PRODUCTS

PROPYL PARABEN

CAS Number: 94-13-3
EC Number: 202-307-7
E number: E216 (preservatives)
Molecular Formula: C10H12O3
Molecular Weight: 180.20 g/mol

SYNONYMS:
PROPYLPARABEN, 94-13-3, Propyl paraben, Nipasol, Propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, Nipazol, Propagin, Propyl parahydroxybenzoate, Tegosept P, Nipagin P, 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid propyl ester, Propyl Butex, Betacide P, Propylparasept, n-Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, Chemacide PK, Chemocide PK, Propyl Parasept, Aseptoform P, Propyl Chemosept, N-Propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, Protaben P, Nipasol P, Propyl aseptoform, Solbrol P, Paseptol, p-Hydroxypropyl benzoate, Preserval P, Betacine P, Bonomold OP, Nipasol M, 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, propyl ester, p-Hydroxybenzoic propyl ester, p-Hydroxybenzoic acid propyl ester, N-Propylparaben, n-propyl paraben, Benzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-, propyl ester, FEMA No. 2951, Paratexin P, Paraben P, Pulvis conservans, propyl para-hydroxybenzoate, Benzoic acid, p-hydroxy-, propyl ester, Propylparaben E216, p-Oxybenzoesaurepropylester, Z8IX2SC1OH, NSC-8511, NSC-23515, DTXSID4022527, CHEBI:32063, Propylis hydroxybenzoas, Propylester kyseliny p-hydroxybenzoove, DTXCID602527, PEPH, RefChem:6177, 202-307-7, 920-388-3, Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, Parasept, Propyl-4-hydroxybenzoate, Propyl chemsept, Propyl-paraben, MFCD00002354, Chemoside PK, Lexgard P, p-Hydroxybenzoic acid, propyl ester, n-PROPYL-p-HYDROXYBENZOATE, propyl 4-oxidanylbenzoate, MLS002152934, 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid-propyl ester, NSC23515, p-Hydroxybenzoic acid n-propyl ester, NCGC00090965-03, NCGC00090965-04, SMR000112070, WLN: QR DVO3, Propyl parahydroxybenzoate; Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, Caswell No. 714, Propylparaben [USAN], Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, >=99%, FEMA Number 2951, Pulvis conservans (VAN), 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid-propyl ester 1000 microg/mL in Acetonitrile, CAS-94-13-3, Propyl 4-?Hydroxybenzoate (Propyl Paraben), HSDB 203, Bayer D 206, 85403-59-4, p-Oxybenzoesaurepropylester [German], EINECS 202-307-7, UNII-Z8IX2SC1OH, NSC 23515, Propylparaben [USAN:NF], EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 061203, 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid-propyl ester D7 (propyl D7), BRN 1103245, AI3-01341, Propylester kyseliny p-hydroxybenzoove [Czech], 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid propylester (Propyl Paraben), Propylparaben (NF), Propylparaben, USAN, Methyldopa Impurity 2, Propylparaben (Standard), Propylis parahydroxybenzoas, Propyl 4-?Hydroxybenzoate, SCHEMBL977, n-propyl-4-hydroxybenzoate, PROPYLPARABEN [II], PROPYLPARABEN [MI], p-Oxybenzoesaeurepropylester, EC 202-307-7, PROPYLPARABEN [FCC], cid_7175, n-propyl-p-hydroxy-benzoate, PROPYLPARABEN [HSDB], PROPYLPARABEN [VANDF], 4-10-00-00374 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), MLS002222346, MLS006011654, BIDD:ER0229, SCHEMBL726906, PROPYL PARABEN [VANDF], PROPYLPARABEN [USP-RS], PROPYLPARABEN [WHO-DD], CHEMBL194014, orb1301695, SCHEMBL5542763, Propyl parahydroxybenzoate (TN), BDBM70190, HY-N2026R, MSK2511, NSC8511, GLXC-07453, HMS2268K21, HMS5084A20, Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, BioXtra, PROPYL (4-HYDROXYBENZOATE), Propyl parahydroxybenzoate (JP17), HY-N2026, UYB80267, Tox21_111048, Tox21_400012, BBL023754, Propyl Paraben Solution 560 mg/L, s5405, SBB015060, STL294815, 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, n-propyl ester, AKOS008948099, component of Heb-Cort MC (Salt/Mix), PROPYL HYDROXYBENZOATE [MART.], CCG-266432, DB14177, DS-3427, FP63482, PROPYL HYDROXYBENZOATE [WHO-IP], PROPYL