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PVP K 17
Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), also commonly called polyvidone or povidone, is a water-soluble polymer made from the monomer N-vinylpyrrolidone. PVP K17 exists as powder or aqueous solution. It can dissolve in water and a variety of organic solvents. It is generally used in cosmetics, surfactants, pharmaceutical industries and other related industrial fields.
Appearance: It is white or yellowish white, hygroscopic powder or flakes.
Application: PVP-K series can be used as a film forming agent, viscosity-enhancement agent, Lubricants and Adhesives. They are the key component of hair sprays, mousse, gels and lotions & solution. They are also convenience assistant in skin care product, hair-drying reagent, shampoo, eye makeup, lipstick, deodorant, sunscreen and dentifrice.
Function:
• Broad-spectrum germicidal action
• Skin and equipment disinfectant before injection or surgery
• Anti-infection treatment for oral, gynecological, surgical, skin, etc
• Disinfects family tableware and apparatus
• Sterilizes, disinfects in the food stuff industry, breeding aquatics, animal diseases
Cas No.: 9003-39-8
EC No.: 88-12-0
SYNONYMS:
N-VINYL-2-PYRROLIDONE, 88-12-0, N-Vinylpyrrolidone, 1-vinylpyrrolidin-2-one, 1-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidone, N-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone, POLYVINYLPYRROLIDONE, 2-Pyrrolidinone, 1-ethenyl-, Vinylpyrrolidone, 1-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone, 9003-39-8, N-Vinylpyrrolidinone, 1-ethenylpyrrolidin-2-one, Povidone, 1-Vinylpyrrolidone, Pvpp, Vinylbutyrolactam, Polyvidone, Plasdone, Vinylpyrrolidinone, Kollidon, Luviskol, Periston, Protagent, Bolinan, 1-Vinylpyrrolidinone, Vinyl-2-pyrrolidone, Polyplasdone XL, Polyclar AT, V-Pyrol, Neocompensan, Hemodesis, Hemodez, Peviston, Plasmosan, Polygyl, Sauflon, Subtosan, Vinisil, 2-Pyrrolidinone, 1-vinyl-, Periston-n, Polyclar H, Polyclar L, Albigen A, Plasdone XL, Polyclar-AT, Peragal ST, Peregal ST, Poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone), 25249-54-1, Kollidon 17, Kollidon 25, Kollidon 30, 1-Ethenyl-2-pyrrolidinone, Plasdone No. 4, 1-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone, monomer, N-Vinyl pyrrolidone, Povidone (usp xix), Tolpovidone I-131, Antaron P 804, Poly(1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone), K 25 (polymer), K 30 (polymer), K 60 (polymer), Vinylpyrrolidone polymer, Ganex p-804, PVP 40, K 115 (polyamide), Poly(vinylpyrrolidinone), Ganex P 804, Plasdone K 29-32, Poly-N-vinyl pyrrolidone, Vinylpyrrolidinone polymer, Poly(N-vinylbutyrolactam), N-Vinylpyrrolidone polymer, Poly(N-vinylpyrrolidinone), N-Vinylbutyrolactam polymer, Poly(1-vinylpyrrolidinone), N-Vinylpyrrolidinone polymer, Polyvinylpyrrolidine, PVP 1, PVP 2, PVP 3, PVP 4, PVP 5, PVP 6, PVP 7, NSC 10222, Poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone), PVP K 3, N-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidone polymer, 1-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidone polymer, MPK 90, Poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone), PVP-K 30, PVP-K 60, PVP-K 90, N-Vinylpyrrolidone-2, Poly(1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone), Poly(1-(2-oxo-1-pyrrolidinyl)ethylene), PVP, 1-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone polymer, HSDB 7231, Poly-N-vinylpyrrolidone, UNII-76H9G81541, 1-Ethenyl-2-pyrrolidinone polymers, EINECS 201-800-4, 143 RP, AT 717, 1-vinyl-pyrrolidin-2-one, Polyvinylpyrrolidone K-30, Polyvinylpyrrolidone polymers, BRN 0110513, K 15, K 90, Poly(1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone) homopolymer, PVP-40, DTXSID2021440, CHEBI:82551, MFCD00003197, Poly(1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone) Hueper's