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Silver nanoparticles are one of the most commonly utilized nanomaterials due to their anti-microbial properties, high electrical conductivity, and optical properties.
Silver nanoparticles have unique optical, electronic, and antibacterial properties, and are widely used in areas such as biosensing, photonics, electronics, and antimicrobial applications.
Silver nanoparticle is widely used in many consumer products due to its unique optical, electrical, and thermal properties and extraordinarily efficient at absorbing and scattering light.
CAS Number: 7440-22-4
EC Number: 231-131-3
Molecular Formula: Ag
Molecular Weight: 107.87
Synonyms: 7440-22-4, 7761-88-8, Silver, Silver Paste DGP80 TESM8020, Silver atomic spectroscopy standard concentrate 1.00 g Ag, Colloidal silver ink, Silver nanowires, Silver nitrate concentrate, Silver nitrate solution, Silver standard solution, Silver, dispersion, Silverjet DGH-55HTG, Silverjet DGH-55LT-25C, Silverjet DGP-40LT-15C, Silverjet DGP-40TE-20C, SunTronic® Silver
Silver nanoparticle has been used in a variety of ways.
However, Silver nanoparticle is not approved for medical use by the FDA and should not be consumed, injected, or inhaled.
Use of Silver nanoparticle can result in short-term and long term side effects.
Silver nanoparticle, also known as silver proteins or Silver nanoparticle proteins, is a suspension of tiny silver particles in liquid.
Although silver has been used for medicinal and health purposes for thousands of years, Silver nanoparticle has recently become popular amongst wellness enthusiasts hoping to boost their overall health.
Silver nanoparticle is a suspension of tiny silver pieces.
Commercial products are made by mixing silver, sodium hydroxide, and gelatin.
Homemade suspensions have also been made using different ingredients and an electrical current.
Most commonly, people swallow the suspension; however, Silver nanoparticle has also been inhaled using a nebulizer machine, and used topically on the skin and in the eyes.
Silver nanoparticle has even been used as a nasal spray.
Silver nanoparticle is a liquid suspension of microscopic pieces of silver.
Silver nanoparticle has been promoted for its supposed antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal properties.
Silver nanoparticle is one of the basic elements present in the earth's crust.
Silver nanoparticle is alloyed with many other metals to improve strength and hardness and to achieve corrosion resistance.
Silver nanoparticles are one of the most commonly utilized nanomaterials due to their anti-microbial properties, high electrical conductivity, and optical properties.
Silver nanoparticles (Silver nanoparticle) have unique optical, electronic, and antibacterial properties, and are widely used in areas such as biosensing, photonics, electronics, and antimicrobial applications.
Silver nanoparticle is rare, but occurs naturally in the environment as a soft, “silver”-colored metal or as a white powdery compound (silver nitrate).
Metallic Silver nanoparticle and silver alloys are used to make jewelry, eating utensils, electronic equipment, and dental fillings.
Silver nanoparticles of silver have been developed into meshes, bandages, and clothing as an antibacterial.
Silver nanoparticle is used in photographic materials, electric and electronic products, brazing alloys and solders, electroplated and sterling ware, as a catalyst, and in coinage.
Silver nanoparticles are nanoparticles of silver, i.e. silver particles of between 1 nm and 100 nm in size.
The metal Silver nanoparticle is described as a white, lustrous solid.
In Silver nanoparticle is pure form it has the highest thermal and electrical conductivity and lowest contact resistance of all metals.
With the exception of gold, silver is the most malleable metal.
Silver nanoparticles are nanoscale-sized pieces composed of silver atoms.
Silver nanoparticles, in particular, have attracted significant attention due to their distinct characteristics and potential applications.
Silver has no known functions or benefits in the body when taken by mouth, and Silver nanoparticle is not an essential mineral.
Silver nanoparticle products are often marketed as dietary supplements to take by mouth.
These products also come in forms to use on the skin.
Silver nanoparticle is a controversial alternative medicine.
A common form of Silver nanoparticle that is used to treat infections is silver nitrate.
Recent advancement in technology has introduced Silver nanoparticles into the medical field.
Their small size and ability to induce cell death through multiple mechanisms makes them fantastic pharmacological candidates.
Silver nanoparticle is one of the earliest known metals.
Silver has no known physiologic or biologic function, though Silver nanoparticle is widely sold in health food stores.
Silver nanoparticle has high thermal and electrical conductivity and resists oxidation in air that is devoid of hydrogen sulfide.
While frequently described as being 'silver' some are composed of a large percentage of silver oxide due to their large ratio of surface to bulk silver atoms.
Numerous shapes of Silver nanoparticles can be constructed depending on the application at hand.
Commonly used Silver nanoparticles are spherical, but diamond, octagonal, and thin sheets are also common.
Silver nanoparticle is widely used in many consumer products due to its unique optical, electrical, and thermal properties and extraordinarily efficient at absorbing and scattering light.
Silver nanoparticle has a face-centered cubic crystal structure.
Silver nanoparticle is a white metal, softer than copper and harder than gold.
When molten, Silver nanoparticle is luminescent and occludes oxygen, but the oxygen is released upon solidification.
As a conductor of heat and electricity, Silver nanoparticle is superior to all other metals.
Silver nanoparticle is soluble in HNO3 containing a trace of nitrate.
Silver nanoparticle is soluble in hot 80% H2SO4.
Silver nanoparticle is insoluble in HCl or acetic acid.
Silver nanoparticle is tarnished by H2S, soluble sulfides and many sulfur-containing organic substances (e.g., proteins).
Silver nanoparticle is not affected by air or H2O at ordinary temperatures, but at 200 C, a slight film of silver oxide is formed.
Silver nanoparticle is not affected by alkalis, either in solution or fused.
There are two stable, naturally occurring isotopes, 107Ag and 109Ag.
In addition, there are reported to be 25 less stable isotopes, ranging in half-life from 5 seconds to 253 days.
Silver nanoparticle is a white lustrous metal that is extremely ductile and malleable.
Silver nanoparticle does not oxidize in O2 by heating.
While frequently described as being 'silver' some are composed of a large percentage of silver oxide due to their large ratio of surface to bulk silver atoms.
Numerous shapes of nanoparticles can be constructed depending on the application at hand.
Commonly used Silver nanoparticles are spherical, but diamond, octagonal, and thin sheets are also common.
Their extremely large surface area permits the coordination of a vast number of ligands.
The properties of Silver nanoparticles applicable to human treatments are under investigation in laboratory and animal studies, assessing potential efficacy, biosafety, and biodistribution.
Most applications in biosensing and detection exploit the optical properties of Silver nanoparticles, as conferred by the localized surface plasmon resonance effect.
That is, a specific wavelength (frequency) of incident light can induce collective oscillation of the surface electrons of Silver nanoparticles.
The particular wavelength of the localized surface plasmon resonance is dependant on the Silver nanoparticle size, shape, and agglomeration state.
Silver nanoparticles are the most common commercialized nano technological product on the market.
Due to its unique antibacterial properties, Silver nanoparticles have been hailed as a breakthrough germ killing agent and have been incorporated into a number of consumer products such as clothing, kitchenware, toys and cosmetics.
Many consider silver to be more toxic than other metals when in nanoscale form and that these particles have a different toxicity mechanism compared to dissolved silver.
Silver nanoparticle can be synthesized using ethylene glycol as a reducing agent and PVP as a capping agent, in a polyol synthesis reaction (vide supra).
A typical synthesis using these reagents involves adding fresh Silver nanoparticle nitrate and PVP to a solution of ethylene glycol heated at 140 °C.
This procedure can actually be modified to produce another anisotropic silver nanostructure, nanowires, by just allowing the silver nitrate solution to age before using Silver nanoparticle in the synthesis.
By allowing the silver nitrate solution to age, the initial nanostructure formed during the synthesis is slightly different than that obtained with fresh silver nitrate, which influences the growth process, and therefore, the morphology of the final product.
Silver nanopaticles are widely incorporated into wound dressings, and are used as an antiseptic and disinfectant in medical applications and in consumer goods.