P-HYDROXYBENZOATE [FHFI], TRA0042844, PROPYL PARAHYDROXYBENZOATE [JAN], NCGC00090965-01, NCGC00090965-02, NCGC00090965-05, NCGC00090965-06, NCGC00090965-07, AC-34533, DA-66938, E216, PROPYLIS HYDROXYBENZOAS [WHO-IP LATIN], D01422, PROPYL PARAHYDROXYBENZOATE [EP IMPURITY], SBI-0653917.0001, EN300-7419478, PROPYL PARAHYDROXYBENZOATE [EP MONOGRAPH], A844839, F235703, Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, SAJ first grade, >=98.0%, Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, tested according to Ph.Eur., Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%, METHYL PARAHYDROXYBENZOATE IMPURITY C [EP IMPURITY], Propylparaben, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R), Propylparaben, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard, Propyl parahydroxybenzoate, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard, Propylparaben, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material, InChI=1/C10H12O3/c1-2-7-13-10(12)8-3-5-9(11)6-4-8/h3-6,11H, Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, Propyl paraben, Propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, Propyl parahydroxybenzoate, Nipasol, E216, propylparaben, Benzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-, propyl ester, Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, aseptoform P, bayer D 206, benzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-, propyl ester, benzoic acid, p-hydroxy-, propyl ester, betacide P, betacine P, bonomold OP, chemacide PK, chemocide PK, p-hydroxy propyl benzoate, 4-hydroxy-benzoic acid propyl ester, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid N-propyl ester, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid propyl ester, p-hydroxybenzoic acid propyl ester, para-hydroxybenzoic acid propyl ester, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid propylester, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, propyl ester, p-hydroxybenzoic propyl ester, p-hydroxypropyl benzoate, mekkings P, nipagin P, nipasol M, nipasol P, nipazol, paseptol, preserval P, propagin, propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, N-propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, propyl aseptoform, propyl butex, propyl chemosept, propyl chemsept, propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, N-propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, propyl para hydroxy benzoate, propyl para-hydroxybenzoate, N-propyl para-hydroxybenzoate, propyl parabens (India), propyl parahydroxybenzoate, propyl parasept, propyl-p-hydroxybenzoate, propyl-p-hydroxybenzoate USP/NF, propylparaben, N-propylparaben, propylparasept, protaben P, solbrol P, tegosept P, Propyl parahydroxybenzoate, Parabens, PROPYL 4-HYDROXYBENZOATE, Nipazol, PROPYL P-HYDROXYBENZOATE, Nipasol, Nipasol M, 4-HYDROXYBENZOIC ACID PROPYL ESTER, PROPYLPARABENE, Propyl parahydroxybenzoate CRS, Benzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-, propyl ester, Benzoic acid, p-hydroxy-, propyl ester, p-Hydroxybenzoic acid, propyl ester, Aseptoform P, Bonomold OP, Chemocide PK, Nipasol, Nipasol M, Nipazol, Paseptol, Preserval P, Propagin, Propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, Propyl Butex, Propyl Chemosept, Propyl Parasept, Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, Pulvis conservans, Solbrol P, Tegosept P, 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, propyl ester, n-Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, n-Propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, p-Hydroxybenzoic acid n-propyl ester, p-Hydroxypropyl benzoate, Betacide P, Chemacide pk, Nipagin P, Nipasol P, Paraben, Parasept, Propyl aseptoform, Propyl chemsept, Protaben P, Chemoside PK, Lexgard P, N-Propylparaben, Propyl parahydroxybenzoate, 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, n-propyl ester, component of Heb-Cort MC, 59593-07-6