Polymer No.1, Poly(1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone) Hueper's Polymer No.2, Poly(1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone) Hueper's Polymer No.3, Poly(1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone) Hueper's Polymer No.4, Poly(1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone) Hueper's Polymer No.5, Poly(1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone) Hueper's Polymer No.6, Poly(1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone) Hueper's Polymer No.7, 1-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidone(stabilized with 200ppm Ammonium hydroxide), 2-Pyrrolidinone, polymers, 76H9G81541, DSSTox_CID_1440, DSSTox_RID_76160, 2-Pyrrolidinone, homopolymer, DSSTox_GSID_21440, Poly[1-(2-oxo-1-pyrrolidinyl)-1,2-ethanediyl], WLN: /T5NVTJ AY*1*/, MFCD01076626, CAS-88-12-0, Povidone K30, K 25, K 115, Caswell No. 681, Polyvinylpyrrolidone, average M.W. 3500, K12, Poly(1-(2-oxo-1-pyrrolidinyl)-1,2-ethanediyl), N-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidone, 99%, stabilized with NaOH, Polyvinylpyrrolidone, average M.W. 50.000, K30, Polyvidonum [INN-Latin], Polividona [INN-Spanish], Polyvinylpyrrolidone K 90, Polyvinylpyrrolidone, average M.W. 8.000, K16-18, 2-Pyrrolidinone, polymers, compd. with aluminum acetate, Crospovidonum [INN-Latin], N-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidone, 99%, stabilized with Kerobit(R), Polyvinylpyrrolidone, average M.W. 1.300.000, K85-95, CCRIS 3611, CCRIS 8581, HSDB 205, vinyl pyrrolidone, Polyvidone iodine, Polyvinylpyrrolidon, Poly[1-(2-oxo-1-pyrrolidinyl)-1, .alpha.-hydro-.omega.-[[4-(iodo-131I)phenyl]methyl]-, NCI-C60582, N-vinyl-pyrrolidone, K 115 (VAN), Povidone Impurity A, N -vinylpyrrolidinone, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 079033, NSC 114022, NSC 142693, n-Vinyl-2-pyrolidone, 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidon, N-vinylpyrrolidin-2-one, N-vinyl pyrrolidin-2-one, N-vinyl-pyrrolidin-2-one, PVP K3O, EC 201-800-4, poly (N-vinyl pyrrolidone), SCHEMBL10869, WLN: T5NVTJ A1U1, PVP K15, PVP K30, PVP-K30, KSC490C6R, Polyvinylpyrrolidone PVP K30, poly(1-vinylpyrrolidin-2-one), CHEMBL1878943, CTK3J0168, PVP - K-30 (Pharm Grade), Polyvinylpyrrolidone, cross linked, KS-00000C7M, NSC10222, ZINC3590964, Polyvinylpyrrolidone, M.W. 8,000, Tox21_202462, Tox21_300073, 2-Pyrrolidinone, 1-vinyl-, polymers, compd. with aluminum acetate, ANW-41383, NSC-10222, NSC114022, NSC142693, NSC683040, N-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidone, optical grade, Polyvinylpyrrolidone, M.W. 10.000, Polyvinylpyrrolidone, M.W. 40.000, Polyvinylpyrrolidone, M.W. 58,000, AKOS000119985, ACN-038204, CS-W020981, FG-0420, LS-2302, MCULE-3025814103,NSC-114022, NSC-142693, NSC-683040, Polyvinylpyrrolidone, M.W. 360.000, VZ36857, alpha-Hydro-omega-(p-iodobenzyl)poly(1-(2-oxo-1-pyrrolidinyl)ethylene)-(sup 131)I, NCGC00166252-01, NCGC00166252-02, NCGC00166252-03, NCGC00254200-01, NCGC00260011-01, AK106255, K576, K90, SC-18112, SC-18133, Polyvinylpyrrolidone, M.W. 1,300,000, LS-139036, 402-EP2311801A1, 402-EP2311802A1, 402-EP2311803A1, 402-EP2371814A1, FT-0608329, FT-0645144, FT-0655284, 3132-EP2269994A1, 3132-EP2270007A1, 3132-EP2272822A1, 3132-EP2289895A1, 3132-EP2292612A2, 3132-EP2298735A1, 3132-EP2301938A1, 3132-EP2314590A1, C19548, 15554-EP2305683A1, 15554-EP2311839A1, 15554-EP2314589A1, 15554-EP2316837A1, 29548-EP2279741A2, 29548-EP2284169A1, 29548-EP2287161A1, 29548-EP2287162A1, 29548-EP2289893A1, 29548-EP2298738A1, 29548-EP2311842A2, 34023-EP2295055A2, 34023-EP2295416A2, 34023-EP2298748A2, 34023-EP2298770A1, 34023-EP2311453A1, 121438-EP2272849A1, 121438-EP2298313A1, 121454-EP2284165A1, 121454-EP2298313A1, 121454-EP2375479A1, A817742, POLY(N-VINYL-2-PYRROLIDONE) (LOW