiene, food and animals feeds, embalming or taxidermy.

Synonyms:
Povidone iodine
25655-41-8
Povidone-iodine
Betadine
Isodine
PVP iodine
PVP-Iodine
PVP-I
Isobetadyne
Bridine
Disphex
Povadyne
Ultradine
Efo-dine
Iodopoly(vinyl pyrrolidinone)
1-ethenylpyrrolidin-2-one;molecular iodine
NSC26245
2-Pyrrolidinone, 1-ethenyl-, homopolymer, compd. with iodineOTHER CA INDEX NAMES:Iodine, compd. with 1-ethenyl-2-pyrrolidinone homopolymer
Iodine-poly(vinylpyrrolidinone)
Poly(vinylpyrrolidinone) iodide
Iodinated poly(vinylpyrrolidone)
Poly(vinylpyrrolidone)-iodine adduct
Poly(vinylpyrrolidinone)-iodine complex
Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) - iodine complex
Polyvinylpyrrolidone compound with iodine
povidone.iodine
1-Ethenyl-2-pyrrolidinone homopolymer compound with iodine
molecular iodine; 1-vinylpyrrolidin-2-one
1-ethenylpyrrolidin-2-one; molecular iodine
Povidone iodine-IP, 9-12%
SCHEMBL1652685
BCP28568
NSC28655
MFCD00084483
NSC-26245
NSC-28655
AKOS015898248
POLYVINYLPYRROLIDONE-IODINECOMPLEX
1-ethenyl-2-pyrrolidinone; molecular iodine
FT-0655804
2-Pyrrolidinone, polymers, compd. with iodine
A16118
2-Pyrrolidinone, homopolymer, compd. with iodine
A817952
Q241516
1-vinylpyrrolidin-2-one compound with diiodine (1:1)
Poly[1-(2-oxo-1-pyrrolidinyl)ethylene]iodine complex
Povidone (iodinated), European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard
2-Pyrrolidinone, 1-ethenyl-, homopolymer, compd. with iodine
Polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine
Polivinilpirolidon jod (hr)
Polivinilpirolidonjodas (lt)
Polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine (bg)
Polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine (cs)
Polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine (da)
Polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine (de)
Polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine (el)
Polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine (es)
Polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine (et)
Polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine (fi)
Polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine (fr)
Polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine (hu)
Polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine (it)
Polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine (lv)
Polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine (mt)
Polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine (nl)
Polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine (no)
Polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine (pl)
Polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine (pt)
Polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine (ro)
Polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine (sk)
Polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine (sl)
Polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine (sv)
2-PYRROLIDINONE, 1-ETHENYL-, HOMOPOLYMER, COMPD. WITH IODINE
2-Pyrrolidinone, 1-ethenyl-, homopolymer, compd. with iodine
2-Pyrrolidinone, 1-ethenyl-, homopolymer, compd. with iodine.
2-pyrrolidinone, 1-ethenyl-, homopolymer, compound with Iodine
Homopolymer aus 1-Vinylpyrrolidon-2, Komplex mit Iod
Polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine
Polyvinylpyrrolidone-iodine complex
Povidone-iodine
Polyvinylpyrrolidone-iodine complex
POVIDONA IODADA
Iodopovidone
PVP-iodine EP,USP
25655-41-8