Silver nanoparticle becomes Ag2O3 in O3 and black Ag2S3 in S2 and H2S.
Silver nanoparticle is soluble in HNO3 and concentrated H2SO4.
Silver nanoparticle is not soluble in alkali.
Nanoscience and nanotechnology have now become the topic research that many developed.
Silver nanoparticle materials are developed in many applications because of their unique optical characteristic.
Silver nanoparticle is a noble metal, extensively used in SERS, photocatalysis and solar cells.
The surface of Silver nanoparticle can be functionalized to attain specific properties such as biocompatibility and vapor selectivity of sensors.
Iodized Silver nanoparticle foils and thin films find potential use as SERS-active metal substrates.
Cu substrates laminated with Ag foils, have compatible coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), to be used for electronic packaging.
Their extremely large surface area permits the coordination of a vast number of ligands.
The properties of Silver nanoparticles applicable to human treatments are under investigation in laboratory and animal studies, assessing potential efficacy, biosafety, and biodistribution.
Silver nanoparticles are nanoparticles of silver in the range of 1 nm and 100 nm in size.
While frequently described as being 'Silver nanoparticle' some are composed of a large percentage of silver oxide due to their large ratio of surface-to-bulk silver atoms.
As studies of Silver nanoparticles improve, several Silver nanoparticles medical applications have been developed to help prevent the onset of infection and promote faster wound healing.
Silver nanoparticles are materials with dimensions typically in the range of 1 to 100 nanometers.
At this scale, materials often exhibit unique and enhanced properties compared to their bulk counterparts.
Silver nanoparticles have a high surface area per unit mass and release a continuous level of silver ions into their environment.
Silver nanoparticles exhibit catalytic activity, making them useful in certain chemical reactions and processes.
This property is of interest in fields such as catalysis and environmental remediation.
Silver nanoparticles display unique optical properties, including the ability to interact with light in ways that depend on their size and shape.
This has led to applications in sensors, imaging, and as components in optical devices.
Due to the conductive nature of silver, nanoparticles made from silver can exhibit enhanced electrical conductivity.
This property is advantageous in applications related to electronics and sensors.
The interaction of light with the electrons in Silver nanoparticles leads to a phenomenon known as surface plasmon resonance (SPR).
This optical effect is widely exploited in sensing applications.
Silver nanoparticles have been investigated for various biomedical applications, including drug delivery systems, imaging agents, and as components in diagnostic tools.
Silver nanoparticles are used in the formulation of conductive inks and coatings for applications in printed electronics, flexible electronics, and RFID tags.
Silver nanoparticles are incorporated into textiles and fabrics to impart antimicrobial properties, making them useful for applications such as antibacterial clothing and wound dressings.
Incorporation of silver particles into plastics, composites, and adhesives increases the electrical conductivity of the material.
Silver pastes and epoxies are widely utilized in the electronics industries.
Silver nanoparticle based inks are used to print flexible electronics and have the advantage that the melting point of the small Silver nanoparticles in the ink is reduced by hundreds of degrees compared to bulk silver.
When scintered, these Silver nanoparticle based inks have excellent conductivity.
Silver nanoparticles have attract increasing attention for the wide range of applications in biomedicine.
Silver nanoparticles, generally smaller than 100 nm and contain 20–15,000 silver atoms, have distinct physical, chemical and biological properties compared to their bulk parent materials.
The optical, thermal, and catalytic properties of Silver nanoparticles are strongly influenced by their size and shape.
Additionally, owning to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial ability, Silver nanoparticles have also become the most widely used sterilizing nanomaterials in consuming and medical products, for instance, textiles, food storage bags, refrigerator surfaces, and personal care products.
Silver nanoparticles are those having diameters of nanometer size.
With the advent of modern technology, humans can make nano-sized particles that were not present in nature.
Manufactured nanomaterials are materials with diameters of nanometer size, while nanotechnology is one of the fastest growing sectors of the hi-tech economy.
The application of nanotechnology has recently been extended to areas in medicine, biotechnology, materials and process development, energy and the environment.
Silver nanoparticle is the 66th most abundant element on the Earth, which means Silver nanoparticle is found at about0.05 ppm in the Earth’s crust.
Mining silver requires the movement of many tons of ore torecover small amounts of the metal.
Nevertheless, Silver nanoparticle is 10 times more abundant than gold and though silver is sometimes found as a free metal in nature, mostly Silver nanoparticle is mixed with theores of other metals.
When found pure, Silver nanoparticle is referred to as “native silver.”
Silver nanoparticle’s major ores areargentite (silver sulfide, Ag2S) and horn silver (silver chloride, AgCl).
Silver nanoparticle can also be recovered throughthe chemical treatment of a variety of ores.
Silver nanoparticles have unique optical properties because they support surface plasmons.
At specific wavelengths of light the surface plasmons are driven into resonance and strongly absorb or scatter incident light.
This effect is so strong that Silver nanoparticle allows for individual nanoparticles as small as 20 nm in diameter to be imaged using a conventional dark field microscope.
This strong coupling of metal nanostructures with light is the basis for the new field of plasmonics.
Applications of plasmonic Silver nanoparticles include biomedical labels, sensors, and detectors.
Silver nanoparticle is also the basis for analysis techniques such as Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) and Surface Enhanced Fluorescent Spectroscopy.
There are many ways Silver nanoparticles can be synthesized; one method is through monosaccharides.
This includes glucose, fructose, maltose, maltodextrin, etc., but not sucrose.
Silver nanoparticle is also a simple method to reduce silver ions back to Silver nanoparticles as it usually involves a one-step process.
There have been methods that indicated that these reducing sugars are essential to the formation of Silver nanoparticles.
Many studies indicated that this method of green synthesis, specifically using Cacumen platycladi extract, enabled the reduction of silver.
Additionally, the size of the Silver nanoparticle could be controlled depending on the concentration of the extract.
The studies indicate that the higher concentrations correlated to an increased number of Silver nanoparticles.
Smaller Silver nanoparticles were formed at high pH levels due to the concentration of the monosaccharides.
Another method of Silver nanoparticle synthesis includes the use of reducing sugars with alkali starch and silver nitrate.
The reducing sugars have free aldehyde and ketone groups, which enable them to be oxidized into gluconate.
However, most Silver nanoparticle isrecovered as a by-product of the refining of copper, lead, gold, and zinc ores.
Silver nanoparticles have been explored for their potential in water treatment and purification due to their antimicrobial properties.
The silver ions are bioactive and have broad spectrum antimicrobial properties against a wide range of bacteria.
By controlling the size, shape, surface and agglomeration state of the nanoparticles, specific silver ion release profiles can be developed for a given application.
Silver nanoparticles typically have dimensions ranging from 1 to 100 nanometers.
The size and shape of these particles can influence their physical, chemical, and optical properties.
One of the notable features of Silver nanoparticles is their strong antibacterial and antimicrobial activity.
The Silver nanoparticle must have a free ketone group because in order to act as a reducing agent Silver nanoparticle first undergoes tautomerization.
When inhaled, Silver nanoparticles can go deeper into the lungs reaching more sensitive areas.
The most common methods for Silver nanoparticle synthesis fall under the category of wet chemistry, or the nucleation of particles within a solution.
This nucleation occurs when a Silver nanoparticle ion complex, usually AgNO3 or AgClO4, is reduced to colloidal Ag in the presence of a reducing agent.
When the concentration increases enough, dissolved metallic Silver nanoparticle ions bind together to form a stable surface.
The surface is energetically unfavorable when the cluster is small, because the energy gained by decreasing the concentration of dissolved particles is not as high as the energy lost from creating a new surface.
When the cluster reaches a certain size, known as the critical radius, Silver nanoparticle becomes energetically favorable, and thus stable enough to continue to grow.
This nucleus then remains in the system and grows as more Silver nanoparticle atoms diffuse through the solution and attach to the surface.
When the dissolved concentration of atomic Silver nanoparticle decreases enough, it is no longer possible for enough atoms to bind together to form a stable nucleus.