M.WT.), Q420628, SR-01000944531, J-015891, SR-01000944531-1, W-100417, 1-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone, SAJ first grade, >=99.0%, F8881-5579, 3-CHLORO-5,6-DIFLUORO-1-BENZOTHIOPHENE-2-CARBONYLCHLORIDE, 1-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone, contains sodium hydroxide as inhibitor, >=99%, 1-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material, 1-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (stabilized with N,N'-Di-sec-butyl-p-phenylenediamine), alpha-Hydro-omega-(p-iodobenzyl)poly(1-(2-oxo-1-pyrrolidinyl)ethylene)-(sup 131)I. (A small part of the iodine is the radioactive isotope, (sup 131)I.), Poly(1-(2-oxo-1-pyrrolidinyl)-1,2-ethanediyl), alpha-hydro-omega-((4-(iodo-(sup 131)I)phenyl)methyl)-
PVP K17
PVP K17 used as a protective colloid, dispersing agent and viscosity modifier in paints, for production of catheter coating with low coefficient of friction, for production of colorless, transparent coatings with anti-fogging properties on glass, polycarbonate or polymethyl methacrylate surfaces (ski and diver goggles, cockpit windows) and in coating of ink-jet paper. Provides hygroscopicity, adhesiveness ("initial tack"), adhesion to different materials, outstanding film formation, high capacity for complex formation, good stabilizing and solubilizing capacity, insensitivity to pH, ready radiation-induced crosslinkability, good biological compatibility and tackiness.
PVP K17 is a nonionic vinylpyrrolidone homopolymer mainly used as a film former, but also as a thickener. Readily soluble in water and compatible with almost all anionic, cationic and other non-ionic cosmetic polymers. Also compatible with Carbomer-type thickeners and other crosslinked polyacrylates for gel-type applications. Ideal for use in water based applications where a high degree of clarity is required in the finished product.
PVP-K17 is a low molecular weight polymer utilized as a pore-former additive. It is also used in hair gels, particularly wetlook gels. It possesses lubricant and binding properties.
Homopolymer of vinylpyrrolidone. Styling agent suitable for hair gels, hair creams, mousses, pump sprays and liquid hair styling preparations.
PVP was used as a plasma volume expander for trauma victims after the 1950s. It is used as a binder in many pharmaceutical tablets;it simply passes through the body when taken orally. (However, autopsies have found that crospovidone (PVPP) contributes to pulmonary vascular injury in substance abusers who have injected pharmaceutical tablets intended for oral consumption.The long-term effects of crospovidone or povidone within the lung are unknown.)
PVP added to iodine forms a complex called povidone-iodine that possesses disinfectant properties.This complex is used in various products like solutions, ointment, pessaries, liquid soaps and surgical scrubs. It is known under the trade names Pyodine and Betadine, among a plethora of others. It is used in pleurodesis (fusion of the pleura because of incessant pleural effusions). For this purpose, povidone iodine is equally effective and safe as talc, and may be preferred because of easy availability and low cost. PVP is used in some contact lenses and their packaging solutions. It reduces friction, thus acting as a lubricant, or wetting agent, built into the lens. Examples of this use include Bausch & Lomb's Ultra contact lenses with MoistureSeal Technology and Air Optix contact lens packaging solution (as an ingredient called "copolymer 845"). PVP is also used as a lubricant in some eye drops.PVP / POVIDONE exists as powder or aqueous solution. It can be dissolved in water and varieties of organic solvent. It has excellent hygroscopic ability, film-forming capability, complexing ability and physiology compatibility.
