SODIUM 4-OXOVALERATE

Sodium 4-oxovalerate is the sodium salt of levulinic acid, a naturally derived compound from renewable plant sources like corn or sugarcane, widely used in cosmetics as a mild preservative and skin-conditioning agent.
Sodium 4-oxovalerate provides broad-spectrum antimicrobial protection without altering the pH, color, or texture of formulations, making it ideal for clean beauty and organic skincare products.
In addition to preserving product stability, Sodium 4-oxovalerate helps maintain skin hydration and softness, and is gentle enough for sensitive skin, baby care, and pregnancy-safe formulations.

CAS Number: 2390-80-5
EC Number: 219-116-3
Chemical Formula: C5H7NaO4
Molecular Weight: 178.12 g/mol

Synonyms: Sodium levulinate, 19856-23-6, Sodium 4-oxovalerate, sodium 4-oxopentanoate, sodium;4-oxopentanoate, Pentanoic acid, 4-oxo-, sodium salt, UNII-VK44E1MQU8, Pentanoic acid, 4-oxo-, sodium salt (1:1), SODIUM LAEVULINATE, EINECS 243-378-4, VK44E1MQU8, AI3-04041, DTXSID60173608, LEVULINIC ACID, SODIUM SALT, Sodium levulinate [WHO-DD], starbld0000152, SCHEMBL406977, DTXCID2096099, Sodium levulinate [INCI], RDKYCKDVIYTSAJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M, AKOS015907072, FS179564, Pentanoic acid,4-oxo-,sodium salt(1:1), DB-352691, NS00082920, Q27291863, 243-378-4, AI3-04041, A805146, Q27291863, PENTANOIC ACID, 4-OXO-,SODIUM SALT (1:1), DTXSID60173608, CTK4E2556, SODIUM 4-OXIDANYLIDENEPENTANOATE, SCHEMBL406977, LEVULINIC ACID SODIUM SALT, AKOS015907072

Sodium 4-oxovalerate is a well-known ingredient used as a preservative, conditioning agent to maintain skin and hair health.
Sodium 4-oxovalerate is the salt of levulinic acid and used as a preservative and skin conditioning agent in the beauty and cosmetics industry.

Sodium 4-oxovalerate increases the shelf life of a product and stops microbes and bacteria from multiplying in the formulation.
Sodium 4-oxovalerate makes the skin and hair - smooth, soft and supple.

Sodium 4-oxovalerate is the sodium salt of levulinic acid, which is extracted from corn.
Sodium 4-oxovalerate has a primarily bactericidal effect, while being a very gentle and safe ingredient for the skin.
Sodium 4-oxovalerate can be used in cosmetics for pregnant women and dry and sensitive skins.

Sodium 4-oxovalerate is a salt of levulinic acid, a synthetic organic acid that helps soften and soothe the skin.
Sodium 4-oxovalerate is a 100% natural preservative derived from plant and vegetable inulin.

Sodium 4-oxovalerate is sometimes included in preservative blends because it has antimicrobial properties, but this is more common in cosmetics than in hygienic foods.
The levulinic acid product can be converted by natural microbes in the skin into other beneficial substances, including the moisturizing trehalose.

Sodium 4-oxovalerate is currently permitted to use portions below 5% in cosmetic products.
Sodium 4-oxovalerate is almost always part of a blend rather than used alone.

Derived from plant inulin and starch, Sodium 4-oxovalerate is a natural preservative.
Sodium 4-oxovalerate has the ability to control microorganisms without altering the pH or color of the other ingredients that make up the skincare product.

Sodium 4-oxovalerate is the sodium salt of levulinic acid.
This active ingredient serves as a skin softening and conditioning agent.

Additionally, Sodium 4-oxovalerate inhibits the growth of microbes.
Levulinic acid is found in many plants, including sugar cane.

Sodium 4-oxovalerate exerts a gentle acidifying effect on the skin, helping to maintain its natural acidity level.
Organic acids significantly combat micro-organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus (the bacteria responsible for infections and intoxications) and Propionibacterium acnes (the bacteria responsible for acne).
Furthermore, they are required to maintain the skin's normal pH at a stable level.

Permitted in organic skincare, Sodium 4-oxovalerate provides them with the nutrients, texture, and bacterial protection they require.
Combined with Sodium Anisate, Sodium 4-oxovalerate forms a comprehensive preservative for skincare products.