The most common capping ligands are trisodium citrate and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), but many others are also used in varying conditions to synthesize particles with particular sizes, shapes, and surface properties.
There are many different wet synthesis methods, including the use of reducing sugars, citrate reduction, reduction via sodium borohydride, the Silver nanoparticle mirror reaction, the polyol process, seed-mediated growth, and light-mediated growth.
Each of these methods, or a combination of methods, will offer differing degrees of control over the size distribution as well as distributions of geometric arrangements of the nanoparticle.
A new, very promising wet-chemical technique was found by Elsupikhe et al. (2015).
They have developed a green ultrasonically-assisted synthesis.
Under ultrasound treatment, Silver nanoparticles (AgNP) are synthesized with κ-carrageenan as a natural stabilizer.
The reaction is performed at ambient temperature and produces Silver nanoparticles with fcc crystal structure without impurities.
The concentration of κ-carrageenan is used to influence particle size distribution of the AgNPs.
The synthesis of Silver nanoparticles by sodium borohydride (NaBH4) reduction occurs by the following reaction:
Ag+ + BH4− + 3 H2O → Ag0 +B(OH)3 +3.5 H2
The reduced metal atoms will form nanoparticle nuclei.
Overall, this process is similar to the above reduction method using citrate.
The benefit of using sodium borohydride is increased monodispersity of the final particle population.
The reason for the increased Silver nanoparticle when using NaBH4 is that it is a stronger reducing agent than citrate.
The impact of reducing agent strength can be seen by inspecting a LaMer diagram which describes the nucleation and growth of nanoparticles.
When Silver nanoparticle nitrate (AgNO3) is reduced by a weak reducing agent like citrate, the reduction rate is lower which means that new nuclei are forming and old nuclei are growing concurrently.
This is the reason that the citrate reaction has low monodispersity.
Because NaBH4 is a much stronger reducing agent, the concentration of silver nitrate is reduced rapidly which shortens the time during which new nuclei form and grow concurrently yielding a monodispersed population of Silver nanoparticles.
Particles formed by reduction must have their surfaces stabilized to prevent undesirable particle agglomeration (when multiple particles bond together), growth, or coarsening.
The driving force for these phenomena is the minimization of surface energy (nanoparticles have a large surface to volume ratio).
This tendency to reduce surface energy in the system can be counteracted by adding species which will adsorb to the surface of the nanoparticles and lowers the activity of the particle surface thus preventing particle agglomeration according to the DLVO theory and preventing growth by occupying attachment sites for metal atoms.
Chemical species that adsorb to the surface of Silver nanoparticles are called ligands.
Some of these surface stabilizing species are:
NaBH4 in large amounts, poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and/or dodecanethiol.
Once the particles have been formed in solution they must be separated and collected.
There are several general methods to remove nanoparticles from solution, including evaporating the solvent phase or the addition of chemicals to the solution that lower the solubility of the nanoparticles in the solution.
Both methods force the precipitation of the Silver nanoparticles.
The polyol process is a particularly useful method because Silver nanoparticle yields a high degree of control over both the size and geometry of the resulting Silver nanoparticles.
At this nucleation threshold, new Silver nanoparticles stop being formed, and the remaining dissolved silver is absorbed by diffusion into the growing nanoparticles in the solution.
As the particles grow, other molecules in the solution diffuse and attach to the surface.
This process stabilizes the surface energy of the particle and blocks new Silver nanoparticle ions from reaching the surface.
The attachment of these capping/stabilizing agents slows and eventually stops the growth of the particle.
In addition, if the aldehydes are bound, Silver nanoparticle will be stuck in cyclic form and cannot act as a reducing agent.
For example, glucose has an aldehyde functional group that is able to reduce Silver nanoparticle cations to silver atoms and is then oxidized to gluconic acid.
The reaction for the sugars to be oxidized occurs in aqueous solutions.
The polyol process is highly sensitive to reaction conditions such as temperature, chemical environment, and concentration of substrates.
Therefore, by changing these variables, various sizes and geometries can be selected for such as quasi-spheres, pyramids, spheres, and wires.
Further study has examined the mechanism for this process as well as resulting geometries under various reaction conditions in greater detail.
Silver nanoparticles can be synthesized in a variety of non-spherical (anisotropic) shapes.
Because Silver nanoparticle, like other noble metals, exhibits a size and shape dependent optical effect known as localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) at the nanoscale, the ability to synthesize Ag nanoparticles in different shapes vastly increases the ability to tune their optical behavior.
For example, the wavelength at which LSPR occurs for a nanoparticle of one morphology (e.g. a sphere) will be different if that sphere is changed into a different shape.
This shape dependence allows a Silver nanoparticle to experience optical enhancement at a range of different wavelengths, even by keeping the size relatively constant, just by changing Silver nanoparticle shape.
This aspect can be exploited in synthesis to promote change in shape of nanoparticles through light interaction.
The applications of this shape-exploited expansion of optical behavior range from developing more sensitive biosensors to increasing the longevity of textiles.
Silver nanoparticles have been shown to have synergistic antibacterial activity with commonly used antibiotics such as; penicillin G, ampicillin, erythromycin, clindamycin, and vancomycin against E. coli and S. aureus.
Furthermore, synergistic antibacterial activity has been reported between Silver nanoparticles and hydrogen peroxide causing this combination to exert significantly enhanced bactericidal effect against both Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria.
This antibacterial synergy between Silver nanoparticles and hydrogen peroxide can be possibly attributed to a Fenton-like reaction that generates highly reactive oxygen species such as hydroxyl radicals.
Silver nanoparticles can prevent bacteria from growing on or adhering to the surface.
This can be especially useful in surgical settings where all surfaces in contact with the patient must be sterile.
Silver nanoparticles can be incorporated on many types of surfaces including metals, plastic, and glass.
In medical equipment, Silver nanoparticle has been shown that Silver nanoparticles lower the bacterial count on devices used compared to old techniques.
However, the problem arises when the procedure is over and a new one must be done.
In the process of washing the instruments a large portion of the Silver nanoparticles become less effective due to the loss of silver ions.
They are more commonly used in skin grafts for burn victims as the Silver nanoparticles embedded with the graft provide better antimicrobial activity and result in significantly less scarring of the victim.
These new applications are direct decedents of older practices that used silver nitrate to treat conditions such as skin ulcers.
Now, Silver nanoparticles are used in bandages and patches to help heal certain burns and wounds.
An alternative approach is to use AgNP to sterilise biological dressings (for example, tilapia fish skin) for burn and wound management.
In this method, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) is dissolved in water by sonication and mixed with silver colloid particles.
Active stirring ensures the PVP has adsorbed to the nanoparticle surface.
Centrifuging separates the PVP coated nanoparticles which are then transferred to a solution of ethanol to be centrifuged further and placed in a solution of ammonia, ethanol and Si(OEt4) (TES).
Stirring for twelve hours results in the silica shell being formed consisting of a surrounding layer of silicon oxide with an ether linkage available to add functionality.
Varying the amount of TES allows for different thicknesses of shells formed.
This technique is popular due to the ability to add a variety of functionality to the exposed silica surface.
Silver nanoparticle have unique physical, chemical and optical properties that are being leveraged for a wide variety of applications.
A resurgence of interest in the utility of Silver nanoparticle as a broad based antimicrobial agent has led to the development of hundreds of products that incorporate Silver nanoparticles to prevent bacterial growth on surfaces and in clothing.
The optical properties of Silver nanoparticles are of interest due to the strong coupling of the Silver nanoparticles to specific wavelengths of incident light.
This gives them a tunable optical response, and can be utilized to develop ultra-bright reporter molecules, highly efficient thermal absorbers, and nanoscale “antennas” that amplify the strength of the local electromagnetic field to detect changes to the nanoparticle environment.
Silver nanoparticle is said to be a “key technology of the 21st century”, which is the result of its interdisciplinary nature.
Silver nanoparticles are some of the most widely used nanomaterials in commerce, with numerous uses in consumer and medical products.