Grade with K-values and approximate molecular weights of PVP polymers:
PVP K-12 -> 2500 daltons
PVP K-15 -> 8000 daltons
PVP K-17 -> 10,000 daltons
PVP K-25 -> 30,000 daltons
PVP K-30 -> 50,000 daltons
PVP K-60 -> 4,00,000 daltons
PVP K-90 -> 10,00,000 daltons
PVP K-120 -> 30,00,000 daltons
PVP K17 Powder acts as a film former, thickener, stabilizer and dispersant. It is used as an emulsion stabilizer in creams and lotions, dispersant for hair colorant, foam stabilizer, de-stainer and gelling agent in toothpastes. It acts as a film former and thickener. It is the key component of hair sprays, mousse, gels and lotions & solution. Also as convenience assistant in skin care product, hair-drying reagent, shampoo, eye makeup, lipstick, deodorant, sunscreen and dentifrice. Moreover, PVP K17 Powder exhibits hair fixative property in aerosol sprays, pump sprays, liquid products, mousses and gels. It is readily soluble in water and common solvents. PVP K17 Powder finds application in formulating toothpastes and hair care products. Complies with c-GMP, ISO9001 & 14001, HALAL and KOSHER.
PVP K17 30% solution acts as a film former, thickener, stabilizer and dispersant. It is used as an emulsion stabilizer in creams and lotions, dispersant for hair colorant, foam stabilizer, de-stainer and gelling agent in toothpastes. Moreover, PVP K17 30% solution exhibits hair fixative property in aerosol sprays, pump sprays, liquid products, mousses and gels. It is readily soluble in water and common solvents. PVP K17 30% solution finds application in formulating toothpastes and hair care products. Complies with c-GMP, ISO9001 & 14001, HALAL and KOSHER.
PVP K17:
Chemical group: Polymers
Chemical properties: Nonionic
Physical properties: Solid at STP, Water soluble
Appearance: Powder
Colors: White
Function:
• Binding agents
• Emulsifiers
• Film formers
• Thickeners
Applications:
• Cleansers
• Colorants
• Gels & jellies
• Hair styling creams
• Mousse
• Pumps
• Styling agents
Usage:
In field of cosmetic: PVP series can be used as filming-agent, viscosity-enhancement agent, lubricator and adhesive. They are the key component of hair sprays, mousse gels and lotions, hair-drying reagent and shampoo in hair-care products and the key component of lip-stick, sunscreen and lotions in skin-care products and also that of eye makeup, deodorant and dentifrice etc.
In field of pharmaceutical: PVP-K30 is a new and excellent pharmaceutical excipient. It is mainly used as binder for tablet dissolving assistant for injection, flow assistant for capsule, dispersant for liquid, medicine and stain, stabilizer for enzyme and heat sensitive drug, coprecipitant for poorly soluble drugs, lubricator and antitoxic assistant for eye drug.
In field of other utilities: Paint and coating, plastics and resin adhesive, glass fiber, film, ink, TV tube, detergent, biocide, tabulating assistant, textile dyeing and printing, etc.
Povidone Polyvinylpyrrolidone PVP K17 K30 K90, also commonly called Polyvidone or Povidone, is a water-soluble polymer made from the monomer N-vinylpyrrolidone.
Povidone (polyvinylpyrrolidone, PVP K30, PVP K17, PVP K90) is used in the pharmaceutical industry as a synthetic polymer vehicle for dispersing and suspending drugs. Povidone Polyvinylpyrrolidone PVP K17 K30 K90 exists in white powder or aqueous solution.
Solubility: Povidone Polyvinylpyrrolidone PVP K17 K30 readily dissolve in water, alcohol, amine and halohydrocarbon, but are not dissolved in acetone and aether etc.. Povidone Polyvinylpyrrolidone PVP K17 K30 has good solubility, biocompatibility, and physiologically inert, film-forming character, colloid protect ability and compound ability to many organic or inorganic compounds. Povidone Polyvinylpyrrolidone PVP K17 K30is also steady to acid, salt and heat, so it is widely used.