Propyl paraben is in the paraben family of preservatives used by the food, pharmaceutical, and personal care product industries.
Parabens mimic estrogen and can act as potential hormone (endocrine) system disruptors.
Propyl paraben is a common preservative used to shield cosmetics and personal care items against microbial growth.

Propyl paraben is largely added to water-based products like shampoos, lotions, and creams that are vulnerable to deterioration.
Apart from increasing the shelf life of such formulations, Propyl paraben may also act as an antifungal agent for the skin.
Propyl paraben is cheap and easily available making products pocket-friendly and economical.

It is important to note that synthetic Propyl paraben was banned for use in the food industry due to its risks to reproductive health upon ingestion.

However, Propyl paraben is safe for use externally when added in lower concentrations.
The chemical formula of Propyl paraben is C10H12O3.
Propyl paraben appears as colorless crystals or white powder or chunky white solid.

The melting point of Propyl paraben is 95-98 °C.
Propyl paraben is an odorless or faint aromatic odor.
Propyl paraben is the benzoate ester that is the propyl ester of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid.

Preservatives typically found in many water-based cosmetics, such as creams, lotions, shampoos and bath products.
Propyl paraben is also used as a food additive.
Propyl paraben has a role as an antifungal agent and an antimicrobial agent.

Propyl paraben is a benzoate ester, a member of phenols and a paraben.
Propyl paraben is functionally related to a propan-1-ol and a 4-hydroxybenzoic acid.
The CIR Expert Panel concluded that the following 20 parabens are safe in cosmetics in the present practices of use and concentration described in the safety assessment when the sum of the combined concentration of parabens in any given formulation does not exceed 0.8 %.

Propyl paraben belongs to the family of Hydroxybenzoic Acid Derivatives.
These are compounds containing an hydroxybenzoic acid (or a derivative), which is a benzene ring bearing a carboxylic acid.
Propyl paraben (also spelled propyl paraben) is the n-propyl ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid.

Propyl paraben occurs as a natural substance found in many plants and some insects.
Additionally, Propyl paraben can be manufactured synthetically for use in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and foods.
As a food additive, Propyl paraben has the E number E216.

Propyl paraben's E number is E217.
In 2010, the European Union Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety stated that the use of butylparaben and Propyl paraben as preservatives in finished cosmetic products is safe to the consumer, as long as the sum of their concentrations does not exceed 0.19%.

Propyl Paraben is an antimicrobial preservative used in cosmetics and personal care.
Parabens are the most commonly used preservatives in personal care products.
They are non-irritating, have low toxicity levels, and are active against a wide spectrum of fungi and bacteria at low concentrations.

Propyl paraben is a propyl ester of alpha-hydroxybenzoic acid.
Propyl paraben occurs naturally in many plants, fruits, and vegetables.
Propyl paraben is a member of the parabens group of compounds.

Propyl paraben has been used as an antimicrobial preservative in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries for over 50 years.
The chemical formula for Propyl paraben is C10H12O3.
Propyl paraben is easily absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and skin, and metabolites are rapidly excreted in the urine.

Propyl paraben does not appear to accumulate in the body.
Propyl paraben is on the FDA generally regarded as safe list.
The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) reviewed the safety of methylparaben, Propyl paraben, and butylparaben in 1984 and concluded they were safe for use in cosmetic products at levels up to 25%.

Typically parabens are used at levels ranging from 0.01 to 0.3%.
Propyl paraben is the propyl ester of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid.

USES and APPLICATIONS of PROPYL PARABEN:
Propyl paraben is used in allergenic testing.
Propyl paraben has been reported in Anastatica hierochuntica, Stocksia brahuica, and other organisms with data available.
Propyl paraben is an antimicrobial agent, preservative, flavouring agent.

Propyl paraben is a member of the class of parabens and can be used as a preservative in many water-based cosmetics, such as creams, lotions, shampoos, and bath products.
Sodium propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, the sodium salt of Propyl paraben, a compound with formula Na(C3H7(C6H4COO)O), is used similarly as a food additive and as an anti-fungal preservation agent.

Propyl paraben is also used as a food additive, and is designated with the E number E216.
Propyl paraben is commonly used as a preservative in packaged baked goods, particularly pastries and tortillas.
Propyl paraben is also a Standardized Chemical Allergen and is used in allergenic testing.

Parabens are also added to some personal care products with high water content, such as shampoo and facial cleansers, to reduce mold and bacteria growth.
In addition to meeting the NF standards of USP, our propyl paraben also complies with BP and PhEur requirements.

Propyl paraben is recommended for toothpaste, mascara, eyeliner, lipstick, and eyeshadow.
Propyl paraben is an odorless, extra fine, white powder that is non-hygroscopic and generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for use as a preservative in foods.

For over 50 years this neutral ester of Propyl paraben has functioned as an excellent fungistatic agent at low concentrations against a wide range of organisms.
Propyl paraben is stable and active from pH 3 to 8, and is often used in conjunction with other additives (e.g., EDTA or its salts, Quaternium-15, Diazolidinyl Urea, Methylparaben) for synergistic effects.