Workers who produce or use Silver nanoparticles are potentially exposed to those materials in the workplace.
Previous authoritative assessments of occupational exposure to silver did not account for particle size.
In studies that involved human cells, Silver nanoparticles were associated with toxicity (cell death and DNA damage) that varied according to the size of the particles.
In animals exposed to Silver nanoparticles by inhalation or other routes of exposure, silver tissue concentrations were elevated in all organs tested.
Exposure to silver nanomaterials in animals was associated with decreased lung function, inflamed lung tissue, and histopathological (microscopic tissue) changes in the liver and kidney.
In the relatively few studies that compared the effects of exposure to nanoscale or microscale silver, nanoscale particles had greater uptake and toxicity than did microscale particles.
Silver nanoparticles of different shapes and sizes are synthesized through chemical, physical, and green methods.
Obtained nanoparticles are generally utilized in the medical industry, catalytic applications, sensors, and special displays.
Silver nanoparticles have been an important component of various different applications for a very long time.
Silver nanoparticles are explored for their potential use in food packaging materials due to their antimicrobial properties.
They may help extend the shelf life of packaged foods by inhibiting the growth of microorganisms.
Silver nanoparticles are utilized in the fabrication of solar cells and other photovoltaic devices.
They can enhance light absorption and electron transport within the devices, contributing to improved efficiency.
In the field of medicine, Silver nanoparticles are being investigated for their use in photothermal therapy.
When exposed to specific wavelengths of light, they can generate heat, which may be utilized for targeted treatment of cancer cells.
Some studies suggest that Silver nanoparticles may exhibit antiviral properties, making them a subject of interest in the development of antiviral drugs or materials.
Silver nanoparticles can be incorporated into textile coatings to provide UV protection.
This is particularly useful in outdoor clothing and fabrics to shield against harmful ultraviolet radiation.
Silver nanoparticles are employed in the production of conductive inks for printed electronics and flexible displays.
Their conductivity and compatibility with flexible substrates make them valuable in these applications.
Due to their antimicrobial properties, Silver nanoparticles are explored for use in air and water purification systems.
They can help eliminate or reduce the presence of harmful microorganisms.
Silver nanoparticles are incorporated into sensors for various applications, including gas sensors, biosensors, and environmental sensors.
Their unique optical and electrical properties make them suitable for sensing platforms.
Silver nanoparticles may be included in certain cosmetic and personal care products for their potential antibacterial and preservative properties.
In the medical field, efforts are made to develop biocompatible Silver nanoparticles for applications such as drug delivery and imaging.
These nanoparticles aim to interact safely with biological systems.
Silver nanoparticles are used in the formulation of conductive inks for printed radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags.
This application is relevant in the field of logistics and inventory tracking.
The capping agent is also not present when heated.
Silver nanoparticles can become airborne easily due to their size and mass.
Silver nanoparticle is located in group 11 (IB) of period 5, between copper (Cu) above Silver nanoparticle in period 4 andgold (Au) below it in period 6.
Silver nanoparticle products have not undergone safety studies and are not recommended by the FDA.
In addition, there have been serious adverse effects such as seizures, psychosis, neuropathy (burning pain usually in hands and feet), and even deaths reported from Silver nanoparticle use.
Because there is no information to suggest Silver nanoparticle is effective for the treatment of any condition, the risks of using Silver nanoparticle outweigh the benefits.
Silver nanoparticle is only slightly harder than gold.
Silver nanoparticle is insoluble in water, but it will dissolve in hot concentrated acids.
Freshly exposed silver has a mirror-like shine thatslowly darkens as a thin coat of tarnish forms on Silver nanoparticle surface (from the small amount ofnatural hydrogen sulfide in the air to form silver sulfide, AgS).
Silver nanoparticles can also be produced via γ-irradiation using polysaccharide alginate as stabilizer, and photochemical reduction.
A relatively new biological method can be used to make gold Silver nanoparticles by dissolving gold in sodium chloride solution, using natural chitosan without any stabilizer and reductant.
Silver nanoparticle’s modern chemical symbol (Ag) is derived from its Latin word argentum, which means silver.
The word “silver” is from the Anglo-Saxon world “siolfor.”
Ancients who first refined and worked with Silver nanoparticle used the symbol of a crescent moon to represent the metal.
Silver nanoparticles can undergo coating techniques that offer a uniform functionalized surface to which substrates can be added.
When the Silver nanoparticle is coated, for example, in silica the surface exists as silicic acid.
Silver nanoparticles can thus be added through stable ether and ester linkages that are not degraded immediately by natural metabolic enzymes.
Recent chemotherapeutic applications have designed anti cancer drugs with a photo cleavable linker, such as an ortho-nitrobenzyl bridge, attaching Silver nanoparticle to the substrate on the nanoparticle surface.
The low toxicity Silver nanoparticle complex can remain viable under metabolic attack for the time necessary to be distributed throughout the bodies systems.
If a cancerous tumor is being targeted for treatment, ultraviolet light can be introduced over the tumor region.
The electromagnetic energy of the light causes the photo responsive linker to break between the drug and the nanoparticle substrate.
The drug is now cleaved and released in an unaltered active form to act on the cancerous tumor cells.
Advantages anticipated for this method is that the drug is transported without highly toxic compounds, the drug is released without harmful radiation or relying on a specific chemical reaction to occur and the drug can be selectively released at a target tissue.
Silver nanoparticle is somewhat rare and is considered a commercially precious metal with many uses.
Pure Silver nanoparticle is too soft and usually too expensive for many commercial uses, and thus Silver nanoparticle isalloyed with other metals, usually copper, making it not only stronger but also less expensive.
The purity of Silver nanoparticle is expressed in the term “fitness,” which describes the amount of silverin the item.
Fitness is just a multiple of 10 times the Silver nanoparticle content in an item.
For instance,sterling Silver nanoparticle should be 93% (or at least 92.5%) pure silver and 7% copper or some othermetal.
The fitness rating for pure Silver nanoparticle is 1000.
Therefore, the rating for sterling Silver nanoparticle is 930,and most sliver jewelry is rated at about 800.
This is another way of saying that most Silver nanoparticle jewelry is about 20% copper or other less valuable metal.
Many people are fooled when they buy Mexican or German silver jewelry, thinking theyare purchasing a semiprecious metal.
These forms of “Silver nanoparticle” jewelry go under many names,including Mexican silver, German silver, Afghan silver, Austrian silver, Brazilian silver, Nevadasilver, Sonara silver, Tyrol silver, Venetian silver, or just the name “silver” with quotes aroundit.
None of these jewelry items, under these names or under any other names, contain anysilver.
These metals are alloys of copper, nickel, and zinc.
A transition metal that occurs native and as the sulfide (Ag2S) and chloride (AgCl).
Silver nanoparticle is extracted as a by-product in refining copper and lead ores.
Silver nanoparticle darkens in air due to the formation of silver sulfide.
Silver nanoparticle is used in coinage alloys, tableware, and jewelry.
Of all the metals, Silver nanoparticle isthe best conductor of heat and electricity.
This property determines much of Silver nanoparticle commercialusefulness.
Silver nanoparticle is melting point is 961.93°C.
Silver nanoparticle boiling point is 2,212°C.
Silver nanoparticle density is10.50 g/cm3.
The beneficial effects of Silver nanoparticles are also manifested in their action against inflammation and suppression of tumor growth.
Silver nanoparticles can induce apoptosis, or programmed cell death, in tumor cells.
The activity of Silver nanoparticles in the human body can be used for imaging of living cells and tissues, both in diagnosis and research.
Silver nanoparticles are also used in biosensors, can detect tumor cells, and have potential in phototherapy, where they absorb radiation, heat up and selectively eliminate selected cells.
Silver nanoparticles are highly commercial due to properties such as good conductivity, chemical stability, catalytic activity, and their antimicrobial activity.
Due to their properties, they are commonly used in medical and electrical applications.