Povidone Polyvinylpyrrolidone PVP K17 K30 K90 exists as white or milk white powder or colorless or slight yellow transparent liquid. It can dissolve in water and a variety of organic solvents. It has good hygroscopicity, film-forming capability, complexing ability and physiological compatibility.
PVP K17 can be used to stabilize micro-molecular structures in injectables and lyophilisates. They can also form hydrogen bonds with compounds with complementary structures for improved dissolution. At the same time, PVP K17 serve as solubilizing agents and crystallization inhibitors particularly for injectables. These properties are of particular interest for antibiotics in solution or lyophylisate form. PVP K17 are used in e. g. sulfonamide, melphalan, meclofenoxat, metroni-dazol, mistellectine, taurolidine and trimethoprim formulations. In the area of Instant & Modified release, PVP K17 serve as pore former in solid oral dosage forms with sustained release, and allow viscosity enhancement in oral liquid & oral semi-solid dosage forms.
PVP K17 Powder is used mainly the following applications:
Membranes: Hydrophilicity, pore size formation, biocompatibility, non toxic
Specialty paper / Films / Ink-jet media / Inks: Viscosity modifier, binder, complex formation, fixation
Applications:
• Solubilizing agent
• Dispersant
• Crystallisation inhibitor
• Pore former in solid oral dosage forms
• Viscosity enhancement in oral liquid & oral semi-solid dosage forms
Product characteristics:
• Formula: (C6H9NO)n
• Appearance: white to light yellow, hygroscopic, amorphous powder
• Solids Content in %: ≥ 95%
• K-Value: 15 – 19
In Pharmaceutical Industry:
Povidone (polyvinylpyrrolidone, PVP) is used in the pharmaceutical industry as a synthetic polymer vehicle for dispersing and suspending drugs. It has multiple uses, including as a binder for tablets and capsules, a film former for ophthalmic solutions, to aid in flavoring liquids and chewable tablets, and as an adhesive for transdermal systems.
Soluble low molecular and pyrogen-free PVP K17 applicable as solubilizing agent for parenteral formulations. Also suitable as pore former for sustained release tablet or pellet coating.
Due to its low molecular mass, it is rapidly dissolved in water and most polar solvents. Therefore, it improves the solubility of materials in polar solvents. It is necessary to prevent particles from clumping and crystallization. This property is particularly applicable to solid and liquid antibiotics. PVPs with higher K-Value, because of higher molecular mass cannot be used in injectable materials.
However, PVP K17 grade is widely used as a cosolvent in veterinary injection drugs. On the other hand, because of its chemical structure (the presence of a lactam ring), PVP can form a complex of many hydrogenated substances such as phenols and carboxylic acids, in particular mineral salts and anionic colors. For this reason, it is also used in water treatment and dyeing applications.
applications:
• In the industry of animal and human pharmaceutical
• Production of various membranes with various applications such as dialysis, purification of water and ...
• As a color stabilizer and leveling agent in the textile and fiber industry
• Helping to release pharmaceutical more efficiently
Povidone Polyvinylpyrrolidone PVP K17 (Pharmaceutical grade) is a kind of new excellent pharmaceutical excipient. It is mainly used as binder for tablet and granule, dissolving assistant for injection, flow assistant for capsule, dispersant for liquid medicine and pigment, stabilizer for enzyme and heat-sensitive drug, coprecipitant for poorly soluble drugs, lubricator and antitoxic assistant for eye drug. PVP has been used as excipient in more than one hundred drugs.
With excellent adhesive, film-forming, dispersing and thickening properties, Povidone Polyvinylpyrrolidone PVP K17 K30 K90 are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry.
Povidone (polyvinylpyrrolidone, PVP) is used in the pharmaceutical industry as a synthetic polymer vehicle for dispersing and suspending drugs. When drugs are to be administered by the parenteral route, solubilization plays a more important role than in oral administration, as with the latter, a solid dosage form is equally acceptable. Therefore the endotoxin-free types, PVP K12 and PVP K17 are recommended for parenter- als. The molecular weight of both products is low enough to allow rapid renal elimination without storage. In many countries in Europe, e. g. Germany and Austria, only such low-molecular povidone types with a K-value of up to 18 are allowed for injection. PVP K12 and PVP K17 are nowadays widely used in different injectables e. g. in antibiotic, sulfonamide, melphalan, meclofenoxat, metroni- dazol, mistellectine, taurolidine and trimethoprim formulations.
