RIBONUCLEOTIDE

Ribonucleotide is considered a molecular precursor of nucleic acids. 
Ribonucleotide, formed by reducing ribonucleotides with the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), are essential building blocks for DNA.
Ribonucleotides can be converted to cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP) to regulate hormones in organisms as well.

CAS Number: 4691-65-0
Molecular Formula: C10H14N4NaO8P
Molecular Weight: 372.21
EINECS Number: 225-146-4

Synonyms: 4691-65-0, Disodium 5'-inosinate, Disodium inosinate, Sodium inosinate, 5'-Imp disodium salt, IMP disodium salt, 5'-INOSINIC ACID, DISODIUM SALT, Inosine-5'-monophosphoric acid disodium salt, FEMA No. 3669, Inosine 5'-monophosphate disodium salt, Disodium inosine-5'-monophosphate, Inosine 5'-monophosphate disodium, Inosine-5'-monophosphate disodium, Inosine 5'-monophosphate disodium salt hydrate, Sodium 5'-inosinate, T2ZYA7KC05, 5'-Inosinic acid, sodium salt (1:2), IMP sodium salt, disodium;[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(6-oxo-1H-purin-9-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methyl phosphate, Sodium Inosine 5'-Phosphate (2:1), Disodium inosine 5'-monophosphate, Ribotide, Disodium inosine 5'-phosphate, 5'-Inosinic Acid Disodium Salt, sodium ((2R,3S,4R,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(6-hydroxy-9H-purin-9-yl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl phosphate, MFCD00036201, CCRIS 6560, 5'-IMPdisodium salt, Inosin-5'-monophosphate disodium, EINECS 225-146-4, NSC 20263, Inosic Acid Disodium Salt, UNII-T2ZYA7KC05, 5'-IMP 2Na, Inosine-5'-monophosphate sodium salt, NSC-20263, inosine 5'-monophosphoric acid disodium salt, Inosine monophosphate disodium, SCHEMBL316941, INS NO.631, DISODIUM INOSINATE [FCC], DTXSID4044242, DISODIUM INOSINATE [INCI], INS-631, CHEBI:184785, DISODIUM INOSINATE [MART.], DISODIUM INOSINATE [USP-RS], DISODIUM INOSINATE [WHO-DD], Inosine-5'-monophosphateDisodiumSalt, AKOS015896269, AKOS015918501, AKOS024282555, DISODIUM 5'-INOSINATE [FHFI], CCG-268550, E 631 (FOOD ENHANCEMENT AGENT), Inosine monophosphate disodium [WHO-DD], [(3S,2R,4R,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(6-oxohydropurin-9-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methyl dihydr ogen phosphate, sodium salt, sodium salt, AS-57564, E 631, E-631, I0036, Q905782, disodium [(2R,3S,4R,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(6-hydroxy-9H-purin-9-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methyl phosphate, sodium ((2R,3S,4R,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(6-oxo-1H-purin-9(6H)-yl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl phosphate

Ribonucleotides themselves are basic monomeric building blocks for RNA. 
Ribonucleotides are also utilized in other cellular functions. 
These special monomers are utilized in both cell regulation and cell signaling as seen in adenosine-monophosphate (AMP). 

Ribonucleotide can be converted to adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy currency in organisms. 
In living organisms, the most common bases for ribonucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), or uracil (U). 
The nitrogenous bases are classified into two parent compounds, purine and pyrimidine.

The general structure of a ribonucleotide consists of a phosphate group, a ribose sugar group, and a nucleobase, in which the nucleobase can either be adenine, guanine, cytosine, or uracil. 
Without the phosphate group, the composition of the nucleobase and sugar is known as a nucleoside. 
The interchangeable nitrogenous nucleobases are derived from two parent compounds, purine and pyrimidine. 

Nucleotides are Ribonucleotide compounds, that is, they contain at least two different chemical elements as members of its rings.
Both RNA and DNA contain two major purine bases, adenine (A) and guanine (G), and two major pyrimidines. 
In both DNA and RNA, one of the pyrimidines is cytosine (C). 