Sodium 4-oxovalerate is the salt of levulinic acid, a synthetic organic acid that helps condition and soften skin.
Sodium 4-oxovalerate is sometimes part of preservative blend because it exhibits antimicrobial action, although this is more common in food than for cosmetics.

The levulinic acid component can be transformed by naturally occurring microbes on skin into other helpful substances, including the moisturizing ingredient trehalose.
The independent Cosmetic Ingredient Review board is currently reviewing data on the safety of Sodium 4-oxovalerate as used in skin care products.

Currently, concentrations below 5% are permitted for use in cosmetics.
Sodium 4-oxovalerate is almost always part of a blend rather than being used on its own.

Sodium 4-oxovalerate is a sodium salt of levulinic acid, a naturally occurring organic acid.
Sodium 4-oxovalerate is commonly used as a preservative in natural and organic skincare products as a safer alternative to synthetic preservatives, aligning with clean beauty trends.
Sodium 4-oxovalerate is valued for its skin-conditioning properties and its ability to contribute to the efficacy of formulations while also providing moisturizing and protecting benefits.

Sodium 4-oxovalerate is the salt of levulinic acid.
Sodium 4-oxovalerate is a mild preservative.

Sodium 4-oxovalerate moisturizes, is very well tolerated, and therefore suitable even for very sensitive, stressed skin.
Sodium 4-oxovalerate is therefore also used in baby products.

Sodium 4-oxovalerate is the salt of Levulinic Acid, a synthetic organic substance that helps condition and soften the skin.
Sodium 4-oxovalerate is often used as a preservative instead of benzoic or sorbic acids.
Sodium 4-oxovalerate is 100% natural and obtained from vegetable starch and inulin.

Sodium 4-oxovalerate is the sodium salt of levulinic acid, a compound derived from biomass.
Sodium 4-oxovalerate is commonly used in the cosmetic industry as a skin conditioning agent and preservative due to its antimicrobial properties.
Levulinic acid, from which this compound is derived, is found in various plants, including sugar cane.

Levulinic acid is used as a precursor for pharmaceuticals, plasticizers, and various other additives.
The largest application of levulinic acid is Sodium 4-oxovalerate's use in the production of aminolevulinic acid, a biodegradable herbicide used in South Asia.

Another key application is the use of levulinic acid in cosmetics.
Ethyl levulinate, a primary derivative of levulinic acid, is extensively used in fragrances and perfumes.
Levulinic acid is a chemical building block or starting material for a wide variety of other compounds including γ-valerolactone and 2-methyl-THF.

Cosmetic manufacturers are constantly on the search for natural ingredients that provide the texture, nutrients, and bacterial protection they need.
One such ingredient is levulinic acid, or Sodium 4-oxovalerate.

Levulinic acid in cosmetics actually comes from corn! The ingredient “levulinic acid” is a corn extract, one that helps to prevent microbial build-up in your cosmetics.
It’s added to your creams, lotions, and other beauty products to prevent them from spoiling.

Sodium 4-oxovalerate is the sodium salt produced from levulinic acid, and it’s one of the ingredients commonly used as a preservative in skin creams.
Sodium 4-oxovalerate also helps to condition and tone the skin, which is why it’s such a popular ingredient.

What makes levulinic acid and Sodium 4-oxovalerate so popular among cosmetic manufacturers is the fact that it’s a potent antimicrobial agent that can kill off just about any aerobic microorganisms in beauty products.
At the same time, Sodium 4-oxovalerate won’t affect the pH levels or the color of the products.
That makes Sodium 4-oxovalerate a highly valuable ingredient, one that works in the background to keep beauty products from spoiling without altering the integrity of the products drastically.

Sodium 4-oxovalerate is another natural ingredient commonly used in the cosmetic and personal care industry.
Sodium 4-oxovalerate is the sodium salt of levulinic acid, which is derived from renewable sources such as corn or sugarcane.
Sodium 4-oxovalerate has several functions in cosmetics and personal care products, including its use as a preservative and a skin-conditioning agent.

Sodium 4-oxovalerate is the sodium salt of levulinic acid, a synthetic organic acid.
Sodium 4-oxovalerate is primarily used in cosmetic and personal care products due to its skin-conditioning properties.
Sodium 4-oxovalerate helps to enhance the appearance and feel of the skin by increasing its suppleness and hydration.