Silver nanoparticle compounds are used in photography symbol:
Ag
m.p. 961.93°C
b.p. 2212°C
r.d. 10.5 (20°C)
p.n. 47
r.a.m. 107.8682.
Synthetic protocols for Silver nanoparticle production can be modified to produce Silver nanoparticles with non-spherical geometries and also to functionalize nanoparticles with different materials, such as silica.
Creating Silver nanoparticles of different shapes and surface coatings allows for greater control over their size-specific properties.
There are instances in which Silver nanoparticles and Silver nanoparticle are used in consumer goods.
Samsung for example claimed that the use of Silver nanoparticles in washing machines would help to sterilize clothes and water during the washing and rinsing functions, and allow clothes to be cleaned without the need for hot water.
The nanoparticles in these appliances are synthesized using electrolysis.
Through electrolysis, Silver nanoparticle is extracted from metal plates and then turned into Silver nanoparticles by a reduction agent.
This method avoids the drying, cleaning, and re-dispersion processes, which are generally required with alternative colloidal synthesis methods.
Importantly, the electrolysis strategy also decreases the production cost of Ag nanoparticles, making these washing machines more affordable to manufacture.
Silver nanoparticle can form explosive salts with azidrine.
Ammonia forms explosive compounds with gold, mercury, or Silver.
Acetylene and ammonia can form explosive Silver salts in contact with Ag.
Dust may form explosive mixture with air.
Powders are incompatible with strong oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires or explosions.
Keep away from alkaline materials, strong bases, strong acids, oxoacids, epoxides May react and/or form dangerous or explosive compounds, with acetylene, ammonia, halogens, hydrogen peroxide; bromoazide, concentrated or strong acids, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, chlorine trifluoride, ethyleneimine.
Factors contributing toward Silver nanoparticles market growth include rise in demand for Silver nanoparticles for anti-microbial applications and increase in demand from electronics sector.
Silver nanoparticles are investigated in the field of tissue engineering for their potential to support cell growth and enhance the properties of scaffolds used in regenerative medicine.
In marine applications, Silver nanoparticles are used in anti-fouling coatings on ship hulls.
They help prevent the accumulation of marine organisms, reducing drag and improving fuel efficiency.
Silver nanoparticles are explored for their potential use in pesticide formulations.
Their antimicrobial properties could be leveraged for crop protection and pest control.
Silver nanoparticles are employed in the development of electrochemical sensors for detecting various analytes.
These sensors find applications in fields such as environmental monitoring and healthcare.
Silver nanoparticles can be utilized in the fabrication of sensors for detecting hydrogen peroxide.
This application is relevant in fields such as clinical diagnostics and industrial processes.
Silver nanoparticles are studied for their potential application in energy storage devices, such as batteries and supercapacitors, where their unique properties can influence performance.
An early, and very common, method for synthesizing Silver nanoparticles is citrate reduction.
This method was first recorded by M. C. Lea, who successfully produced a citrate-stabilized silver colloid in 1889.
Citrate reduction involves the reduction of a silver source particle, usually AgNO3 or AgClO4, to Silver nanoparticle using trisodium citrate, Na3C6H5O7.
The synthesis is usually performed at an elevated temperature (~100 °C) to maximize the monodispersity (uniformity in both size and shape) of the particle.
In this method, the citrate ion traditionally acts as both the reducing agent and the capping ligand, making Silver nanoparticle a useful process for AgNP production due to its relative ease and short reaction time.
However, the silver particles formed may exhibit broad size distributions and form several different particle geometries simultaneously.
The addition of stronger reducing agents to the reaction is often used to synthesize particles of a more uniform size and shape.
Silver nanoparticle mirror reaction involves the conversion of Silver nanoparticle nitrate to Ag(NH3)OH.
Ag(NH3)OH is subsequently reduced into Silver nanoparticle using an aldehyde containing molecule such as a sugar.
The silver mirror reaction is as follows:
2(Ag(NH3)2)+ + RCHO + 2OH− → RCOOH + 2Ag + 4NH3.
The size and shape of the Silver nanoparticles produced are difficult to control and often have wide distributions.
However, this method is often used to apply thin coatings of Silver nanoparticle particles onto surfaces and further study into producing more uniformly sized nanoparticles is being done.
The biological synthesis of Silver nanoparticles has provided a means for improved techniques compared to the traditional methods that call for the use of harmful reducing agents like sodium borohydride.
Many of these methods could improve their environmental footprint by replacing these relatively strong reducing agents.
The commonly used biological methods are using plant or fruit extracts, fungi, and even animal parts like insect wing extract.
The problems with the chemical production of Silver nanoparticles is usually involves high cost and the longevity of the particles is short lived due to aggregation.
The harshness of standard chemical methods has sparked the use of using biological organisms to reduce silver ions in solution into colloidal Silver nanoparticles.
Silver nanoparticles can provide a means to overcome MDR.
In general, when using a targeting agent to deliver nanocarriers to cancer cells, Silver nanoparticle is imperative that the agent binds with high selectivity to molecules that are uniquely expressed on the cell surface.
Hence NPs can be designed with proteins that specifically detect drug resistant cells with overexpressed transporter proteins on their surface.
Silver nanoparticle a pitfall of the commonly used nano-drug delivery systems is that free drugs that are released from the nanocarriers into the cytosol get exposed to the MDR transporters once again, and are exported.
To solve this, 8 nm Silver nanoparticles were modified by the addition of trans-activating transcriptional activator (TAT), derived from the HIV-1 virus, which acts as a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP).
Generally, AgNP effectiveness is limited due to the lack of efficient cellular uptake; however, CPP-modification has become one of the most efficient methods for improving intracellular delivery of Silver nanoparticles.
Once ingested, the export of the AgNP is prevented based on a size exclusion.
The concept is simple: the nanoparticles are too large to be effluxed by the MDR transporters, because the efflux function is strictly subjected to the size of Silver nanoparticle substrates, which is generally limited to a range of 300-2000 Da.
Thereby the Silver nanoparticles remain insusceptible to the efflux, providing a means to accumulate in high concentrations.
In addition, increased demand from pharmaceutical industry as Silver nanoparticle is used in the field of biomarkers, biosensors, implant technology, tissue engineering, nanorobots & nanomedicine, and image enhancement devices.
The bactericidal activity of Silver nanoparticles is due to the silver cations, which have the potential to disrupt physiological activity of microbes such as bacteria.
Growth in concerns regarding environmental impact and toxicity of Silver nanoparticles is hindering the Silver nanoparticles market.
Furthermore, high Silver nanoparticle product prices are likely to hinder market growth during the forecast period.
On the contrary, rise in trend of biological synthesis method is expected to create lucrative opportunities for the market during the forecast period.
Silver nanoparticles are investigated for their potential role in drug delivery systems.
They can be designed to carry therapeutic agents and release them in a controlled manner, offering targeted drug delivery.
Silver nanoparticles can exhibit photocatalytic activity, which means they can accelerate chemical reactions under light exposure.
This property is explored in applications like environmental remediation and water treatment.
In the field of electronics, Silver nanoparticles are used to create flexible and transparent conductive films.
These films have applications in flexible electronics, touch screens, and electronic displays.
Silver nanoparticles are integrated into textiles to impart anti-odor properties by inhibiting the growth of odor-causing bacteria.
This application is common in sportswear and undergarments.
Silver nanoparticles are incorporated into various nanocomposite materials to enhance their mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties.
These nanocomposites find applications in materials science and engineering.
Some studies explore the use of Silver nanoparticles as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for medical diagnostics.
Silver nanoparticles can be very effective against fungal infections that are otherwise difficult to treat.
This is of great importance for patients with weakened immunity who are especially vulnerable to fungi.
These Silver nanoparticles not only suppress pathogenic fungi, including yeasts, but also fungi that grow in households, such as various mold species.
Silver nanoparticle reacts violently with chlorine trifluoride (in the presence of carbon).
Bromoazide explodes on contact with Silver foil.
Acetylene forms an insoluble acetylide with Silver.
When Silver nanoparticle is treated with nitric acid in the presence of ethyl alcohol, Silver fulminate, which can detonated may be formed.