However, DNA and RNA differ in the second major pyrimidine. 
DNA contains thymine (T) while RNA contains uracil (U). 
There are some rare cases where thymine does occur in RNA and uracil in DNA.

Ribonucleotides can be synthesized in organisms from smaller molecules through the de novo pathway or recycled through the salvage pathway. 
In the case of the de novo pathway, both purines and pyrimidines are synthesized from components derived from precursors of amino acids, ribose-5-phosphates, CO2, and NH3.
Ribonucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids — one of the four essential groups of biomolecules among proteins, carbohydrates, and amino acids.

The basic skeleton of Ribonucleotide is made of pentose sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogenous base (purine or pyrimidine). 
And, based on the type of pentose sugar the nucleotide contains, Ribonucleotide’s of two types: ribonucleotide and deoxyribonucleotide.
Ribonucleotide is a nucleotide having ribose as its pentose sugar. 

Ribonucleotide molecule acts as a precursor for nucleic acid synthesis. 
Ribonucleotide can be transformed into deoxyribose sugar after the reduction reaction facilitated by ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) — an enzyme first discovered in E.coli (Escherichia coli) and has a catalytic mechanism in ribonucleotide reduction.

The ribonucleotide is mainly used for the synthesis of RNA. 
Whereas deoxyribonucleotide is used in the DNA synthesis process.
The nitrogenous bases of ribonucleotides are grouped into two groups: purine and pyrimidine. 

They consist of four molecules, which include adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and uracil (U). 
The difference between DNA and RNA developing nucleotides is the presence of thymine, which is only involved in the DNA replication process and not in RNA synthesis.
The presence and absence of phosphate groups in the ribonucleotide structure change the whole chemistry of the biomolecule. 

In absence of a phosphate group, the molecule is known as ribonucleoside rather than ribonucleotides. 
Also, based on the number of phosphates, ribonucleotides can be monophosphates (having one phosphate group), diphosphates (having two phosphate groups), and triphosphates (having three phosphate groups).
Ribonucleotide, also known as ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase (rNDP), is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of deoxyribonucleotides from ribonucleotides.

Ribonucleotide catalyzes this formation by removing the 2'-hydroxyl group of the ribose ring of nucleoside diphosphates. 
This reduction produces deoxyribonucleotides.
Ribonucleotides in turn are used in the synthesis of DNA. 

The reaction catalyzed by RNR is strictly conserved in all living organisms.
Furthermore, RNR plays a critical role in regulating the total rate of DNA synthesis so that DNA to cell mass is maintained at a constant ratio during cell division and DNA repair.
A somewhat unusual feature of the RNR enzyme is that it catalyzes a reaction that proceeds via a free radical mechanism of action.

The substrates for RNR are ADP, GDP, CDP and UDP, dTDP (deoxythymidine diphosphate) is synthesized by another enzyme (thymidylate kinase) from dTMP (deoxythymidine monophosphate).
Ribonucleotides contain a pentose sugar called ribose, which has five carbon atoms. 
The ribose sugar serves as the backbone of the ribonucleotide molecule.

Ribonucleotides contain one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), or uracil (U). 
These bases are responsible for the genetic information encoded in RNA molecules.
Ribonucleotides also contain one or more phosphate groups attached to the ribose sugar. 

The phosphate groups are responsible for linking individual ribonucleotide units together to form RNA chains.
Ribonucleotides serve as the building blocks for mRNA molecules, which carry genetic information from the DNA in the cell nucleus to the ribosomes, where proteins are synthesized.
Ribonucleotides are involved in the synthesis and modification of tRNA and rRNA molecules, which are essential for protein synthesis.

Ribonucleotides, particularly small RNA molecules such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), play key roles in regulating gene expression by modulating mRNA stability and translation.
Certain ribonucleotides, such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), function as second messengers in cell signaling pathways, mediating responses to extracellular signals.
Ribonucleotides can be synthesized de novo from simple precursor molecules in a series of enzymatic reactions known as the nucleotide biosynthesis pathway. 