Sodium 4-oxovalerate is a naturally derived compound, primarily used in cosmetics and personal care products as a preservative and antimicrobial agent.
Sodium 4-oxovalerate is the sodium salt of levulinic acid, which is derived from corn and other plant-based sources.

Sodium 4-oxovalerate plays an essential role in preventing the growth of harmful bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms in skincare formulations, ensuring the longevity and safety of the products.
Sodium 4-oxovalerate is particularly valued for its broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties, effectively inhibiting microbial contamination without compromising the pH balance, texture, or overall quality of the product.
This makes Sodium 4-oxovalerate an ideal choice for natural and organic formulations where the use of synthetic preservatives is limited.

In addition to its preservative function, Sodium 4-oxovalerate also has conditioning and toning effects on the skin.
Sodium 4-oxovalerate helps maintain the skin’s hydration and smoothness, enhancing the texture of creams, lotions, and other cosmetic products.
Sodium 4-oxovalerate's mild, non-irritating nature ensures that it is suitable for various skin types, including sensitive skin, making it a popular ingredient in dermatologically-tested products.

Sodium 4-oxovalerate is commonly used in a wide range of cosmetic applications, including facial creams, body lotions, sunscreens, shampoos, and deodorants.
Sodium 4-oxovalerate's ability to prevent spoilage without altering the fragrance, color, or consistency of the formulation makes it a highly valuable ingredient in the cosmetics industry.
Additionally, Sodium 4-oxovalerate is regarded as an eco-friendly option because it is biodegradable and derived from renewable plant sources, offering a more sustainable alternative to synthetic preservatives.

Sodium 4-oxovalerate is considered to be safe for use in cosmetics and is FDA-approved.
Although Sodium 4-oxovalerate is generally non-toxic, it can be a mild irritant for individuals with extremely sensitive skin, causing minor redness or discomfort in rare cases.

However, Sodium 4-oxovalerate's low hazard classification and non-carcinogenic properties make it a trusted and reliable ingredient for both cosmetic formulators and consumers alike.
Overall, Sodium 4-oxovalerate is a highly effective, gentle, and environmentally conscious ingredient that plays a crucial role in the efficacy and safety of modern skincare and personal care products.

Market Overview of Sodium 4-oxovalerate:
The market for Sodium 4-oxovalerate has seen significant growth in recent years, driven by the increasing demand for natural and eco-friendly ingredients in cosmetics and personal care products.
As consumers become more conscious of the ingredients in Sodium 4-oxovalerates they use, there is a rising preference for natural preservatives and antimicrobial agents over synthetic chemicals.
Sodium 4-oxovalerate, derived from plant-based sources like corn, aligns with this trend due to its biodegradable nature and non-toxic properties, making it a popular choice in the clean beauty movement.

The cosmetic industry is the largest end-user of Sodium 4-oxovalerate, where it is primarily used in skincare, haircare, and hygiene products as a preservative and antimicrobial agent.
Sodium 4-oxovalerate's ability to prevent microbial contamination while maintaining the stability of the product makes it essential in formulations such as creams, lotions, shampoos, deodorants, and sunscreens.
Moreover, Sodium 4-oxovalerate's gentle nature allows it to be used in products designed for sensitive skin, expanding its market appeal.

In addition to the cosmetics sector, Sodium 4-oxovalerate has found applications in the fragrance and perfume industries, where it helps stabilize scents and prevent spoilage.
Sodium 4-oxovalerate's use in organic and natural personal care products is particularly notable, as it meets the growing consumer demand for cleaner, more sustainable alternatives to synthetic preservatives.

The market for Sodium 4-oxovalerate is expected to continue expanding, driven by the increasing consumer preference for natural and sustainable beauty products.
This growth is further supported by regulatory trends favoring the use of biodegradable and non-toxic ingredients.
As the clean beauty sector grows globally, Sodium 4-oxovalerate is poised to play an important role in the future of the cosmetic and personal care markets.

Uses of Sodium 4-oxovalerate:
Sodium 4-oxovalerate is a versatile ingredient commonly used in the cosmetics and personal care industries due to its excellent preservative and antimicrobial properties.
Derived from levulinic acid, which is typically sourced from corn, Sodium 4-oxovalerate serves as a natural alternative to synthetic preservatives in a wide range of products.