The preference for parabens continues due to their 50+ years history of safety and reliability.
Propyl paraben is used for the preservation of food items like jams, sauces, drinks, and dairy products in addition to its use in cosmetic products.

Propyl paraben is a synthetic ingredient used as a preservative in cosmetics.
Propyl paraben is also present in foodstuffs (E216) for the same purpose (jams, drinks, sauces, etc.).
Propyl paraben (Propyl parahydroxybenzoate) is an antibacterial preservative that can be produced by plants and bacteria.

Propyl paraben is commonly used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and foods.
Propyl paraben is used as preservatives and antioxidants, and also used in the pharmaceutical industry.
Propyl paraben is used as the antimicrobial preservative in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.

Propyl paraben is used as antiseptic and antimicrobial.
Propyl paraben is used as the preservatives of food, cosmetics and medicines.
Preservatives, Propyl paraben typically found in many water-based cosmetics, such as creams, lotions, shampoos and bath products.

Propyl paraben is also used as a food additive.,
Uses of Propyl paraben: An antimicrobial.
Uses of Propyl paraben: Pharmaceutic aid (antifungal) and Antimicrobial preservative in foods and cosmetics.

Propyl paraben is one of the most frequently used preservatives against bacteria and mold.
Propyl paraben has a low sensitizing and low toxicity factor, is reputed to be very safe, and considered to be a noncomedogenic raw material.

-Food uses of Propyl paraben:
Under FDA regulations, Propyl paraben is safe to use with a maximum of 0.1% of the weight of the finished food or 200–450 ppm for a variety of foods like coffee extracts, juices, jams, baked goods, and dairy products.

Propyl paraben is found naturally in a plant called Stocksia brahuica.
Propyl paraben is often used as a food and cosmetic preservative as it has no odor or taste, and does not change the texture.

Propyl paraben has some medicinal application as well as it has been used in pills, syrups, eyewashes, weight gain drinks, and recently has been discovered to have anticonvulsant activities suggesting it may be useful in the development of anticonvulsant medicine.
A study of combining plasma-activated water (PAW) with Propyl paraben shows increased antimicrobial efficacy of PAW for fresh produce sanitation.

PAW is used for fresh produce sanitation.
However, when used in food applications, Propyl paraben's effectiveness decreased because of interfering substances like polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids.

With Propyl paraben and PAW, bacteria undergo more oxidative stress and cell damage, increasing preservation of produce.
For now, the potential health risk and residue level of Propyl paraben with this new method is still unknown.

-Cosmetic uses of Propyl paraben:
Propyl paraben is one of the most commonly used paraben in cosmetic formulation.
Propyl paraben can be found in moisturizers, shampoos, conditioners, makeups, shaving products, and many more.

In cosmetic products, Propyl paraben is typically combined with other parabens (such as methylparaben) or other preservatives to protect against a broader range of microorganisms.

The chemical stability in room temperature and wide pH range (4.5–7.5) is advantageous to prolong a product shelf life.
Under FDA regulations, the maximum use of concentration for Propyl paraben is 25%.

However, cosmetics do not require testing by the FDA prior to sale.
While there is no conclusive evidence of harm to human health from Propyl paraben, more cosmetic companies are creating paraben-free lines, specifically in shampoos.

-Pharmaceutical
Used since the mid-1920s as a preservative, parabens are present in eyewashes, pills, cough syrups, injectable solutions, contraceptives, and even weight-gain drinks.
Unlike cosmetics where Propyl paraben is mostly used in the surface, Propyl paraben is ingested and absorbed.

According to a law from the EEC (European Economic Community), the maximum level of parabens in pharmaceutical products is 1% (w/w), much stricter and defined than cosmetics.

Propyl paraben also cannot be used alone in ophthalmic products such as eyewash, because it may cause irritation at the effective concentration level to have antimicrobial activities.

A MES (Maximal Electroshock) test also shows anticonvulsant activity in Propyl paraben.
Since Propyl paraben has minimum to no toxicity and well absorbed in the GI tract, it can potentially be develop to new anticonvulsant medicine to control seizures.

USE & BENEFITS of PROPYL PARABEN:
Propyl paraben functions as a preservative in a wide range of cosmetic products.
Cosmetic products like creams and lotions contain various natural extracts.