They can also be obtained from the diet through the consumption of nucleic acids in foods such as meat, fish, dairy products, and vegetables.
Ribonucleotide reductases are divided into three classes. 
Class I RNR enzymes are constructed from large alpha subunit and small beta subunits which associate to form an active heterodimeric tetramer. 

By reducing NDPs to 2'-dNDPs, the enzyme catalyses the de novo synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides (dNTPs), which are precursors to DNA synthesis and essential for cell proliferation.
Class II Ribonucleotide produce a 5'-deoxyadenosyl radical by homolytic cleavage of the C-Co bond in adenosylcobalamin. 
In addition, Class III RNRs contain a stable glycyl radical.

Ribonucleotide is the disodium salt of inosinic acid with the chemical formula C10H11N4Na2O8P. 
Ribonucleotide is used as a food additive and often found in instant noodles, potato chips, and a variety of other snacks.
Commercial disodium inosinate may either be obtained from bacterial fermentation of sugars or prepared from animal products. 

The Vegetarian Society reports that production from meat or fish is more widespread,but the Vegetarian Resource Group reports that all three "leading manufacturers" claim to use fermentation.
Ribonucleotide, also known as sodium 5'-guanylate and disodium 5'-guanylate, is a natural sodium salt of the flavor enhancing nucleotide guanosine monophosphate (GMP). 
Ribonucleotide is a food additive with the E number E627.

Ribonucleotide is commonly used in conjunction with glutamic acid.
As Ribonucleotide is a fairly expensive additive, it is usually not used independently of glutamic acid; if disodium guanylate is present in a list of ingredients but MSG does not appear to be, it is likely that glutamic acid is provided as part of another ingredient such as a processed soy protein complex. 
Ribonucleotide is often added to foods in conjunction with disodium inosinate; the combination is known as disodium 5'-ribonucleotides.

Ribonucleotide is produced by fermentation.
Ribonucleotide Disodium inosinate (E631), chemical formula C10H11N2Na2O8P, is the disodium salt of inosinic acid. 
Ribonucleotide is a food additive often found in instant noodles, potato chips, and a variety of other snacks. 

Ribonucleotide is used as a flavor enhancer, in synergy with monosodium glutamate (also known as MSG; the sodium salt of glutamic acid) to provide the umami taste.
Ribonucleotide is a colorless to white crystal or crystalline powder with a characteristic taste. 
Ribonucleotide Flavor Enhancer is soluble in water while slightly soluble in alcohol. 

Flavor Enhancer E631 is often added to foods in conjunction with E627 Flavour Enhancer and the combination is known as disodium ribonucleotides (I+G). 
Ribonucleotide Halal Food Additive is widely used in instant noodles, potato chips and other snacks, savory rice, tinned vegetables, cured meats and packaged soup. 

Sinofi is a reliable Ribonucleotide supplier and manufacturer in China. 
Ribonucleotide, obtained from bacterial fermentation of sugars, is as a food additive and often found in a variety of other snacks.
There are several differences between DNA deoxyribonucleotides and RNA ribonucleotides. 

Successive nucleotides are linked together via phosphodiester bonds.
In biochemistry, a Ribonucleotide is a nucleotide containing ribose as its pentose component. 
Nucleotides are the basic building blocks of DNA and RNA. 

Ribonucleotide contains approximately 7.5 molecules of water of crystallization. 
Ribonucleotide is odorless and has characteristic taste.

Melting point: 175 °C
FEMA: 3669 | DISODIUM 5-INOSINATE
storage temp.: 2-8°C
form: Crystalline Powder
color: White
Odor: odorless
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
LogP: -1.02

Ribonucleotide is naturally found in meat and fish at levels of 80–800 mg/100 g.
Ribonucleotide can also be made by fermentation of sugars such as tapioca starch.
Some sources claim that industrial levels of production are achieved by extraction from animal products, making Ribonucleotide non-vegetarian.