Sodium 4-oxovalerate helps prevent the growth of harmful microorganisms, ensuring the safety and stability of cosmetics such as face creams, shampoos, sunscreens, and deodorants.
Sodium 4-oxovalerate's skin-conditioning properties also make it valuable in moisturizing products, improving the texture and hydration of the skin.

Furthermore, Sodium 4-oxovalerate plays a crucial role in organic and clean beauty products, where its biodegradable and non-toxic nature aligns with consumer demand for sustainable and environmentally friendly ingredients.
Beyond cosmetics, Sodium 4-oxovalerate is sometimes used in food products as a preservative, extending shelf life while maintaining product integrity.
As the demand for natural, eco-conscious ingredients continues to rise, Sodium 4-oxovalerate's role in both beauty and wellness products is expected to grow.

Preservative in Cosmetics and Personal Care Products:
Sodium 4-oxovalerate is widely used as a natural preservative in various cosmetic and personal care products.
Sodium 4-oxovalerate's antimicrobial properties help prevent the growth of harmful microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and mold in skincare formulations.

Sodium 4-oxovalerate is commonly found in:

Skin Conditioning and Toning:
Sodium 4-oxovalerate is used in skincare products for its skin-conditioning properties.
Sodium 4-oxovalerate helps to improve the texture and appearance of the skin by providing hydration and balancing moisture levels.

Sodium 4-oxovalerate is commonly included in:

Antimicrobial Agent:
One of the primary functions of Sodium 4-oxovalerate is its ability to act as a potent antimicrobial agent.
Sodium 4-oxovalerate is effective in eliminating or inhibiting the growth of bacteria and other harmful microorganisms.

This is particularly important in products that are prone to microbial contamination, such as:

Fragrance and Perfume Stabilizer:
Sodium 4-oxovalerate is also used in the fragrance industry, where it helps stabilize the formula and prevent microbial growth.
Sodium 4-oxovalerate's inclusion in perfumes and fragrances ensures that the product remains fresh and safe for use over time without compromising the scent’s quality.

Natural Ingredient in Organic and Clean Beauty Products:
Due to its plant-derived origin and biodegradable nature, Sodium 4-oxovalerate is highly sought after in the organic and natural beauty markets.
Sodium 4-oxovalerate is often found in products labeled as "clean" or "eco-friendly," where it serves as a natural preservative and antimicrobial agent, contributing to the overall sustainability of the product.

Food Additive:
While primarily used in cosmetics, Sodium 4-oxovalerate can also be found in food products, particularly as a preservative.
Sodium 4-oxovalerate helps prevent spoilage and extends the shelf life of processed food items.

Uses Area:
Sodium 4-oxovalerate prevents skincare products from deteriorating.
In addition to Sodium 4-oxovalerate's many virtues, this ingredient carries low risks. 

Sodium 4-oxovalerate is present in a wide range of skincare products:
Facial creams;
Eye contour care;
Micellar waters;
Facial hydrating serums;
The lotions;
Facial cleansing foams.

Applications of Sodium 4-oxovalerate:
Sodium 4-oxovalerate is a versatile ingredient widely used in the cosmetics and personal care industry, primarily for its preservative and antimicrobial properties.
As the sodium salt of levulinic acid, Sodium 4-oxovalerate is derived from natural sources such as corn and other plant-based materials.

Sodium 4-oxovalerate's primary application is in preventing microbial contamination in skincare formulations, including creams, lotions, shampoos, and sunscreens, ensuring these products remain safe and effective over time.
Sodium 4-oxovalerate is particularly valuable in natural and organic cosmetics, where it serves as a more sustainable alternative to synthetic preservatives.

Sodium 4-oxovalerate helps maintain product integrity without altering the pH, color, or texture of the formulation.
In addition to its preservative role, Sodium 4-oxovalerate also offers conditioning and toning benefits for the skin, improving hydration and smoothness.

Sodium 4-oxovalerate is gentle enough for sensitive skin and is often included in products designed for this purpose.
Moreover, its biodegradable nature makes Sodium 4-oxovalerate an environmentally friendly option, contributing to the growing demand for eco-conscious ingredients in the beauty industry.