Ethyleneimine forms explosive compounds with Silver nanoparticle, hence Silver solder should not be used to fabricate equipment for handling ethyleneimine.
Finely divided Silver and strong solutions of hydrogen peroxide may explode.
Silver nanoparticles optical properties are also dependent on the nanoparticle size.
Smaller nanospheres absorb light and have peaks near to 400 nm, and larger nanoparticles have increased scattering to gives peaks that broaden and shift towards longer wavelengths.
Larger shifts into the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum are achieved by changing the nanoparticles shape to rods or plates.
Silver nanoparticles can be synthesized by a variety of different techniques that are chemical, physical or biological.
The most common method for making colloidal gold is by a chemical citrate reduction method, but gold nanoparticles can also be grown by being encapsulated and immersed in polyethylene glycol dendrimers before being reduced by formaldehyde under near infra-red treatment.
Uses of Silver nanoparticle:
Because silver has antibacterial properties, Silver nanoparticle was used to treat skin infections before antibiotics were available.
More recently, Silver nanoparticle has been used to treat a variety of infections, including COVID-19, to boost the immune system, and decrease inflammation.
Silver nanoparticle is important to know, there is no clinical evidence to support the efficacy of Silver nanoparticle and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommends against Silver nanoparticle use.
There are some topical silver creams and other topical products that are approved by the FDA to prevent and treat infections.
These are different than Silver nanoparticle.
Several of Silver nanoparticle compounds were not only useful but even essential for the predigital photographicindustry.
Silver nanoparticle has no known active biological role in the human body, and the levels of Ag+ within the body are below detection limits.
The metal has been used for thousands of years mainly as ornamental metal or for coins.
Furthermore, Silver nanoparticle has been used for medicinal purposes since 1000 BC.
Silver nanoparticle was known that water would keep fresh if it was kept in a silver pitcher; for example, Alexander the Great (356–323 BC) used to transport his water supplies in Silver nanoparticle pitchers during the Persian War.
A piece of Silver nanoparticle was also used, for example, to keep milk fresh, before any household refrigeration was developed.
In 1869, Ravelin proved that Silver nanoparticle in low doses acts as an antimicrobial.
Around the same time, the Swiss botanist showed that already at very low concentration Ag+ can kill the green algae spirogyra in fresh water.
This work inspired the gynaecologist Crede to recommended use of AgNO3 drops on new born children with conjunctivitis.
Using Silver nanoparticles for catalysis has been gaining attention in recent years.
Although the most common applications are for medicinal or antibacterial purposes, Silver nanoparticles have been demonstrated to show catalytic redox properties for dyes, benzene, and carbon monoxide.
Other untested compounds may use Silver nanoparticles for catalysis, but the field is not fully explored.
Silver nanoparticles supported on aerogel are advantageous due to the higher number of active sites.
Several of the Silver nanoparticle salts, such as silver nitrate, silver bromide, and silverchloride, are sensitive to light and, thus, when mixed with a gel-type coating on photographicfilm or paper, can be used to form light images.
Most of the Silver nanoparticle used in the United Statesis used in photography.
Photochromic (transition) eyeglasses that darken as they are exposed to sunlight have asmall amount of silver chloride imbedded in the glass that forms a thin layer of metallic silverthat darkens the lens when struck by sunlight.
This photosensitive chemical activity is thenreversed when the eyeglasses are removed from the light.
Silver nanoparticle reversal results from asmall amount of copper ions placed in the glass.
This reaction is repeated each time the lensesare exposed to sunlight.
This malleable white metal is found as argentite (Ag2S) and horn silver (AgCl) or in lead and copper ore.
Silver nanoparticles coated with a thin layer of elemental silver and fumed with iodine were used by Niépce and Daguerre.
Aside from the heliograph and physautotype, Silver nanoparticle halide compounds were the basis of all photographic processes used in the camera and most of the printing processes during the 19th century.
Silver nanoparticle are one of the most fascinating, promising and widely used nano materials, particularly for their interesting antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal effects.
However, their potential uses are much wider.
Silver nanoparticles are used in antibacterial products, industrial production, catalysis, household products and consumer goods.
Silver nanoparticle was used to treat infections and wounds before antibiotics became available.
Silver nanoparticles are commonly used in biomedical and medical applications due to their antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor effects.
Due to their favorable surface-to-volume ratio and crystal structure, nano silver particles are a promising alternative to antibiotics.
They can penetrate bacterial walls and effectively deal with bacterial biofilms and mucous coatings, which are usually well-protected environments for bacteria.
Silver nanoparticle are one of the most commonly used nanomaterials because of their high electrical conductivity, optical properties, and anti-microbial properties.
The biological activity of Silver nanoparticles depends on factors such as particle composition, size distribution, surface chemistry, size; shape, coating/capping, particle morphology, dissolution rate, agglomeration, efficiency of ion release, and particle reactivity in solution.
Silver nanoparticles have found a wide range of applications including their use as catalysts, as optical sensors of zeptomole (10−21) concentrations, in textile engineering, in electronics, in optics, as anti-reflection coatings, and most importantly in the medical field as a bactericidal and therapeutic agent.
Silver nanoparticle is used in the formulation of dental resin composites, in coatings of medical devices, as a bactericidal coating in water filters, as an antimicrobial agent in air sanitizer sprays, pillows, respirators, socks, keyboards, detergents, soaps, shampoos, toothpastes, washing machines and many other consumer products, in bone cement and in many wound dressings.
Silver nanoparticles are also commonly used in colloidal solutions to enhance Raman spectroscopy.
The size and shape of nanoparticles have been shown to affect the enhancement.
Silver nanoparticles are the most common shape of nanoparticles, but other shapes such as nanostars, nanocubes, nanorods and nanowires can be produced through a polymer-mediated polyol process.
Silver nanoparticles can also be capped or hollowed using various chemical methods.
For a more accurate spread for detection, nanoparticles can be deposited or spin-coated onto multiple surfaces.
Coating is metallic silver and Silver nanoparticle salts are popularly used in medicinal purposes and in medical devices.
Silver nanoparticle is a precious metal, used in jewelryand ornaments Other applications includeSilver nanoparticle use in photography, electroplating, dentalalloys, high-capacity batteries, printed circuits,coins, and mirrors.
Silver nanoparticle is stable in air, and it is utilized in reflecting mirrors.
The film vacuum evaporated on a quartz plate with the thickness of 2–55 nm shows the transmittance maximum at λ: 321.5 nm and works as a narrow band filter.
The name Silver nanoparticle is derived from the Saxon word ‘siloflur’, which has been subsequently transformed into the German word ‘Silabar’ followed by ‘Silber’ and the English word ‘silver’.
Romans called the element ‘argentum’, and this is where the symbol Ag derives from.
Silver nanoparticle is widely distributed in nature.
Silver nanoparticle can be found in its native form and in various ores such as argentite (Ag2S), which is the most important ore mineral for silver, and horn silver (AgCl).
The principal sources of silver are copper, copper–nickel, gold, lead and lead–zinc ores, which can be mainly found in Peru, Mexico, China and Australia.
Silver nanoparticle and its alloys and compounds have numerous applications.
As a precious metal, Silver nanoparticle is used in jewelry.
Also, one of its alloys, sterling Silver nanoparticle, containing 92.5 weight % silver and 7.5 weight % copper, is a jewelry item and is used in tableware and decorative pieces.
The metal and Silver nanoparticle copper alloys are used in coins.
Silver nanoparticles are widely recognized for their strong antimicrobial properties.
They are incorporated into products such as wound dressings, bandages, and medical devices to prevent bacterial and microbial growth.
In medical diagnostics, Silver nanoparticles are explored for their use as contrast agents in imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Their unique properties contribute to enhanced imaging quality.
Silver nanoparticles are investigated for drug delivery applications.
They can be designed to carry therapeutic agents and release them in a controlled manner, offering targeted drug delivery.
Silver nanoparticles are integrated into textiles and clothing to provide antimicrobial and anti-odor properties.