However, an interview by the Vegetarian Resource Group reports that all three "leading manufacturers" (one being Ajinomoto) claims to use an all-vegetarian fermentation process.
Producers are generally open to providing information on the origin. 
Ribonucleotide is in some cases labeled as "vegetarian" in ingredients lists when produced from plant sources

Ribonucleotide, known by many names including disodium 5’-guanylate, is derived from a nucleotide, guanosine monophosphate (GMP). 
Ribonucleotide is similar to disodium inosinate, also known as disodium 5’-inosinate, which comes from another nucleotide, inosine monophosphate (IMP). 
The two together are frequently referred to as 5’-nucleotides (read as “five prime nucleotides.”) Nucleotides are naturally occurring substances found mostly in meats although shiitake mushrooms are also high in nucleotides. 

Nucleotides are components of information-carrying molecules (such as DNA) as well as important molecules involved in many diverse aspects of human metabolism.
Ribonucleotides are not only found in mRNA but also in other types of RNA, including transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), small nuclear RNA (snRNA), and small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA). 
Each type of RNA serves specific functions in gene expression, RNA processing, and protein synthesis.

Ribonucleotides in RNA molecules can undergo various post-transcriptional modifications, such as methylation, pseudouridylation, and base modifications. 
These modifications can influence RNA stability, localization, and function.
Ribonucleotides within RNA molecules can form secondary structures, such as hairpins, loops, and stem-loop structures, through complementary base pairing. 

These secondary structures play important roles in RNA folding, stability, and interactions with other molecules.
Synthetic analogs of ribonucleotides, such as ribavirin and azidothymidine (AZT), have been developed for therapeutic purposes. 
These analogs can interfere with viral replication or DNA synthesis in cancer cells, making them useful in antiviral therapy and chemotherapy.

Ribonucleotides can undergo RNA editing, a process in which specific nucleotides within RNA molecules are enzymatically modified after transcription. 
RNA editing can lead to changes in RNA sequence and structure, affecting protein translation and function.
Ribonucleotides are essential components of RNA interference (RNAi) pathways, which regulate gene expression by triggering degradation or translational repression of target mRNAs. 

Ribonucleotide has applications in gene silencing, functional genomics, and therapeutic development.
Ribonucleotides are used in the development of RNA-based vaccines, such as messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines. 
These vaccines deliver RNA molecules encoding antigens to host cells, stimulating an immune response against specific pathogens or diseases.

Ribonucleotides can be engineered to form RNA aptamers, which are short RNA sequences that bind to specific target molecules with high affinity and specificity. 
Ribonucleotide aptamers have applications in diagnostics, therapeutics, and biochemical research.
Ribonucleotides are involved in the process of RNA splicing, where introns are removed from pre-mRNA molecules to produce mature mRNA transcripts. 

Ribonucleotide splicing is mediated by the spliceosome, a complex of ribonucleoprotein particles composed of both RNA and protein.
Ribonucleotide, also known as disodium inosinate or IMP, is a flavor enhancer commonly used in the food industry. 
Ribonucleotide is a nucleotide that is naturally present in various foods, including meat, fish, and mushrooms. 

Ribonucleotide is also used in medical and industrial research due to its biological activity and potential therapeutic effects.
Ribonucleotides, the sugar component is ribose while in deoxyribonucleotides, the sugar component is deoxyribose. 
Instead of a hydroxyl group at the second carbon in the ribose ring, it is replaced by a hydrogen atom.

Both types of pentoses in DNA and RNA are in their β-furanose (closed five-membered ring) form and they define the identity of a nucleic acid. 
DNA is defined by containing Ribonucleotide while RNA is defined by containing ribose nucleic acid.
Ribonucleotides have a myriad of functions in organisms, ranging from DNA replication, transcription (the process of mRNA synthesis), DNA repair, and gene expression to acting as a substrate for ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and AMP (adenosine monophosphate) production and metabolic regulation.

The enzyme ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) catalyzes the de novo synthesis of dNDPs.
Catalysis of ribonucleoside 5’-diphosphates (NDPs) involves a reduction at the 2’-carbon of ribose 5-phosphate to form the 2’-deoxy derivative-reduced 2’-deoxyribonucleoside 5’-diphosphates (dNDPs). 
This reduction is initiated with the generation of a free radical. 