PVP K12 and PVP K17 can be used as dispersing agents for parenteral suspensions (crystalline suspensions, lyophilisates, nanoparticles). These low-molecular endotoxin-free PVP grades have been developed specially for parenterals and produce suspensions with about the same physical properties as, for example, PVP K25 or PVP K30, except that their viscosity is somewhat lower.
Some typical active ingredients combined with low-molecular weight povidone in commercialized parenteral suspensions are benzylpenicillin, fluspirilen, methylprednisolone and streptomycin.
-Low molecular weight PVP-K, like PVP K12,K15,K17, are usually used as a solubilizing agent, crystallization inhibitor and suspension stabilizer in injection and ophthalmic formulations.
-Medium Molecular PVP-K, like PVP K25, K30, are often used as binder in tablets, capsules and granules, as a stabilizer for oral suspensions, film-forming agent, solubilizing agent, dispersant for pigments, as an enzyme stabilizer and to improve bioavailability.
-High molecular PVP-K, like PVP K90, work as highly effective binder. They are often used as stabilizer in oral and topical suspension, as a thickener, hydropylizing agent, etc.
In Cosmetic Industry
Povidone Poly vinylpyrrolidone PVP K17 are widely applied in a wide range in hair care, skin care & oral care products. Povidone Poly vinylpyrrolidone PVP K17 K30 K90 are particularly suitable for formulations where viscosity modification and film forming properties are needed. Povidone Polyvinylpyrrolidone PVP K17 K30 K90 are particularly suited to hair styling products.
PVP K17 is supplied as aqueous solutions or powders, characterized as film formers, act as thickeners. Higher molecular weight products show greater setting power and stronger adhesion. for water based formulations, such as hair gels, for high clarity. Its films formed are hard, glossy, transparent and clear. It is used for a wide range in hair care,skin care & oral care products.
Typical Examples include the following applications; Hair Gels, Hair mousses, Liquid hair setting preparations, Pump Sprays.
-The medium molecular weights such as PVP K30 are preferred where viscosity is critical in applications, for example, spray.
-The higher molecular weight products such as PVP K90 are better choice where high viscosity are needed in applications.
Povidone Poly vinylpyrrolidone PVP K17 is widely used in cosmetics such as Hair Gels, Hair mousses, Liquid hair setting preparations, Pump Sprays.
Other Industrial Application of Povidone Poly vinylpyrrolidone PVP K17 include:
-Suspensant, disperser and emulsifier
-Glass fiber
-Detergent
-Plastics and resin
-Ink
-Paint and coating
-Textile dying and printing
-Film
-Adhesive
-TV tube
Toxicology, and safety:
After the introduction of PVP in polymer science, extensive research has been done in developing its pharmacokinetic and toxicological profile. Different animal models and humans have been tested to study the kinetic profiling of PVP. Since PVP is proposed for different fields of interest, particularly the medical, pharmaceutical, and food industry, its safety profiling became a necessity and hence detailed information has been documented in the literature. Both the individual researchers and regulatory bodies have concluded that PVP usage is safe as both a food-grade additive and also as a pharmaceutical excipient. WHO has given a listing of its acceptable daily intake of 0–50 mg/kg body weight.
A good number of reports claim that PVP is biologically inert and non-toxic with good tolerance. A huge data concerning toxicological studies in animals like rats, pigs, dogs, and rabbits revealed that orally administered PVP shows no acute or subchronic or chronic toxicity. In some cases, an extremely low effect like diarrhea is observed at high doses. The reason is the osmotic action shown by PVP at high doses which acts as a bulk purgative. There is no evidence of toxicity in terms of clinical chemistry, histopathology, and hematology except diarrhea at high doses. As per the reports, the LD50 value for oral administration of PVP (average molecular weight 40,000) is greater than 100 g/kg body weight in both rats and guinea pigs. Hence, PVP is claimed as neither a sensitizer nor an irritant. Even in humans, there are no reported adverse effects with oral administration of PVP.