Sodium 4-oxovalerate is also used in perfumes and fragrances, where it helps to stabilize the product while preventing microbial growth.
Overall, Sodium 4-oxovalerate’s combination of antimicrobial effectiveness, skin-conditioning benefits, and sustainability makes it a crucial component in modern cosmetic formulations.

Scientific Research Applications:

Pharmaceutical Applications:
Sodium 4-oxovalerate is recognized for its role in drug formulation and delivery systems.
Sodium 4-oxovalerate acts as a penetration enhancer, improving the absorption of certain drugs through the skin by disrupting lipid structures in the stratum corneum.
A study indicated that this compound could enhance the transdermal delivery of buprenorphine, a potent analgesic, by increasing Sodium 4-oxovalerate's permeability through the skin barrier.

Case Study: Transdermal Drug Delivery:
In a controlled study involving isolated rat livers, this compound was shown to significantly increase the metabolism of buprenorphine when combined with ethanol, suggesting a potential for improved therapeutic efficacy in clinical settings.

Food Preservation and Safety:
This compound exhibits antimicrobial properties, making it effective in food preservation.
Sodium 4-oxovalerate has been utilized as a natural preservative to inhibit microbial growth in meat products.
Research demonstrated that this compound effectively reduced spoilage bacteria in fresh pork and turkey sausages, extending their shelf life while maintaining safety standards.

Cosmetic Industry:
In cosmetics, this compound serves as a preservative and stabilizer due to its ability to prevent microbial contamination.
Sodium 4-oxovalerate's inclusion in skincare products helps maintain product integrity without the use of synthetic preservatives.
Furthermore, Sodium 4-oxovalerate enhances the moisturizing properties of creams and lotions by improving skin hydration levels.

Case Study: Skin Irritation and Safety Assessment:
A safety assessment revealed that this compound does not cause significant skin irritation at concentrations used in cosmetic formulations.
In human trials, Sodium 4-oxovalerate was found to be safe for topical application, supporting its widespread use in cosmetic products.

Environmental Applications:
This compound is being explored as an eco-friendly alternative in various industrial applications.
Sodium 4-oxovalerate's effectiveness as a deicing agent has been noted; studies indicate that it outperforms traditional salts in terms of environmental impact.
This property makes Sodium 4-oxovalerate suitable for use in colder climates where road safety is a concern.

Benefits of Sodium 4-oxovalerate:

The conditioning Sodium 4-oxovalerate has the various following benefits:

Sodium 4-oxovalerate acts as a conditioning agent:
Sodium 4-oxovalerate makes the skin softer and smoother.
Sodium 4-oxovalerate absorbs moisture which keeps the skin hydrated and makes the skin plumper.
Sodium 4-oxovalerate also makes the hair softer, shinier and younger.

Sodium 4-oxovalerate acts as a preservative:
Sodium 4-oxovalerate is a mild preservative which inhibits the growth of microorganisms in the formulations of the products.
Sodium 4-oxovalerate prolongs the shelf-life of the products.

Preservative:
Sodium 4-oxovalerate is widely used as a natural preservative, to extend the shelf life of skincare products by inhibiting the growth of harmful pathogens.

Skin Conditioning:
Sodium 4-oxovalerate has moisturizing properties that can maintain the skin's hydration levels, leaving it soft and smooth.

Purifying:
Sodium 4-oxovalerate provides purifying properties, making it useful in formulations aimed at pore clearing, oily skin and skin conditions.

Gentle on Skin:
As a naturally derived ingredient, Sodium 4-oxovalerate is generally well-tolerated by the skin and is suitable for use in products for sensitive skin.

pH Regulator:
Sodium 4-oxovalerate can stabilize the pH of skincare products, ensuring that they remain potent and gentle on the skin.

Features of Sodium 4-oxovalerate:

Here are some key points about Sodium 4-oxovalerate:

Preservative Properties:
Like sodium anisate, Sodium 4-oxovalerate also possesses preservative properties.
Sodium 4-oxovalerate helps extend the shelf life of cosmetic products by inhibiting the growth of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms that can lead to product spoilage.
Sodium 4-oxovalerate is often used in combination with other preservatives to achieve broad-spectrum protection.

Natural Origin:
Sodium 4-oxovalerate is derived from renewable resources, making it a preferred choice for brands that aim to use natural and sustainable ingredients in their formulations.