Following a single reduction, RNR requires electrons donated from the dithiol groups of the protein thioredoxin. 
Regeneration of thioredoxin occurs when nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) provides two hydrogen atoms that are used to reduce the disulfide groups of thioredoxin.

Uses Of Ribonucleotide:
Ribonucleotides, such as disodium inosinate (IMP) and disodium guanylate (GMP), are used as flavor enhancers in the food industry to impart umami taste to processed foods and savory products. 
These ribonucleotides are often used in combination with monosodium glutamate (MSG) to enhance the overall flavor profile of foods.
Ribonucleotides are approved food additives in many countries and are commonly used in food products such as soups, sauces, snacks, and ready-to-eat meals. 

They contribute to the savory or meaty flavor (umami taste) of foods and help improve taste perception and consumer acceptance.
Ribonucleotides are sometimes included in nutritional supplements and infant formulas to provide additional nucleotide precursors for DNA and RNA synthesis. 
These supplements are marketed for their potential benefits in supporting growth, immunity, and gastrointestinal health, particularly in infants and young children.

Ribonucleotides may be used in cosmetics and personal care products for their purported skin conditioning and anti-aging properties. 
They are sometimes included in topical formulations, creams, and serums targeting skin rejuvenation and hydration, although scientific evidence supporting their efficacy in skincare is limited.
Ribonucleotides can serve as building blocks for the synthesis of biodegradable polymers with applications in drug delivery, tissue engineering, and sustainable materials. 

Polymeric nanoparticles and hydrogels incorporating ribonucleotide-derived monomers offer controlled release properties and biocompatibility for various biomedical and environmental applications.
Ribonucleotides are fundamental building blocks for the synthesis of both RNA and DNA molecules. 

While ribonucleotides are used directly in RNA synthesis, they also serve as precursors for deoxyribonucleotides, which are incorporated into DNA during DNA replication and repair processes.
Ribonucleotide analogs, such as ribavirin and sofosbuvir, are used as antiviral agents to treat viral infections. 
These analogs interfere with viral RNA synthesis and replication, thereby inhibiting viral replication and reducing viral load in infected individuals.

Radioactively labeled ribonucleotides, such as 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG), are used as radiopharmaceuticals for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. 
These tracers are used to visualize metabolic activity and glucose uptake in tissues, aiding in the diagnosis and monitoring of various diseases, including cancer.
Ribonucleotides are used in various biochemical assays and enzymatic reactions to study RNA processing, modification, and metabolism. 

Techniques such as in vitro transcription, reverse transcription, and RNA labeling rely on ribonucleotides as substrates or cofactors for enzyme-mediated reactions.
Ribonucleotides are employed in the development of RNA-based therapeutics, including RNA vaccines, mRNA therapeutics, and RNAi-based drugs. 
These therapies harness the specificity and versatility of RNA molecules to modulate gene expression, trigger immune responses, or target disease-causing genes for degradation.

Ribonucleotides are used in gene editing technologies, such as CRISPR-Cas9 and other programmable nucleases, to introduce specific changes in DNA sequences. 
RNA molecules guide the Cas9 enzyme to target DNA sequences, where it induces site-specific double-strand breaks for gene editing or genome engineering purposes.
Ribonucleotides, particularly RNA markers such as ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and messenger RNA (mRNA), are used as indicators of microbial activity and environmental health in water quality monitoring and soil microbiology studies. 

Changes in RNA expression profiles can provide insights into microbial community dynamics and ecosystem functioning.
Ribonucleotides are integrated into RNA-based theranostic platforms, which combine therapeutic and diagnostic functions in a single system. 
These platforms utilize RNA molecules for targeted drug delivery, imaging, and monitoring of therapeutic responses, offering personalized treatment options for various diseases.

Ribonucleotides are explored in regenerative medicine applications, such as tissue engineering and stem cell therapy. 
RNA-based approaches, including mRNA reprogramming and RNA-guided differentiation, hold promise for generating functional tissues and organs for transplantation and regenerative therapies.