This application is common in sportswear, undergarments, and fabrics used in healthcare settings.
Silver nanoparticles are used in a variety of consumer products, including socks, kitchenware, and appliances, to impart antimicrobial properties and reduce the growth of bacteria that cause odors.
Silver nanoparticles are employed in water treatment technologies to eliminate or reduce the presence of harmful microorganisms.
They can be part of filters, coatings, or solutions used for purifying water.
Due to their antimicrobial properties, Silver nanoparticles are explored for use in food packaging materials.
They can help extend the shelf life of packaged foods by inhibiting the growth of microorganisms.
Silver nanoparticles are used in the electronics industry to create conductive inks for printed electronics, flexible displays, and sensors.
Their electrical conductivity and compatibility with flexible substrates make them valuable in these applications.
Silver nanoparticles exhibit catalytic activity and are employed in various catalytic reactions.
This has implications for applications in chemical synthesis and industrial processes.
In the medical field, Silver nanoparticles are investigated for their use in photothermal therapy.
When exposed to specific wavelengths of light, they can generate heat, which may be utilized for targeted treatment of cancer cells.
Silver nanoparticles may be included in certain cosmetic and personal care products for their potential antibacterial and preservative properties.
In the electronics industry, Silver nanoparticles are used to create flexible and transparent conductive films, with applications in flexible electronics, touch screens, and electronic displays.
Silver nanoparticles can exhibit photocatalytic activity, accelerating chemical reactions under light exposure.
This property is explored in applications like environmental remediation and water treatment.
Due to their antimicrobial properties, Silver nanoparticles are employed in air purification systems to help eliminate or reduce the presence of harmful microorganisms.
Silver nanoparticles find applications in various biomedical areas, including tissue engineering, biosensors, and the development of biocompatible materials.
Silver nanoparticles are utilized in coatings for materials like glass and plastics to provide UV-blocking properties.
This is particularly important in products such as sunglasses, protective eyewear, and sunscreens.
In dentistry, Silver nanoparticles are incorporated into dental materials such as composites and coatings to provide antimicrobial properties and reduce the risk of bacterial infections.
Silver nanoparticles are being studied for potential applications in cancer treatment.
Their unique properties, including their ability to generate heat under light exposure, make them candidates for targeted cancer therapy.
Silver nanoparticles are used in the production of transparent conductive films for solar cells.
These films enhance light absorption and electron transport within the solar cells, contributing to improved efficiency.
In electronics manufacturing, Silver nanoparticles are employed in the fabrication of flexible printed circuit boards (FPCBs).
Their use supports the development of flexible and bendable electronic devices.
Silver nanoparticles can be incorporated into coatings for eyewear and surfaces to provide anti-fog properties.
This is particularly beneficial in applications where clear visibility is essential.
Silver nanoparticles are integrated into smart textiles, enabling the development of fabrics with electronic and sensing capabilities.
These textiles find applications in wearable technology and healthcare monitoring.
Silver nanoparticles are studied for potential applications in the oil and gas industry, particularly in enhanced oil recovery processes and as additives in drilling fluids.
Silver nanoparticles are used in packaging materials for electronic components to provide a conductive barrier and protect against environmental factors such as moisture and corrosion.
Silver nanoparticles are utilized in the development of photonic devices, including sensors, waveguides, and components for optical communication systems.
Silver nanoparticles are added to heat transfer fluids to enhance their thermal conductivity.
This is relevant in applications where efficient heat transfer is crucial, such as in cooling systems.
Silver nanoparticles can be incorporated into 3D printing materials, allowing the production of conductive and functional 3D-printed objects for electronic and sensing applications.
Silver nanoparticles are explored for their potential role in soil remediation, assisting in the removal of contaminants and pollutants from soil environments.
Silver nanoparticles can be added to construction materials such as concrete to impart antimicrobial properties and reduce the growth of bacteria on surfaces.
Silver nanoparticle-copper brazing alloys and solders have many applications.
They are used in automotive radiators, heat exchangers, electrical contacts, steam tubes, coins, and musical instruments.
Some other uses of Silver nanoparticle metal include its applications as electrodes, catalysts, mirrors, and dental amalgam.
Silver nanoparticle is used as a catalyst in oxidation-reductions involving conversions of alcohol to aldehydes, ethylene to ethylene oxide, and ethylene glycol to glyoxal.
Silver nanoparticle has a multitude of uses and practical applications both in Silver nanoparticle elemental metallic formand as a part of its many compounds.
Silver nanoparticle is excellent electrical conductivity makes it ideal for usein electronic products, such a computer components and high-quality electronic equipment.
Silver nanoparticle would be an ideal metal for forming the wiring in homes and transmission lines, if Silver nanoparticle weremore abundant and less expensive.
Metallic Silver nanoparticle has been used for centuries as a coinage metal in many countries.
Theamount of silver now used to make coins in the United States has been reduced drastically byalloying other metals such as copper, zinc, and nickel with Silver nanoparticle.
Silver nanoparticle is used as a catalyst to speed up chemical reactions, in water purification, and inspecial high-performance batteries (cells).
Silver nanoparticle is high reflectivity makes it ideal as a reflectivecoating for mirrors.
Production Methods of Silver nanoparticle:
Many processes are known for recovery of Silver nanoparticle from its ores.
These depend mostly on the nature of the mineral, its silver content, and recovery of other metals present in the ore.
Silver nanoparticle is usually extracted from high-grade ores by three common processes that have been known for many years.
These are amalgamation, leaching, and cyanidation.
In one amalgamation process, ore is crushed and mixed with sodium chloride, copper sulfate, sulfuric acid, and mercury, and roasted in cast iron pots.
The amalgam is separated and washed.
Silver is separated from Silver nanoparticle amalgam by distillation of mercury.
In the cyanidation process the ore is crushed and roasted with sodium chloride and then treated with a solution of sodium cyanide.
Silver nanoparticle forms a stable Silver nanoparticle cyanide complex, [Ag(CN)2]–.
Adding metallic zinc to this complex solution precipitates Silver nanoparticle.
One such process, known as the Patera process, developed in the mid 19th century, involves roasting ore with sodium chloride followed by leaching with sodium thiosulfate solution.
Silver nanoparticle 834 SILVERis precipitated as silver sulfide, Ag2S, by adding sodium sulfide to the leachate.
In the Clandot process, leaching is done with ferric chloride solution.
Addition of zinc iodide precipitates Silver nanoparticle iodide, AgI.
AgI is reduced with zinc to obtain Silver nanoparticle.
The above processes are applied for extraction of Silver nanoparticle from high-grade ores.
However, with depletion of these ores, many processes were developed subsequently to extract Silver nanoparticle from low-grade ores, especially lead, copper, and zinc ores that contain very small quantities of silver.
Low grade ores are concentrated by floatation.
The concentrates are fed into smelters (copper, lead, and zinc smelters).
The concentrates are subjected to various treatments before and after smelting including sintering, calcination, and leaching.
Copper concentrates are calcined for removal of sulfur and smelted in a reverberatory furnace to convert into blister copper containing 99 wt% Cu.
The blister copper is fire-refined and cast into anodes.
The anodes are electrolytically refined in the presence of cathodes containing 99.9% copper.
Insoluble anode sludges from electrolytic refining contain silver, gold, and platinum metals.
Silver nanoparticle is recovered from the mud by treatment with sulfuric acid.
Base metals dissolve in sulfuric acid leaving Silver nanoparticle mixed with any gold present in the mud.
Silver nanoparticle is separated from gold by electrolysis.
Lead and zinc concentrates can be treated in more or less the same manner as copper concentrates.
Sintering lead concentrates removes sulfur and following that smelting with coke and flux in a blast furnace forms impure lead bullion.
The lead bullion is drossed with air and sulfur and softened with molten bullion in the presence of air to remove most impurities other than Silver nanoparticle and gold.
Copper is recovered from the dross and zinc converts to Silver nanoparticle oxide and is recovered from blast furnace slag.