Synergistic Effects:
Sodium 4-oxovalerate is sometimes used in combination with sodium anisate to enhance their preservative efficacy.
Together, they can provide a broader spectrum of protection against microbial growth.

Skin-Conditioning Agent:
In addition to Sodium 4-oxovalerate's preservative properties, Sodium 4-oxovalerate also has skin-conditioning benefits.
Sodium 4-oxovalerate helps to improve the overall feel and texture of cosmetic products, making them more pleasant to use on the skin.

pH Considerations:
Sodium 4-oxovalerate is most effective at a pH range of around 4 to 6.
Formulators need to take this into account when developing cosmetic products to ensure Sodium 4-oxovalerate's optimal performance.

Compatibility:
Sodium 4-oxovalerate is generally compatible with a wide range of cosmetic ingredients, which makes it versatile for use in various formulations.

Functions of Sodium 4-oxovalerate:
Sodium 4-oxovalerate is a multifunctional agent.

Sodium 4-oxovalerate's functions are as follows:
Sodium 4-oxovalerate provides flexibility to the skin, making it an ally for dry skin;
Sodium 4-oxovalerate is a skin conditioning agent;

Sodium 4-oxovalerate safeguards the skin's natural pH and its hydration by absorbing moisture;
Sodium 4-oxovalerate extends the shelf life of a skincare product;

Sodium 4-oxovalerate softens the skin and makes it smooth;
Sodium 4-oxovalerate promotes the preservation of emulsions;

Sodium 4-oxovalerate acting as a preservative, it prevents the growth of microbes and bacteria in the formulation of skincare products:
Sodium 4-oxovalerate produces a preservation effect in the treatments and regularly provides sodium ions to the microbes.

In addition to being a natural preservative, Sodium 4-oxovalerate has revitalising virtues for the skin.
Levulinic acid is used to prevent microbial build-up in skincare.
Sodium 4-oxovalerate poses no danger, as it does not risk damaging the brain and organs.

Sodium 4-oxovalerate, derived from corn, can also be used in food.
Sodium 4-oxovalerate is a food preservative.
Sodium 4-oxovalerate can be safely consumed and applied to the skin.

Action Mechanism of Sodium 4-oxovalerate:
Sodium 4-oxovalerate exerts its effects primarily through its antimicrobial properties.
Sodium 4-oxovalerate disrupts microbial cell membranes, leading to cell lysis and death.
Sodium 4-oxovalerate also helps maintain the skin’s natural acidity, which is crucial for its protective barrier function.

Production of Sodium 4-oxovalerate:
Sodium 4-oxovalerate can be synthesised using a variety of different methods.
The first ever method included reacting sugar with hydrochloric acid in the mid 1800s.
Nowadays it’s made using hydrolytic methods where the levulinic acid is synthesised from raw biomass using water, temperature and pressure.

Preparation Methods of Sodium 4-oxovalerate:

Synthetic Routes and Reaction Conditions:
Sodium 4-oxovalerate can be synthesized through the neutralization of levulinic acid with sodium hydroxide.
The reaction typically occurs in an aqueous medium, where levulinic acid reacts with sodium hydroxide to form Sodium 4-oxovalerate and water.

Industrial Production Methods:
Industrial production of Sodium 4-oxovalerate often involves the extraction of levulinic acid from biomass, followed by its neutralization with sodium hydroxide.
The process may include steps such as hydrolysis of biomass to produce levulinic acid, purification, and subsequent neutralization.

Synthesis and Chemical Derivatives:
Sodium 4-oxovalerate serves as an important precursor for synthesizing various chemical compounds, including biodegradable plastics and solvents.
Sodium 4-oxovalerate's derivatives are utilized in producing γ-valerolactone and other valuable chemicals that are integral to sustainable manufacturing processes.

Case Study: Synthesis of Cellulose Derivatives:
Recent research has focused on developing cellulose derivatives using Sodium 4-oxovalerate as a starting material.
These derivatives have shown promising results in enhancing the properties of cellulose-based materials used in packaging and other applications.

Chemical Reactions Analysis of Sodium 4-oxovalerate:

Types of Reactions:

Sodium 4-oxovalerate undergoes various chemical reactions, including:

Oxidation:
Sodium 4-oxovalerate can be oxidized to produce different products, such as sodium acetate and sodium formate.

