PROPANE

Propane

EC / List no.: 200-827-9

CAS no.: 74-98-6

Mol. formula: C3H8

History
Propane was discovered by the French chemist Marcellin Berthelot in 1857.
Propane was found dissolved in Pennsylvanian light crude oil by Edmund Ronalds in 1864.
Walter O. Snelling of the U.S. Bureau of Mines highlighted Propane as a volatile component in gasoline in 1910, which was the beginning of the Propane industry in the United States. 
The volatility of these lighter hydrocarbons caused them to be known as "wild" because of the high vapor pressures of unrefined gasoline. 
On March 31, 1912, The New York Times reported on Snelling's work with liquefied gas, saying "a steel bottle will carry enough gas to light an ordinary home for three weeks".
During the COVID-19 pandemic, propane shortages were reported in the United States.

About Propane
Propane is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 1 000 000 to < 10 000 000 tonnes per annum.
Propane is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.
Propane is colourless and odourless, with a mercaptan odour. 
Like all fossil fuels, Propane is a non-renewable energy source. 
Propane is a gas derived from natural gas and petroleum. 
Propane is found mixed with natural gas and petroleum deposits. 
Propane is called a ‘fossil fuel’ because it was formed millions of years ago from the remains of tiny sea animals and plants. 
Propane is a clean-burning, versatile fuel. 
Propane is used by nearly everyone, in homes, on farms, by business, and in industry mostly for producing heat and operating equipment. 
Propane is one of the many fossil fuels included in the liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) family. 
Because Propane is the type of LPG most commonly used in the United States, Propane and LPG are often used synonymously. 
Butane is another LPG often used in lighters.
Propane is a certified reference material standard for Propane, a solvent that has been used in the extraction of cannabinoids from Cannabis and has been identified as a contaminant in butane hash oil and Δ9-THC concentrates. 
Propane is designed for use as a reference standard for Propane by GC- or LC-MS. 
Propane is intended for research and forensic applications.
Propane appears as a colorless gas with a faint petroleum-like odor. 
Propane is shipped as a liquefied gas under its vapor pressure. 
For transportation Propane may be stenched. 
Contact with the unconfined liquid can cause frostbite by evaporative cooling. 
Easily ignited. 
The vapors are heavier than air and a flame can flash back to the source of leak very easily.
The leak may be either a liquid or vapor leak. 
The vapors can asphyxiate by the displacement of air. 
Under prolonged exposure to fire or heat the containers may rupture violently and rocket.
Propane is a three-carbon alkane with the molecular formula C3H8. 
Propane is a gas at standard temperature and pressure, but compressible to a transportable liquid.
A by-product of natural gas processing and petroleum refining, Propane is commonly used as a fuel in domestic and industrial applications and in low-emissions public transportation. 
Discovered in 1857 by the French chemist Marcellin Berthelot, Propane became commercially available in the US by 1911. 
Propane is one of a group of liquefied petroleum gases (LP gases). 
The others include butane, propylene, butadiene, butylene, isobutylene, and mixtures thereof. 
Propane has lower volumetric energy density, but higher gravimetric energy density and burns more cleanly than gasoline and coal.
Propane gas has become a popular choice for barbecues and portable stoves because Propane's low -42 °C boiling point makes it vaporise inside pressurised liquid containers (2 phases).
Propane powers buses, forklifts, taxis, outboard boat motors, and ice resurfacing machines and is used for heat and cooking in recreational vehicles and campers.

Consumer Uses
Propane is used in the following products: anti-freeze products, adhesives and sealants, polishes and waxes, washing & cleaning products, air care products, cosmetics and personal care products, fuels and adsorbents.
Other release to the environment of Propane is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters), outdoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. hydraulic liquids in automotive suspension, lubricants in motor oil and break fluids) and outdoor use.

Propane is used in many different markets for a wide range of applications, in particular Propane is used in traditional manufacturing as an alternative to acetylene for applications when high cutting speeds and efficiencies are not required. 
Propane gas is also widely used for heating purposes, shrink wrapping applications, soldering and heat treatment and for cooking as an alternative to natural gas for those customers who may be off grid.
Markets that generally have a requirement for propane include industrial, commercial, agricultural, outdoor living and recreational, hotel and hospitality and Propane is also widely used by fork lift truck owners and operators as an alternative fuel to diesel and electricity due to propane's clean burning characteristics and efficiencies.

Propane is the primary flammable gas in blowtorches for soldering.
Propane is used in oxy-fuel heating and cutting. 
Propane does not burn as hot as acetylene in its inner cone, and so Propane is rarely used for welding. 
Propane, however, has a very high number of BTUs per cubic foot in Propane's outer cone, and so with the right torch (injector style) Propane can make a faster and cleaner cut than acetylene, and is much more useful for heating and bending than acetylene.
Propane is used as a feedstock for the production of base petrochemicals in steam cracking.
Propane is the primary fuel for hot-air balloons.
Propane is used in semiconductor manufacture to deposit silicon carbide.
Propane is commonly used in theme parks and in movie production as an inexpensive, high-energy fuel for explosions and other special effects.
Propane is used as a propellant, relying on the expansion of the gas to fire the projectile. 
Propane does not ignite the gas. 
The use of a liquefied gas gives more shots per cylinder, compared to a compressed gas.
Propane is used as a propellant for many household aerosol sprays, including shaving creams and air fresheners.
Propane is a promising feedstock for the production of propylene and acrylic acid.

