PPS (POTASSIUM PERSULFATE)

PPS (Potassium persulfate), is composed of white crystals that are soluble in water, and it decomposes below 212°F (100°C). 
PPS (Potassium persulfate) is a dangerous fire risk in contact with organic materials. 
PPS (Potassium persulfate) is a strong oxidizing agent and an irritant, with a four-digit UN identification number of 1492. 

CAS:    7727-21-1
MF:    K2O8S2
MW:    270.32
EINECS:    231-781-8

The primary uses are in bleaching, as an oxidizing agent, as an antiseptic, as a polymerization promoter, and in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals.
PPS (Potassium persulfate) is also known as potassium peroxydisulfate, molecular weight is 270.32, decomposition temperature is 50-60℃, it is white, odorless crystal, it is soluble in water, insoluble in alcohol, PPS (Potassium persulfate) has strong oxidizing, it is commonly used as bleaching agents, oxidizing agents, it can be used as the polymerization initiator, it almost does not absorb moisture, it has good stability at room temperature, PPS (Potassium persulfate) is easy to be stored, and PPS (Potassium persulfate) has the advantages of convenience and safety, etc. 
Applications involves polymerization initiator, circuit board cleaning and etching, copper and aluminum surface activation, modified starch, pulp and textile bleaching and desizing low temperature, circulating water purification treatment systems, oxidative degradation of harmful gases, low formaldehyde adhesive stick together accelerated oxidation of ethanol and aromatic hydrocarbons, disinfectants, hair dye decolorization.

PPS (Potassium persulfate) is used as a bleaching and oxidizing agent; PPS (Potassium persulfate) is used in redox polymeri- zation catalysts; in the defiberizing of wet strength paper and in the desizing of textiles. 
Soluble in water.
PPS (Potassium persulfate) is the inorganic compound with the formula K2S2O8. 
Also known as potassium peroxydisulfate, PPS (Potassium persulfate) is a white solid that is sparingly soluble in cold water, but dissolves better in warm water. 
PPS (Potassium persulfate) is a powerful oxidant, commonly used to initiate polymerizations.

PPS (Potassium persulfate), also known as high potassium sulfate, molecular weight: 270.32, decomposition temperature: 50-60 ℃, is a white, tasteless Crystal, soluble in water, insoluble in ethanol, with strong oxidation, commonly used as bleach, oxidant, PPS (Potassium persulfate) can also be used as a polymerization initiator, which hardly absorbs moisture, has good stability at room temperature, is convenient for storage, and has the advantages of convenience and safety. 
Applications include polymerization initiators, circuit board cleaning and etching, copper and aluminum surface activation, starch modification, low temperature bleaching and Desizing of pulp and fabrics, purification of circulating water systems, oxidative degradation of harmful gases, low formaldehyde adhesive adhesion acceleration, ethanol and aromatic hydrocarbon oxidation, disinfectant, hair dye decolorization.

Structure
The sodium and PPS (Potassium persulfate) are very similar. 
In the PPS (Potassium persulfate), the O-O distance is 1.495 Å. 
The individual sulfate groups are tetrahedral, with three short S-O distances near 1.43 and one long S-O bond at 1.65 Å.

PPS (Potassium persulfate) Chemical Properties
Melting point: 1067 °C
Boiling point: 1689 °C
Density: 2.47
Vapor density: 9.3 (vs air)
Vapor pressure: 0Pa at 25℃
Storage temp.: Store at +5°C to +30°C.
Solubility: H2O: 0.5 M at 20 °C, clear, colorless
Form: Solid
Specific Gravity: 2.477
Color: White
PH: 3.2 (50g/l, H2O, 20℃)
Odor: Odorless
PH Range: 2.5 - 4.5
Water Solubility: 5 g/100 mL (20 ºC)
Merck: 14,7656
Exposure limits: ACGIH: TWA 0.1 mg/m3
Stability: Stable. Strong oxidizer. 
Incompatible with strong reducing agents, organic materials, combustible materials.
InChIKey: USHAGKDGDHPEEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L
LogP: -1 at 20℃
CAS DataBase Reference: 7727-21-1(CAS DataBase Reference)
EPA Substance Registry System: PPS (Potassium persulfate) (7727-21-1)

PPS (Potassium persulfate) is colorless or white triclinic crystalline powder. 
PPS (Potassium persulfate) is soluble in water, the solubility is 1.75g/100ml water at 0℃, the solubility is 5.3g/100ml water at 20℃. 
PPS (Potassium persulfate) is insoluble in alcohol. Queous solution is acidic.
Thermal decomposition can get oxygen; toxic fumes of nitrogen oxides can generate after combustion.
Treasury should have ventilation and be low-temperature drying; loading and unloading should be light; PPS (Potassium persulfate) should be stored separately with organic matter, reducing agents, sulfur, phosphorus combustibles.
PPS (Potassium persulfate) is a colorless or white, odorless crystalline material.
Colorless or white crystals; triclinic structure; density 2.477 g/cm3; stable in solid crystalline form; decomposes on heating, evolving oxygen; completely decomposes at about 100°C; sparingly soluble in cold water 1.75 g/100mL at 0°C; moderately soluble at ordinary temperature, 5.29 g/100 mL at 20°C; aqueous solution acidic and unstable, decomposing slowly at room temperature and more rapidly when the solution is warmed; insoluble in alcohol.