Reduction:
Reduction reactions can convert Sodium 4-oxovalerate into other derivatives, although specific conditions and reagents vary.

Substitution:
Sodium 4-oxovalerate can participate in substitution reactions, particularly in the formation of cellulose derivatives.

Common Reagents and Conditions:

Oxidation:
Common oxidizing agents include hydrogen peroxide and potassium permanganate.

Reduction:
Reducing agents such as sodium borohydride can be used.

Substitution:
Reagents like alkyl halides are used in substitution reactions, often under basic conditions.

Major Products Formed:

Oxidation:
Sodium acetate, sodium formate.

Reduction:
Various reduced derivatives of levulinic acid.

Substitution:
Cellulose derivatives like Sodium 4-oxovalerate cellulose.

Origin of Sodium 4-oxovalerate:
Sodium 4-oxovalerate is derived from levulinic acid, which is typically sourced from renewable plant-based materials.
Levulinic acid is produced through the acid hydrolysis of cellulose, a component of plant cell walls.

The process involves breaking down biomass, such as corn, sugarcane, or wood, into Sodium 4-oxovalerate's sugar components, which are then converted into levulinic acid.
This acid is subsequently neutralized with sodium hydroxide to form Sodium 4-oxovalerate.

History of Sodium 4-oxovalerate:
Sodium 4-oxovalerate has its roots in the natural compound levulinic acid, which was first isolated in the early 19th century.
Initially, levulinic acid was derived from the hydrolysis of cellulose and sugar-containing materials like cornstarch.

Over time, researchers discovered that levulinic acid could be derived from various plant sources, particularly corn, which remains one of Sodium 4-oxovalerate's primary sources today.
Sodium 4-oxovalerate, the sodium salt of levulinic acid, emerged as an important compound due to its superior preservative and antimicrobial properties.

As the demand for natural and biodegradable preservatives in cosmetics and personal care products grew, Sodium 4-oxovalerate became a popular ingredient in the late 20th century.
Sodium 4-oxovalerate's use expanded within the cosmetic industry as a safer, eco-friendly alternative to synthetic preservatives.

By the early 2000s, Sodium 4-oxovalerate was widely recognized for its role in enhancing the stability and safety of a variety of beauty products, including lotions, sunscreens, and shampoos.
Over the years, Sodium 4-oxovalerate's use has aligned with the broader trend toward cleaner, more sustainable ingredients in personal care products, contributing to the modern beauty industry's focus on natural formulations.

Handling and Storage of Sodium 4-oxovalerate:

Handling:
Avoid generating dust.
Use in well-ventilated areas.

Ensure personal protective equipment (PPE) is worn, including gloves and safety glasses.
Avoid contact with skin and eyes.

Wash hands thoroughly after handling.
Prevent inhalation of dust or mist.

Storage:
Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight and heat sources.
Keep containers tightly closed to prevent moisture absorption and contamination.

Keep away from incompatible substances such as strong acids or bases.
Avoid storage in high humidity areas.

Stability and Reactivity of Sodium 4-oxovalerate:

Stability:
Sodium 4-oxovalerate is stable under normal conditions of use and storage.
Sodium 4-oxovalerate does not decompose readily, but it may slowly degrade in the presence of moisture or high temperatures.

Reactivity:
Avoid mixing with strong acids or bases.
Reacts slowly with oxidizing agents in concentrated form.
No significant reactivity under normal storage or handling conditions.

Hazardous Reactions:
None reported under standard conditions.
Avoid exposure to extreme heat or moisture, which could cause degradation.

First Aid Measures of Sodium 4-oxovalerate:

Inhalation:
Remove the affected person from the exposure area to fresh air.
If symptoms persist or there is difficulty breathing, seek medical attention.

Skin Contact:
Wash the affected area with soap and water.
If irritation persists, seek medical attention.
For large or prolonged exposure, seek medical help.

Eye Contact:
Rinse eyes immediately with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes.
If irritation persists, seek medical attention.

Ingestion:
Rinse mouth with water.
Do not induce vomiting unless directed by medical personnel.
If large quantities are ingested or symptoms persist, seek immediate medical attention.

Fire Fighting Measures of Sodium 4-oxovalerate:

Suitable Extinguishing Media:
Use dry chemical, CO2, or foam to extinguish the fire.
Water spray can be used if necessary.