The softened lead obtained above also contains some Silver nanoparticle.
The Silver nanoparticle is recovered by the Parkes Process.
The Parkes process involves adding zinc to molten lead to dissolve Silver nanoparticle at temperatures above the melting point of zinc.
On cooling, zinc-silver alloy solidifies, separating from the lead and rising to the top.
The alloy is lifted off and zinc is separated from silver by distillation leaving behind metallic Silver nanoparticle.
The unsoftened lead obtained after the softening operation contains Silver nanoparticle in small but significant quantities.
Such unsoftened lead is cast into anode and subjected to electrolytic refining.
The anode mud that is formed adhering to these anodes is removed by scraping.
Silver nanoparticle contains bismuth, silver, gold, and other impurity metals.
Silver nanoparticle is obtained from this anode mud by methods similar to the extraction of anode mud from the copper refining process discussed earlier.
If the low–grade ore is a zinc mineral, then zinc concentrate obtained from the flotation process is calcined and leached with water to remove zinc.
Silver nanoparticle and lead are left in leach residues.
Residues are treated like lead concentrates and fed into lead smelters.
Silver nanoparticle is recovered from this lead concentrate by various processes described above.
Environmental Fate of Silver nanoparticle:
Silver nanoparticle exists in four oxidation states (0,+1,+2,and +3).
Silver nanoparticle occurs primarily as sulfides with iron, lead, tellurides, and with gold.
Silver nanoparticle is a rare element, which occurs naturally in its pure form.
Silver nanoparticle is a white, lustrous, relatively soft, and very malleable metal.
Silver nanoparticle has an average abundance of about 0.1 ppm in the Earth’s crust and about 0.3 ppm in soils.
History of Silver nanoparticle:
Slag dumps in Asia Minor and on islands in the Aegean Sea indicate that man learned to separate Silver nanoparticle from lead as early as 3000 B.C.
Silver nanoparticle occurs native and in ores such as argentite (Ag2S) and horn silver (AgCl); lead, lead-zinc, copper, gold, and copper-nickel ores are principal sources.
Mexico, Canada, Peru, and the U.S. are the principal Silver nanoparticle producers in the western hemisphere.
Silver nanoparticle is also recovered during electrolytic refining of copper.
Commercial fine silver contains at least 99.9% silver.
Purities of 99.999+% are available commercially.
Pure silver has a brilliant white metallic luster.
Silver nanoparticle is a little harder than gold and is very ductile and malleable, being exceeded only by gold and perhaps palladium.
Pure Silver nanoparticle has the highest electrical and thermal conductivity of all metals, and possesses the lowest contact resistance.
Silver nanoparticle is stable in pure air and water, but tarnishes when exposed to ozone, hydrogen sulfide, or air containing sulfur.
The alloys of Silver nanoparticle are important.
Sterling Silver nanoparticle is used for jewelry, silverware, etc. where appearance is paramount.
This alloy contains 92.5% silver, the remainder being copper or some other metal.
Silver nanoparticle is of utmost importance in photography, about 30% of the U.S. industrial consumption going into this application.
Silver nanoparticle is used for dental alloys.
Silver nanoparticle is used in making solder and brazing alloys, electrical contacts, and high capacity silver–zinc and silver–cadmium batteries.
Silver nanoparticle paints are used for making printed circuits.
Silver nanoparticle is used in mirror production and may be deposited on glass or metals by chemical deposition, electrodeposition, or by evaporation.
When freshly deposited, Silver nanoparticle is the best reflector of visible light known, but is rapidly tarnishes and loses much of Silver nanoparticle reflectance.
Silver nanoparticle is a poor reflector of ultraviolet.
Silver nanoparticle fulminate (Ag2C2N2O2), a powerful explosive, is sometimes formed during the silvering process.
Silver nanoparticle iodide is used in seeding clouds to produce rain.
Silver nanoparticle chloride has interesting optical properties as Silver nanoparticle can be made transparent.
Silver nanoparticle also is a cement for glass.
Silver nanoparticle nitrate, or lunar caustic, the most important silver compound, is used extensively in photography.
While Silver nanoparticle itself is not considered to be toxic, most of its salts are poisonous.
Natural silver contains two stable isotopes.
Fifty-six other radioactive isotopes and isomers are known.
Silver nanoparticle compounds can be absorbed in the circulatory system and reduced silver deposited in the various tissues of the body.
A condition, known as argyria, results with a greyish pigmentation of the skin and mucous membranes.
Silver nanoparticle has germicidal effects and kills many lower organisms effectively without harm to higher animals.
Silver nanoparticle for centuries has been used traditionally for coinage by many countries of the world.
In recent times, however, consumption of Silver nanoparticle has at times greatly exceeded the output.
In 1939, the price of silver was fixed by the U.S. Treasury at 71￠/troy oz., and at 90.5￠/troy oz. in 1946.
In November 1961 the U.S. Treasury suspended sales of nonmonetized Silver nanoparticle, and the price stabilized for a time at about $1.29, the melt-down value of silver U.S. coins.
The Coinage Act of 1965 authorized a change in the metallic composition of the three U.S. subsidiary denominations to clad or composite type coins.
This was the first change in U.S. coinage since the monetary system was established in 1792.
Clad dimes and quarters are made of an outer layer of 75% Cu and 25% Ni bonded to a central core of pure Cu.
The composition of the oneand five-cent pieces remains unchanged.
One-cent coins are 95% Cu and 5% Zn.
Earlier subsidiary coins of 90% Ag and 10% Cu officially were to circulate alongside the clad coins; however, in practice they have largely disappeared (Gresham’s Law), as the value of the silver is now greater than their exchange value.
Silver nanoparticle coins of other countries have largely been replaced with coins made of other metals.
On June 24, 1968, the U.S. Government ceased to redeem U.S. Silver Certificates with silver.
The price of Silver nanoparticle in 2001 was only about four times the cost of the metal about 150 years ago.
This has largely been caused by Central Banks disposing of some of their silver reserves and the development of more productive mines with better refining methods.
Also, Silver nanoparticle has been displaced by other metals or processes, such as digital photography.
Safety Profile of Silver nanoparticle:
Human systemic effects by inhalation: skin effects.
The acute toxicity of silver metal is low.
The acute toxicity of soluble silver compounds depends on the counterion and must be evaluated case by case.
For example, silver nitrate is strongly corrosive and can cause burns and permanent damage to the eyes and skin.
Chronic exposure to silver or silver salts can cause a local or generalized darkening of the mucous membranes, skin, and eyes known as argyria.
The other chronic effects of silver compounds must be evaluated individually.
Although Silver nanoparticles are widely used in a variety of commercial products, there has only recently been a major effort to study their effects on human health.
Inhalation of dusts can cause argyrosis.
Questionable carcinogen with experimental tumorigenic data.
Flammable in the form of dust when exposed to flame or by chemical reaction with C2H2, NH3, bromoazide, ClF3 ethyleneimine, H2O2, oxalic acid, H2SO4, tartaric acid.
Incompatible with acetylene, acetylene compounds, aziridine, bromine azide, 3-bromopropyne, carboxylic acids, copper + ethylene glycol, electrolytes + zinc, ethanol + nitric acid, ethylene oxide, ethyl hydroperoxide, ethyleneimine, iodoform, nitric acid, ozonides, peroxomonosulfuric acid, peroxyformic acid.
Properties of Silver nanoparticle:
Melting point: 960 °C(lit.)
Boiling point: 2212 °C(lit.)
Density: 1.135 g/mL at 25 °C
vapor density: 5.8 (vs air)
vapor pressure: 0.05 ( 20 °C)
refractive index: n20/D 1.333
Flash point: 232 °F
storage temp.: 2-8°C
solubility: H2O: soluble
form: wool
color: Yellow
Specific Gravity: 10.49
Odor: Odorless
Resistivity: 1-3 * 10^-5 Ω-cm (conductive paste) &_& 1.59 μΩ-cm, 20°C
Water Solubility: insoluble
Sensitive: Light Sensitive
Merck: 13,8577