Uses    
Bleaching fabrics, soaps; in photography under the name Anthion to remove last traces of thiosulfate from plates and paper; in analytical chemistry.
PPS (Potassium persulfate) is a powerful oxidant, commonly used to initiate polymerizations. 
PPS (Potassium persulfate) used for bleaching and textile desizing, as an oxidizing agent and antiseptic, in purification of ammonium sulfate, and in the manufacture of soap and pharmaceuticals. 
PPS (Potassium persulfate) is also used as al laboratory oxidant and photography chemical. 
PPS (Potassium persulfate) is a food additive.
PPS (Potassium persulfate) is used to initiate the polymerization of styrene to form monodispersed, surfactant-free polystyrene spheres. 
PPS (Potassium persulfate) is used as an oxidant to generate 2,2-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical cation to measure the antioxidant activities of natural compounds.

PPS (Potassium persulfate), also called sulphate of potash, is a white crystalline material, moderately hygroscopic, available in fine, granular and semi-granular forms. 
PPS (Potassium persulfate) contains 48 to 54% potassium (as K2O) and supplies 17 to 20 % of sulphate. 
Chloride-sensitive crops like tobacco, grapes and potato require chloride-free potassium fertilizers. 
Therefore, these crops are fertilized with potassium sulphate, although this is more expensive than potassium chloride. 
These three crops, being major crops, account for about 7% of the total potash consumption. 
For best results, PPS (Potassium persulfate) should contain at least 50 % potash by weight.

PPS (Potassium persulfate) occurs in nature as 'langbeinite', a double sulphate of potassium and magnesium (K2SO4-2MgSO4) and made from burkeite (Na2CO32Na2SO4), kainite (KClMgS04-3H2O) or potassium chloride (KCl) as follows:
When applied to soil, potassium ion from the watersoluble PPS (Potassium persulfate) is retained in the soil colloids and not easily leached out. 
This makes PPS (Potassium persulfate) an excellent fertilizer, useful for all soils and crops while sowing or before sowing. 
PPS (Potassium persulfate) is also a safe ingredient of powdered, mixed fertilizers.

PPS (Potassium persulfate) is mainly used as initiator and strong oxidizing agents.
Initiator:
PPS (Potassium persulfate) is the initiator of latex or solution polymerization of acrylic monomers, vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride and other product, and PPS (Potassium persulfate) is also the initiator of styrene, acrylonitrile, butadiene and the like emulsion for copolymerisation.
Strong oxidizing agent:
1. PPS (Potassium persulfate) is used as desizing agent and bleach activator.
2. PPS (Potassium persulfate) is used for oxidative degradation of harmful substances in pool and closed circular loop in water.
3. PPS (Potassium persulfate) can be applied in the production of starch modifier and applied in the production of adhesive and coating agent.
4. PPS (Potassium persulfate) can be applied in the branched-chain oxidation, alcohol and aromatic hydroxy oxidation.
5. PPS (Potassium persulfate) is one of the basic constituent of hair dyes, it plays the role of decolorization.

PPS (Potassium persulfate) can be used as gluten agent of wheat flour.
PPS (Potassium persulfate) is mainly used as a disinfectant and fabric bleach. 
PPS (Potassium persulfate) can be used as industrial oxidant in dyes and inorganic salts. 
PPS (Potassium persulfate) can be used as emulsion polymerization initiators in synthetic rubber industry. 
PPS (Potassium persulfate) can be used as polymerization accelerator in synthetic resin. 
In addition, PPS (Potassium persulfate) can also be used in the steel, photographic industry and medicine.
PPS (Potassium persulfate) can be used as analytical reagents, oxidants and plastic initiator, it can also be used in the film photofinishing.

PPS (Potassium persulfate) is used to initiate polymerization of various alkenes leading to commercially important polymers such as styrene-butadiene rubber and polytetrafluoroethylene and related materials. 
In solution, the dianion dissociates to give radicals:

[O3SO-OSO3]2− ⇌ 2 [SO4]•−
PPS (Potassium persulfate) is used in organic chemistry as an oxidizing agent, for instance in the Elbs persulfate oxidation of phenols and the Boyland–Sims oxidation of anilines.

As a strong yet stable bleaching agent PPS (Potassium persulfate) also finds use in various hair bleaches and lighteners. 
Such brief and non-continuous use is normally hazard free, however prolonged contact can cause skin irritation.
PPS (Potassium persulfate) has been used as an improving agent for flour with the E number E922, although it is no longer approved for this use within the EU.