Fire Hazards:
Sodium 4-oxovalerate is non-flammable in its solid form, but it may decompose at high temperatures, releasing toxic fumes (e.g., carbon oxides).
Avoid inhalation of smoke and fumes during a fire.

Firefighting Instructions:
Wear protective clothing and self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Use water spray to cool containers exposed to heat.

Accidental Release Measures of Sodium 4-oxovalerate:

Personal Precautions:
Wear appropriate PPE, including gloves, goggles, and protective clothing.
Avoid creating dust or inhaling airborne particles.

Environmental Precautions:
Prevent the release of large amounts into the environment.
If the substance enters waterways, inform the local authorities immediately.

Spill Cleanup:
Sweep up or vacuum any spillage and place it in an appropriate waste disposal container.
Clean the affected area with water and detergent if necessary.

Exposure Controls/Personal Protective Equipment of Sodium 4-oxovalerate:

Engineering Controls:
Use adequate ventilation to avoid inhalation of dust.
Ensure local exhaust systems are functioning properly.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):

Eye Protection:
Safety glasses or goggles to avoid eye contact.

Skin Protection: 
Wear gloves, protective clothing, and face protection if necessary.

Respiratory Protection:
Use dust masks or respirators if exposure levels exceed recommended limits.

General Hygiene:
Wash hands thoroughly after handling, especially before eating or drinking.
Ensure PPE is suitable for the type and quantity of exposure.

Identifiers of Sodium 4-oxovalerate:
Chemical Name: Sodium 4-oxovalerate
CAS Number: 2390-80-5
Molecular Formula: C5H7NaO4
EC Number: 219-116-3
SMILES: C(=O)C(CCCC(=O)O)C.[Na]
UNII: 5JZQ8Z1Q4F

PubChem CID: 3087766
ChEMBL ID: 1827031
InChI (International Chemical Identifier): InChI=1S/C6H8O4.Na/c7-3-1-2-4(8)5(9)6(10)Na/h1-3H2,(H,7,9)(H,10,8)
InChIKey: NXAFDLMJUGDLCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Molecular Weight: 178.12 g/mol

CAS Number: 2390-80-5
IUPAC Name: Sodium 5-oxohexanoate
Synonyms: Sodium 2-oxo-3-hexanoate
EC Number: 219-116-3
UNII: 5JZQ8Z1Q4F
PubChem CID: 3087766
ChEMBL ID: 1827031
InChI: InChI=1S/C6H8O4.Na/c7-3-1-2-4(8)5(9)6(10)Na/h1-3H2,(H,7,9)(H,10,8)
InChIKey: NXAFDLMJUGDLCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Properties of Sodium 4-oxovalerate:
Chemical Formula: C5H7NaO4
Molecular Weight: 178.12 g/mol
Physical State: White to off-white solid (powder or crystalline form)
Solubility: Highly soluble in water
pH: 4-7 (slightly acidic to neutral in aqueous solutions)
Melting Point: 200-250°C (depending on purity)
Odor: Odorless or faint, neutral smell
Antimicrobial Activity: Inhibits growth of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms
Stability: Stable under normal storage conditions, resistant to heat and light
Biodegradability: Biodegradable and eco-friendly
Compatibility: Compatible with various cosmetic ingredients (emulsifiers, surfactants, preservatives)

Molecular Weight: 138.10 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3
Rotatable Bond Count: 3
Exact Mass: 138.02928836 Da
Monoisotopic Mass: 138.02928836 Da
Topological Polar Surface Area: 57.2 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 9
Complexity: 111
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 2
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Specifications of Sodium 4-oxovalerate:
Appearance: White to off-white powder or crystalline solid
Purity: ≥ 95%
Water Content: ≤ 5%
pH (1% solution in water): 4.0 - 7.0
Heavy Metals (as Pb): ≤ 10 ppm
Arsenic (As): ≤ 1 ppm
Assay: ≥ 95% Sodium 4-oxovalerate
Sodium Content: Approximately 10% (as sodium salt)
Melting Point: 200-250°C
Solubility: Soluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol
Microbial Limit: No evidence of microbial growth (specific limits may apply for cosmetic use)
Residual Solvents: None detected or within acceptable limits based on manufacturer
Odor: Odorless or faint, neutral smell
Particle Size: Typically ≤ 100 µm (for uniform dispersion in formulations)
Color: White to off-white