These extracts are very beneficial for the skin but at the same time vulnerable to microbial contamination.
Also, once open products that are used frequently by fingers are susceptible to microbial contamination.

Plus, these products are generally stored at room temperature which also stimulates the growth of microbes.
Such contamination can lead to product deterioration like foul smell/ breaking of emulsion.

When such a contaminated product is unknowingly applied to the skin it may lead to various skin infections.
Propyl paraben inhibits the growth of microbes and protects the product from deterioration.

Propyl paraben adds up shelf life to the product.
Propyl paraben is used in formulations of make-up products like lipsticks, bath products, skin cleansing, moisturizing products, and other skin and hair care products.

RELATED COMPOUNDS of PROPYL PARABEN:
*Paraben
*Butylparaben
*Ethylparaben
*Methylparaben
*Heptylparaben

WHY PROPYL PARABEN IS ADDED TO FOOD:
Propyl paraben is found in baked goods like tortillas, cookies and cakes to extend their shelf life.
Propyl paraben also appears in packaged snacks like chips and trail mix.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of PROPYL PARABEN:
Propyl paraben is a stable and non-volatile compound with antimicrobial properties and has been used as preservatives in food for over 50 years.
Propyl paraben is typically used in a variety of water-based cosmetics and personal-care products.

Propyl paraben is a white crystalline solid with a molecular weight of 202.18 amu.
Humans most often absorb Propyl paraben through their skin or ingestion as it is in many cosmetic and food products as an antifungal preservative.

Propyl paraben is metabolized in two major pathways leading to the production of either conjugated metabolites or hydrolysates (PHBA, PHHA).
These products are excreted from the body in urine.

Propyl paraben is an effective antimicrobial, especially against green and blue molds on citrus fruits.
Its high solubility in water allows Propyl paraben to be applied to the fruits easily.

WHAT IS PROPYL PARABEN USED FOR?
Propyl paraben is highly valuable for water-based products - working in the background to preserve the formulations and increase their shelf lives.

Propyl paraben's antimicrobial properties inhibit the growth of bacteria, fungi, and molds, ensuring product integrity and safety.
Commonly used in creams, lotions, makeup, shampoos, and other personal care items, Propyl paraben preserves formulations by preventing spoilage and maintaining efficacy over time.

Propyl paraben's role is crucial in preventing microbial contamination, especially in water-based formulations where microorganisms thrive.
By extending product longevity, Propyl paraben contributes to consumer satisfaction and regulatory compliance, facilitating the production of stable and safe cosmetic products for global markets.

ORIGIN of PROPYL PARABEN:
Propyl paraben is a natural substance found in vegetables and fruits like flaxseeds, barley, and grapes.
In cosmetics, Propyl paraben is synthetically made through esterification.
Within this, p-hydroxybenzoic acid is reacted with propyl alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst, such as sulfuric acid.

This reaction forms Propyl paraben and water as byproducts.
The Propyl paraben is then purified for use in the beauty industry.
In its raw form, it appears as a white powder or colorless crystals.

WHAT DOES PROPYL PARABEN DO IN A FORMULATION?
*ANTIMICROBIAL
*PRESERVATIVE

Propyl paraben is safe for external use at lower concentrations of 0.01 to 0.3%.
Propyl paraben is non-sensitizing and gentle on the skin and does not have any major side effects.

However, higher concentrations and/or ingestion may cause severe health concerns including allergy and hormone disruption.
It is important to follow safety guidelines and perform patch tests before widespread use.

ALTERNATIVES of PROPYL PARABEN:
*PHENOXYETHANOL
*ETHYLHEXYLGLYCERIN
*GLYCERYL CAPRYLATE

CLASS PERSONAL CARE - COSMETIC INGREDIENTS of PROPYL PARABEN:
Industrial
Propyl paraben is a very common type of feared-by-everyone-mostly-without-scientific-reason parabens.
Propyl paraben's a cheap, effective and well-tolerated ingredient to make sure the cosmetic formula does not go wrong too soon.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of PROPYL PARABEN:
Propyl paraben is a colorless and fine crystalline or white crystalline powder, almost odorless and with slightly astringent.
Propyl paraben is soluble in ethanol, ethyl ether, acetone and other organic solvents, slightly soluble in water.

