PSYLLIC ACID

Psyllic acid (also pysslostearic acid, tritriacontanoic acid or ceromelissic acid) is a saturated fatty acid. 
The rare fatty acid occurs in insect waxes, in the wax of wax scale insects, in the propolis of bees and bumblebees and in a few plants. 
Psyllic acid name is derived from the alder leaf flea (Psylla alni).

CAS Number: 38232-03-0 
EC Number: 813-426-4
IUPAC Name: Tritriacontanoic acid
Chemical formula: C33H66O2

Other names: tritriacontanoic acid, Psyllic acid, 38232-03-0, Ceromelissic acid, PSYLLIUM, 8063-16-9, 5LSY5B2356, C33:0, tritriacontanoicacid, PYSSLOSTEARIC ACID, UNII-5LSY5B2356, SCHEMBL7647614, SCHEMBL9615681, DTXSID90959174, CHEBI:165446, HQRWEDFDJHDPJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N, LMFA01010033, FA 33:0, YP58645, FA(33:0), Q2823315

Alkali salts
Psyllic acid alkali salts of psyllic acid are precipitated when alcoholic solutions of the acid and an alkali hydroxide are mixed. 
Psyllic acid silver and barium salts can be obtained by adding aqueous alcoholic solutions of silver nitrate and barium chloride to alcoholic solutions of the acid. 
Psyllic acid following salts have been analyzed: C33H65O2Na, C66H130O4Ba, and C33H65O2Ag. 
Psylla wax is hydrolyzed by alcoholic potassium hydroxide as well as by hydrobromic acid.

Nutritional sources
Psyllic acid is present in Chinese wolfberries.
Tritriacontanoic acid is a natural product found in Pedalium murex, Tripterygium wilfordii, and Rhizophora apiculata with data available.

Psyllic acid is a very long-chain fatty acid.
Dried, ripe seeds of PLANTAGO PSYLLIUM; PLANTAGO INDICA; and PLANTAGO OVATA. Plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives.

Indications include the treatment of patients needing a high fibre regime, perhaps for: 
the relief of constipation, including constipation in pregnancy and the maintenance of regularity; 
the management of bowel function in patients with colostomy, ileostomy, hemorrhoids, anal fissure, chronic diarrhea with diverticular disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and ulcerative colitis.

Hysterangium inflatum is a truffle that grows naturally in the roots of Eucalyptus sp. and is distributed along the Mediterranean and Aegean coasts. 
Chemical investigation of the H. inflatum enabled to isolate of a new cerebroside, hysteroside 
and seven known compounds namely, psyllic acid ,brassicasterol ,ergosterol ,ergosterol d ,ergosterol peroxide ,ergosta-7,9,22-triene-3-O-β-d-glucoside ,and mannitol 

All the isolated compounds, except compounds 2 and 8, displayed considerable cytotoxic activities against MCF-7 and H-1299 cancer cells. 
Compounds 1 (IC50: 18.11 µg/mL) and 5 (IC50: 24.93 µg/mL) were the most effective against MCF-7, while compounds 6 (IC50: 27.61 µg/mL), 1 (IC50: 36.20 µg/mL) and 5 (IC50: 38.62 µg/mL) showed most potent toxicity against H-1299 and the extracts and compounds have no toxic effect on L929. 

Among the extracts, the methanol extract displayed the best antioxidant activity in all assays. 
Compound 1 exhibited highest enzyme inhibition activities with value of 58.71%, 52.84%, 45.37%, and 35.63%, against urease, tyrosinase, butrylcholinesterase (BChE), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzymes at 100 µg/mL concentration, among the isolated compounds. 
These results support that H. inflatum is a steroid-rich truffle and might be a potential source, especially for ergostane type steroids.

Psyllic acid, also known as psyllate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as very long-chain fatty acids. 
These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains at least 22 carbon atoms. Based on a literature review very few articles have been published on Psyllic acid. 
Psyllic acid compound has been identified in human blood as reported by (PMID: 31557052 ). 

Tritriacontanoic acid is not a naturally occurring metabolite and is only found in those individuals exposed to this compound or its derivatives. 
Technically tritriacontanoic acid is part of the human exposome. 
Psyllic acid exposome can be defined as the collection of all the exposures of an individual in a lifetime and how those exposures relate to health. 
An individual's exposure begins before birth and includes insults from environmental and occupational sources.

Substituents    
Very long-chain fatty acid
Straight chain fatty acid
Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
Carboxylic acid
Carboxylic acid derivative
Organic oxygen compound
Organic oxide
Hydrocarbon derivative
Organooxygen compound
Carbonyl group
Aliphatic acyclic compound

In lipid science, Psyllic Acid (C33) is the common name for a thirty three-carbon straight-chain saturated very long-chain fatty acid (carboxylic acid) known by the systematic name Tritriacontanoic Acid, chemical formula CH3(CH2)31COOH.