Article service life
Release to the environment of Propane can occur from industrial use: industrial abrasion processing with low release rate (e.g. cutting of textile, cutting, machining or grinding of metal) and of articles where Propane are not intended to be released and where the conditions of use do not promote release. 
Other release to the environment of Propane is likely to occur from: outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials) and indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment). 
ECHA has no public registered data indicating whether or into which articles the substance might have been processed.

Widespread uses by professional workers
Propane is used in the following products: fuels.
Propane is used for the manufacture of: .
Release to the environment of Propane can occur from industrial use: of substances in closed systems with minimal release and in the production of articles.
Other release to the environment of Propane is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters), outdoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. hydraulic liquids in automotive suspension, lubricants in motor oil and break fluids) and outdoor use.

Formulation or re-packing
Propane is used in the following products: fuels.
Release to the environment of Propane can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures, in processing aids at industrial sites, formulation in materials, manufacturing of Propane, in the production of articles, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), as processing aid, for thermoplastic manufacture, as processing aid and of substances in closed systems with minimal release.

Uses at industrial sites
Propane is used in the following products: fuels and semiconductors.
Propane has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).
Propane is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.
Propane is used for the manufacture of: chemicals and .
Release to the environment of Propane can occur from industrial use: of substances in closed systems with minimal release, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), in the Propane of articles, in processing aids at industrial sites and manufacturing of the substance.
Other release to the environment of Propane is likely to occur from: indoor use as processing aid.

Manufacture
Release to the environment of Propane can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), in processing aids at industrial sites, as processing aid, formulation of mixtures, formulation in materials, in the production of articles, as processing aid, for thermoplastic manufacture and of substances in closed systems with minimal release.

Propane Chemical Properties
Melting point :-188 °C(lit.)
Boiling point :-42.1 °C(lit.)
density : 0.564 g/mL at 20 °C(lit.)
vapor density : 1.5 (vs air)
vapor pressure :190 psi ( 37.7 °C)
refractive index :1.2861
Fp :-104 °C
storage temp.     -20°C
pka    ≈ 44 (Gordon and Ford, 1972)
form     liquid
Odor Threshold    1500ppm
explosive limit    9.5%
Water Solubility     62.61mg/L(25 ºC)
Merck     13,7891
BRN     1730718
Henry's Law Constant    0.706 at 25 °C (Hine and Mookerjee, 1975)
Exposure limits    TLV-TWA 1000 ppm (OSHA).
Stability:    Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
Highly flammable. 
May form explosive mixtures with air.
CAS DataBase Reference    74-98-6(CAS DataBase Reference)
EPA Substance Registry System    Propane (74-98-6)

Propane is the gas is slightly soluble in H2O, moderately soluble in alcohol, and very soluble in ether. 
Although a number of organic compounds which are important industrially may be considered to be derivatives of propane, Propane is not a common starting ingredient. 
The content of Propane in natural gas varies with the source of the natural gas, but on the average is about 6%. 
Propane also is obtainable from petroleum sources.
Propane is a colorless gas that is odorless when pure (a foul-smelling odorant is often added).
Propane is released to the living environment from automobile exhausts, burning furnaces, natural gas sources, and during combustion of polyethylene and phenolic resins. 
Propane is both highly inflammable and explosive and needs proper care and management of workplaces. 
Propane use in industry includes as a source for fuel and propellant for aerosols. 
Occupational workers exposed to liquefi ed propane have demonstrated skin burns and frostbite. 
Propane also causes depression effects on the CNS.

Physical properties    
Propane is a colorless, odorless, flammable gas that follows methane and ethane in the alkane series. 
The root word prop comes from the three-carbon acid propionic acid, CH3CH2COOH. 
Propionic acid comes from the Greek words protos meaning first and pion meaning fat.
Propane was the smallest acid with fatty acid properties. 
Propane is the gas used to fuel barbecues and camp stoves giving it the common name bottled gas.
Propane is marketed as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) or liquefied petroleum; Propane should be noted that LPG is often a mixture that may contains butane, butylene, and propylene in addition to propane. 
In addition to cooking, propane can be used as an energy source for space heating, refrigeration, transportation, and heating appliances (clothes dryer).
Propane can be stored as liquid in pressurized (approximately 15 atmospheres) storage tanks and/or at cold temperatures and vaporizes to a gas at atmospheric pressure and normal temperatures. 
This makes Propane possible to store a large volume of propane as a liquid in a relatively small volume; propane as a vapor occupies 270 times the volume of Propane in liquid form. 
This makes liquid Propane an ideal fuel for transport and storage until needed.