SYNTHESIS of PROPYL PARABEN:
One of the simplest ways to produce Propyl paraben is through the esterification of 4-hydroxy benzoic acid with propanol using an acidic catalyst.
The first major step includes the protonation of the carbonyl due to the acidic conditions.

This protonation results in a positive charge on the carbonyl which will offset the electron density from the ester carbon atom, this allows the propanol to preform a nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl.
The proton of the nucleophilic propanol is then transferred by the solvent to the esters hydroxyl group.

The hydroxyl can then act as a good leaving group and be expelled from the tetrahedral intermediate as water, allowing the ester carbonyl group to reform.
Finally, deprotonation of the reformed carbonyl group will produce the final ester product, Propyl paraben.

FUNCTIONS (INCI) of PROPYL PARABEN:
*Preservative :
Propyl paraben inhibits the development of microorganisms in cosmetic products.

*Perfuming :
Propyl paraben is used for perfume and aromatic raw materials.

PROPYL PARABEN IS PRESENT IN:
This ingredient is present in 3.74% of cosmetics.
*Make-up palette (19.43%).
*Eyeshadow (12.74%).
*Loose powder (11.18%).
*Compact powder (10.98%).
*Mascara (9.95%).

FUNCTION(S) of PROPYL PARABEN IN COSMETIC PRODUCTS
*EXCESSIVE SUBSTANCE IN PERFUME OILS
Excipient in perfume oils and/or flavors

*PRESERVATIVE
Propyl paraben protects cosmetic products from microbial spoilage

PREPARATION of PROPYL PARABEN:
Produced by esterfying p-hydroxybenzoic acid with n-propanol, using an acid catalyst such as sulfuric acid and an excess of propanol.
The materials are heated in a glass-lined reactor under reflux.
The acid is then neutralized with caustic soda and Propyl paraben is crystallized by cooling.
The crystallized product is centrifuged, washed, dried under vacuum, milled and blended, all in corrosion-resistant equipment to avoid metallic contamination.

PRODUCTION METHODS of PROPYL PARABEN:
Propyl paraben is prepared by the esterification of p-hydroxybenzoic acid with n-propanol.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of PROPYL PARABEN:
Propyl paraben is a white or almost white, crystalline powder.
Propyl paraben occurs as a white, crystalline, odorless, and tasteless powder.
Propyl paraben is almost odorless.

PRODUCTION METHODS of PROPYL PARABEN:
Propyl paraben can be derived from the esterification of p-hydroxybenzoic acid and n-propanol.
First mix p-hydroxybenzoic acid with propanol and heat to dissolve.

Then add sulfuric acid slowly and continue to heat for 8h of refluxion.
After cooling, pour them into the 4% sodium carbonate solution for precipitation and crystallization.

Filtrate and wash to neutral to obtain the crude product.
After further ethanol recrystallization, the finished products are obtained.

In the preparation, the cation exchange resin can be used in place of the sulfuric acid catalyst.
It can be derived from the esterification of p-hydroxybenzoic acid and n-propanol in the presence of sulfuric acid.

Add p-hydroxybenzoic acid and n-propanol in turn to the esterification reactor, and heat to dissolve.
Add concentrated sulfuric acid slowly and heat for 8h of refluxion.

Pour the reaction solution into 4% sodium carbonate solution before it is cooled.
Constantly stir for precipitation and crystallization.

Then the crude product can be obtained after centrifugal filtration and washed to neutral.
Finally the finished product, Propyl paraben, is acquired after activated carbon decolorization and ethanol recrystallization.

The method of preparing ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate can also be used as a reference.
HOC6H4COOH + C3H7OH [H2SO4] → HOC6H4COOC3H7 + H2O

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of PROPYL PARABEN:
Physical state: crystalline
Color: colourless
Odor: odourless
Melting point/freezing point: Melting point/ range: 95 - 98 °C - lit.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: ca.301 - 317 °C - OECD Test Guideline 103
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: 180 °C
Autoignition temperature: No data available

Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: ca.6 - 7 at 20 °C (saturated solution)
Viscosity: Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: ca.0,5 g/l at 25 °C
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available
Vapor pressure: 0,000 hPa at 20 °C - OECD Test Guideline 104, 0,67 hPa at 122 °C

Density: 1,287 g/cm3 at 20 °C
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapour density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: Not classified as explosive
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information: No data available
CBNumber: CB0176673
Molecular Formula: C10H12O3