Ribonucleotide is a flavor enhancer which performs as a disodium guanylate does, but only when present at approximately twice the level. see disodium guanylate.
Ribonucleotide is used as a flavor enhancer, in synergy with monosodium glutamate (MSG) to provide the umami taste. 
Ribonucleotide is often added to foods in conjunction with disodium guanylate; the combination is known as disodium 5′-ribonucleotides.

As a relatively expensive product, disodium inosinate is usually not used independently of glutamic acid; if disodium inosinate is present in a list of ingredients, but MSG does not appear to be, it is possible that glutamic acid is provided as part of another ingredient or is naturally occurring in another ingredient like tomatoes, Parmesan cheese, or yeast extract.
Ribonucleotides, particularly RNA molecules, are essential for studying gene expression patterns in cells and tissues. 

Techniques such as reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), and microarray analysis rely on ribonucleotides to detect and quantify RNA transcripts, providing insights into gene regulation and cellular processes.
Ribonucleotides are central to RNA interference (RNAi) technology, which enables specific gene silencing by introducing small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) or short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) into cells. 
Ribonucleotide has applications in functional genomics, target validation, and therapeutic development for treating diseases such as cancer and viral infections.

Ribonucleotides are increasingly used as therapeutics for treating various diseases. 
Ribonucleotide vaccines, for example, utilize ribonucleotides to deliver genetic instructions for producing antigens, stimulating immune responses against pathogens such as viruses or cancer cells. 
Additionally, RNA interference (RNAi) and antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) therapies target specific disease-causing genes or mRNAs for degradation or inhibition.

Ribonucleotides play crucial roles in biotechnological applications, including the engineering of RNA molecules for research, diagnostics, and therapeutic purposes. 
RNA aptamers, riboswitches, and ribozymes are examples of RNA-based tools used in biosensing, drug delivery, and gene regulation.
Ribonucleotides are important targets for drug discovery efforts aimed at developing novel antiviral, anticancer, and antibacterial agents. 

Inhibitors of ribonucleotide metabolism enzymes, RNA-processing enzymes, and RNA-protein interactions are being explored as potential drug candidates for various diseases.
Ribonucleotides are utilized in labeling nucleic acids for detection and visualization purposes. 
Techniques such as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), northern blotting, and in vitro transcription incorporate ribonucleotides labeled with fluorophores, radioisotopes, or other tags for identifying specific RNA molecules or sequences.

Ribonucleotides are involved in studying RNA modifications, such as methylation, pseudouridylation, and adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) editing. 
Understanding the roles of RNA modifications in gene regulation, RNA stability, and protein translation has implications for disease mechanisms and therapeutic interventions.
Ribonucleotides are essential reagents in basic biomedical research, facilitating studies on RNA structure, function, and dynamics. 

Investigating RNA-protein interactions, RNA folding kinetics, and RNA-mediated signaling pathways contributes to our understanding of cellular physiology and disease mechanisms.
Ribonucleotides, such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), serve as important second messengers in cellular signaling pathways. 
They mediate intracellular signaling cascades triggered by hormones, neurotransmitters, and other extracellular signals, regulating various cellular processes such as metabolism, ion channel activity, and gene expression.

Ribonucleotides serve as cofactors for numerous enzymes involved in cellular metabolism and biosynthetic pathways. 
For example, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), guanosine triphosphate (GTP), and uridine triphosphate (UTP) are essential energy carriers and substrates for enzymes catalyzing phosphorylation reactions, DNA replication, and RNA synthesis.

Ribonucleotides participate in nucleotide salvage pathways, where nucleosides and nucleobases released from RNA degradation or DNA repair are recycled to generate new nucleotides. 
These pathways are important for maintaining cellular pools of nucleotides required for DNA and RNA synthesis, especially under conditions of nucleotide deficiency or stress.

Safety Profile Of Ribonucleotide:
Ribonucleotide in the United States, consumption of added 5′-ribonucleotides averages 4 mg per day, compared to 2 g per day of naturally occurring purines. 
A review of literature by an FDA committee found no evidence of carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, or adverse effects on reproduction.

In 2004, Ribonucleotide was proposed to be removed from the food additive list by Codex Alimentarius Commission.
This change did not go through: Ribonucleotide is still present in the 2009 Codex Alimentarius list.