Characteristics    
Propane demonstrates that the carbon atoms have different characteristics in alkanes with more than two carbon atoms. 
The terminal carbon atoms in Propane are bonded to three hydrogen atoms and one carbon atom. 
A carbon atom bonded to only one other carbon atom is referred to as a primary or 1° carbon. 
The central carbon atom in Propane is bonded to two other carbon atoms and is called a secondary or 2° carbon. 
A hydrogen atom has the same classifi cation as the carbon atom to which it is attached. 
Thus the hydrogen atoms attached to the terminal carbon atoms in Propane are called primary (1°) hydrogens, whereas the central atom has secondary (2°) hydrogen. 
The diff erence in bonds leads to diff erences in reactions and properties of diff erent isomers. 
For example, breaking a primary bond requires more energy than breaking a secondary bond in Propane. 
This makes formation of the isopropyl radical CH3CHCH3• easier than the n-propyl radical, CH3CH2CH2•. 
Even though the formation of the isopropyl is more favorable energetically, the greater number of primary hydrogen atoms leads to approximately equal amounts of n-propyl and isopropyl radicals formed under similar reaction conditions.
Oxidation of Propane can produce various oxygenated compounds under appropriate conditions, but generally alkanes are relatively unreactive compared to other organic groups. 
Some of the more common oxidation products include methanol (CH3OH), formaldehyde (CH2O), and acetaldehyde (C2H4O). 
Propane can be converted to cyclopropane by conversion to 1,3 dichloro-propane using zinc dust and sodium iodine ClCH2CH2CH2Cl--Zn. Nacl--cyclopropane.

USES
Propane has been used as a transportation fuel since its discovery. 
Propane was first used as an automobile fuel in 1913. 
Propane follows gasoline and diesel as the third most popular vehicle fuel and today powers more than half a million vehicles in the United States and 6 million worldwide.
The widespread use of Propane is hampered by the lack of a distribution system, but Propane has been used to fuel fleets of buses, taxis, and government vehicles. 
Also, Propane is heavily used to power equipment such as forklifts. 
Propane is cleaner burning than gasoline or diesel and has been used to reduce urban air pollution. 
Compared to gasoline Propane emits 10–40% of the carbon monoxide, 30–60% of the hydrocarbons, and 60–90% of the carbon dioxide. 
An advantage of cleaner burning Propane is that engine maintenance is improved because of lower engine deposits and fouling. 
Propane’s octane ratings range between 104 and 110. 
The lower emissions are somewhat compromised by propane’s lower energy value; Propane has about 75% of the energy content of gasoline when compared by volume. 
Propane is separated from natural gas and is also produced during petroleum processing. 
Approximately 53% of the Propane produced in the United States comes from the small fraction (less than 5%) found in natural gas and the remainder comes petroleum refining.
Propane is used as a fuel gas, as a refrigerant,and in organic synthesis.
Propane’s greatest use is not as a fuel but in the petrochemical industry as a feedstock.
Asan alkane, Propane undergoes typical alkane reactions of combustion, halogenation, pyrolysis, andoxidation.

IUPAC names:

200-827-9 propane
alkane
n-propane
PROPAANI
Propan
propan
Propan
PROPANE
Propane
Propane 200-827-9
Reaction mass of 106-97-8 and 115-07-1 and 75-19-4 and 75-28-5
Reaction mass of ethane and 2,4-dimethylpentane and pentane and propene and 106-97-8 and 75-28-5
C&L Inventory
Renewable hydrocarbons (propane)
rpropane

SYNONYMS

n-Propane
Dimethylmethane
74-98-6
propan
Propyl hydride
A-108
Hydrocarbon Propellant A-108
Praseodymium doped ceria
HC 290
UNII-T75W9911L6
R 290
E944
CH3-CH2-CH3
130071-47-5
CHEBI:32879
T75W9911L6
Propyldihydride
Propane liquefied
cerium oxide, praseodymium doped
Petroleum gas, liquefied
Alkanes, C3-4
HSDB 1672
Propane [USAN:NF]
Hydrocarbons, C6-30
EINECS 200-827-9
UN1978
Hydrocarbons, C<10-linear
C3H8
Hydrocarbons, C2-4, C3-rich
Propylidyneradical
n-Propane-
Propane (NF)
Praseodymium Nanofoil
Purifrigor p 3.5
Propane, 98%
Freon 290
Praseodymium Nanoparticles
Propane, 99.97%
EC 200-827-9
Polymeric sialosie, P0.1
Propane or propane mixtures
CHEMBL135416
INS NO.944
QSPL 135
Propane, tank for propane torch
DTXSID5026386
Ultra Thin Praseodymium Nanofoil
Hydrocarbons, C7-C8, n-alkanes
INS-944
DTXSID501019643
AMY22280
AKOS009159189
UN 1978
Propane, 99.95%, Messer(R) CANGas
68475-59-2
68476-49-3
68920-07-0
69430-33-7
E-944
C20783
D05625
Q131189
Molybdenum Aluminium (Mo-Al) Alloy Sputtering Targets
Propane or propane mixtures [UN1978] [Flammable gas]
1DDB43B7-5E0D-48E4-8F15-3D3D5116098A
UNII-5K616HU99V component ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
1174921-63-1