Molecular Weight: 180.2
MDL Number: MFCD00002354
MOL File: 94-13-3.mol
Melting point: 95-98 °C (lit.)
Boiling point: 133 °C
Density: 1.0630
Vapor pressure: 0.67 hPa (122 °C)
FEMA: 2951 | PROPYL P-HYDROXYBENZOATE

Refractive index: 1.5050
Flash point: 180° (356°F)
Storage temp.: Sealed in dry, Room Temperature
Solubility: ethanol: soluble 0.1M, clear, colorless
Form: Crystalline Powder
pKa: pKa 8.4 (Uncertain)
Color: White
Specific Gravity: 0.789 (20/4℃)

pH: 6-7 (H2O, 20°C) (saturated solution)
Odor: at 100.00 %. sweet smoky burnt woody hawthorn
Odor Type: smoky
Biological source: synthetic
Water Solubility: <0.1 g/100 mL at 12 ºC
Merck: 14,7866
BRN: 1103245

Stability: Stable.
Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, strong bases
InChIKey: QELSKZZBTMNZEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: 2.8 at 20℃
FDA 21 CFR: 184.1670; 582.3670; 172.515; 201.327; 310.545; 352.70
Substances Added to Food (formerly EAFUS): PROPYL P-HYDROXYBENZOATE
SCOGS (Select Committee on GRAS Substances): Propyl Paraben
CAS DataBase Reference: 94-13-3 (CAS DataBase Reference)

EWG's Food Scores: 5-7
FDA UNII: Z8IX2SC1OH
NIST Chemistry Reference: N-propyl-p-hydroxy-benzoate (94-13-3)
EPA Substance Registry System: Propylparaben (94-13-3)
UNSPSC Code: 41116107
NACRES: NA.25
Molecular Formula: C10H12O3

Molecular Weight: 180.20 g/mol
XLogP3: 3
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3
Rotatable Bond Count: 4
Exact Mass: 180.078644241 D
Monoisotopic Mass: 180.078644241 Da
Topological Polar Surface Area: 46.5 Å²

Heavy Atom Count: 13
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 160
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0

Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Chemical formula: C10H12O3
Molar mass: 180.203 g·mol−1
Density: 1.0630 g/cm3
Melting point: 96 to 99 °C (205 to 210 °F; 369 to 372 K)

CAS Number: 94-13-3
EC Number: 202-307-7
E number: E216 (preservatives)
Boiling Point: 295°C
Melting Point: 95 - 98°C
pH: 2.7
Solubility: Soluble in water
Viscosity: Low

Slightly Soluble: in boiling water
Appearance: White crystalline powder with a faint characteristic odor
Residue on Ignition: 0.05% Max.
Clarity and color of solution: Passes test
Acidity: 0.1 Max. (ml NaOH 0.1N)
Loss on Drying: 0.5% Max.
Heavy Metals: 10 ppm Max.
Assay: 99.0 - 100.5 %

Related Substances: Conforms (0.5%)
Odor: sl. char. odor
Color: colorless crystal or white powder
Solubility: alcohol, ether, acetone, oxygenated solvs.
ECHA EINECS - REACH Pre-Reg: 202-307-7
FDA UNII: Z8IX2SC1OH
Nikkaji Web: J3.943H
Beilstein Number: 1103245

MDL: MFCD00002354
CoE Number: 678
XlogP3: 3.00 (est)
Molecular Weight: 180.20324000
Formula: C10 H12 O3
Appearance: white crystalline powder (est)
Assay: 99.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No

Melting Point: 95.00 to 98.00 °C @ 760.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point: 294.00 to 295.00 °C @ 760.00 mm Hg
Vapor Pressure: 0.001000 mmHg @ 25.00 °C (est)
Flash Point: 256.00 °F TCC (124.44 °C)
logP (o/w): 3.040
Shelf Life: 24.00 month(s) or longer if stored properly
Storage: store in cool, dry place in tightly sealed containers, protected from heat and light
Soluble in: alcohol, propylene glycol, water 529.3 mg/L @ 25 °C (est), water 20964 mg/L @ 25 °C (exp)
Insoluble in: water

FIRST AID MEASURES of PROPYL PARABEN:
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of PROPYL PARABEN:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of PROPYL PARABEN:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of PROPYL PARABEN:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of PROPYL PARABEN:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of PROPYL PARABEN:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature).
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available