PPS (Potassium persulfate) is mainly used for initiator and strong oxidant initiator: PPS (Potassium persulfate) is latex or acrylic monomer polymerization liquid, vinyl acetate, the initiator of vinyl chloride and other products is also the initiator of the copolymerization of styrene, acrylonitrile, butadiene and Other colloids. 
Strong oxidants:
(1) used as Desizing agent and bleach activator. 
(2) for the oxidation and degradation of harmful substances in water pool and closed cycle treatment. 
(3) is the production of starch regulator, and used in the production of adhesives and coatings. (4) for branched-chain oxidation, ethanol and aromatic hydroxyl oxidation. 
(5) is one of the basic components of the hair dye, the role of decolorization.

Recrystallization    
PPS (Potassium persulfate) dissolves in 30℃ water, cools, then the recrystallized product can be obtained, PPS (Potassium persulfate) is filtered and dried under reduced pressure in the presence of calcium chloride.

Reactivity Profile    
PPS (Potassium persulfate) is an oxidizing agent. Noncombustible but accelerates the burning of combustible material. 
PPS (Potassium persulfate) plus a little potassium hydroxide and water released sufficient heat and oxygen to ignite a polythene (polyethylene) liner in a container.
Strong irritant and oxidizing agent.
Fire risk in contact with organic materials.

Health Hazard    
Inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors or substance may cause severe injury, burns or death. 
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

Fire Hazard    
These substances will accelerate burning when involved in a fire. 
Some may decompose explosively when heated or involved in a fire. 
May explode from heat or contamination. 
Some will react explosively with hydrocarbons (fuels). 
May ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). 
Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard.

Production method    
Ammonium sulfate and sulfuric acid formulates to form liquid electrolyte, PPS (Potassium persulfate) is decontaminated by electrolysis, HSO4-can discharge and generate peroxydisulfate acidat in the anode, and then reacts with ammonium sulfate to generate ammonium persulfate, Then replacement reaction can happen when potassium is added . 
The finished product of PPS (Potassium persulfate) can be obtained after cooling, separation, crystallization, drying.

Anode reaction: 2HSO4-2e → H2S2O8
Cathodic reaction: 2H ++ 2e → H2 ↑
(NH4) 2SO4 + H2S2O8 → (NH4) 2S2O8 + H2SO4
(NH4) 2S2O8 + K2SO4 + H2SO4 → K2S2O8 + 2NH4HSO4
It can be derived by replacement reaction with ammonium persulfate PPS (Potassium persulfate), then it goes through cooling, separation, crystallization, drying.

Preparation
PPS (Potassium persulfate) can be prepared by electrolysis of a cold solution potassium bisulfate in sulfuric acid at a high current density.

2 KHSO4 → K2S2O8 + H2
PPS (Potassium persulfate) can also be prepared by adding potassium bisulfate (KHSO4) to a solution of the more soluble salt ammonium peroxydisulfate (NH4)2S2O8. 
In principle PPS (Potassium persulfate) can be prepared by chemical oxidation of potassium sulfate using fluorine. 
Several million kilograms of the ammonium, sodium, and potassium salts of peroxydisulfate are produced annually.

Synonyms
POTASSIUM PERSULFATE
7727-21-1
Potassium peroxydisulfate
Anthion
Potassium peroxodisulfate
Potassium peroxydisulphate
Dipotassium peroxydisulfate
Dipotassium persulfate
potassium persulphate
Peroxydisulfuric acid, dipotassium salt
dipotassium;sulfonatooxy sulfate
MFCD00011386
6B86K0MCZC
DTXSID4029690
Caswell No. 700
Dipotassium peroxodisulphate
HSDB 2638
EINECS 231-781-8
UN1492
UNII-6B86K0MCZC
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 063602
Virkon S
potasium persulfate
potassium persuifate
Peroxydisulfuric acid (((HO)S(O)2)2O2) , dipotassium salt
potassium monopersulphate
potassium peroxidisulfate
EC 231-781-8
DIPOTASSIUM PERSULPHATE
DTXCID809690
CHEMBL3186858
POTASSIUM PERSULFATE [MI]
DIPOTASSIUM PEROXYDISULPHATE
dipotassium dioxidan-2-idesulfonate
POTASSIUM PERSULFATE [HSDB]
POTASSIUM PERSULFATE [INCI]
POTASSIUM PERSULFATE [VANDF]
Tox21_200798
AKOS015950646
NSC 326763
Potassium persulfate, ACS Reagent Grade
NCGC00258352-01
BP-13445
CAS-7727-21-1
FT-0689072
Potassium peroxydisulfate, low nitrogen, ACS
Potassium persulfate [UN1492] [Oxidizer]
dipotassium [(sulfonatoperoxy)sulfonyl]oxidanide
Potassium persulfate, Trace metals grade 99.99%
Q415226
Peroxydisulfuric acid (((HO)S(O)2)2O2), potassium salt (1:2)