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SODIUM BICHROMATE

Sodium bichromate, also known as sodium dichromate, is a sodium salt around 20 times more soluble in water than potassium salt.
Sodium bichromate has a salt like texture and is an orange ore like color. 
Sodium bichromate is a strong oxidising agent and a source in preparing chromium based derivatives. 

CAS Number: 7789-12-0
EC Number: 234-190-3
Chemical Formula: Na2Cr2O7 * 2 H2O
Molar Mass: 278 g/mol

Sodium bichromate is generally immediately available in most volumes. 
Hydrate or anhydrous forms may be purchased. 
High purity, submicron and nanopowder forms may be considered.

Sodium bichromate has a salt like texture and is an orange ore like color. 
Sodium bichromate is water soluble and has near identical properties as potassium dichromate. 
Sodium bichromate is mostly used as an oxidizing agent and to tan leather but only after Sodium bichromate has been reduced with sulfur dioxide.

Sodium bichromate is a strong oxidising agent and a source in preparing chromium based derivatives. 
Sodium bichromate is used in metal passivation and finds applications across diverse industries including pigments and coatings, screen printing in photographic engraving, electroplating, pyrotechnics and explosives.

As a wood preservative, Sodium bichromate protects wood from termites and fungi while in metal treatment Sodium bichromate works as a corrosion inhibitor. 
Sodium bichromate is also used in pigment preparations like chrome oxide green and lead chromate.

Sodium bichromate, also known as sodium dichromate, is a sodium salt around 20 times more soluble in water than potassium salt.

Also known as sodium bichromate, bichromate of soda and sodium dichromate (VI).
Sodium bichromate is red to orange crystalline solid.

Sodium bichromate is used as an intermediate in the production of other chromium compounds and in the past was used in wood preservatives.
General public may be exposure to very low levels of Sodium bichromate as a contaminant in air or water.

Sodium bichromate is a red to orange crystalline solid. 
Sodium bichromate is a member of a chemical group known as chromium (VI) compounds. 
Other names for sodium dichromate include sodium bichromate, bichromate of soda and sodium dichromate (VI). 

Sodium bichromate is mainly used as a chemical intermediate in the production of other chromium compounds. 
Sodium bichromate is also used in the production of dyes, as a bleaching agent and a corrosion inhibitor. 
In the past Sodium bichromate was used in wood preservatives.

Sodium bichromate and Sodium dichromate are same since bi is derived from latin and di from greek.
In the eighties and nineties Sodium bichromate was popular in Canadain Surface Finishing industry. 
Today Sodium bichromate seems more popular.

Regardless, Sodium Bichromate is an inorganic compound and a powerful oxidizing agent, which is highly corrosive.
During the eighties and nineties Sodium Bichromate anhydrous was very popular in the manufacture of hexavalent chromates used in the general metal finishing.

The sodium salt was very popular since Sodium bichromate was around twenty times more soluble in water than potassium salt at 49 g/L at 0°C.
Sodium Bichromate anhydrous and Sodium Bichromate dihydrate were both available, however Sodium Bichromate anhydrous was mostly used since Sodium bichromate is more concentrated with about 7% more active ingredient than Sodium Bichromate dihydrate.

Sodium bichromate appears as a red or red-orange crystalline solid.
May be strongly irritating to skin, eyes and mucous membranes. 
Sodium bichromate is used as a corrosion inhibitor, and in the manufacture of other chemicals.

Sodium bichromate is an inorganic sodium salt. 
Sodium bichromate contains a dichromate(2-).

Sodium bichromate is an orange to red colored, crystalline, inorganic compound that emits toxic chromium fumes upon heating. 
Sodium bichromate is highly corrosive and is a strong oxidizing agent.

Sodium bichromate is mainly used to produce other chromium compounds, but is also used in drilling muds, in metal treatments, in wood preservatives, in the production of dyes and organic chemicals and as a corrosion inhibitor. 
Sodium bichromate primarily affects the respiratory system causing ulcerations, shortness of breath, bronchitis, pneumonia and asthma but can also affect the gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidneys and immune system. 
Sodium bichromate is a known human carcinogen and is associated with an increased risk of developing lung cancer and cancer of the sinonasal cavity.

Sodium bichromate is a chemical compound of sodium and hexavalent chromium. 
Sodium bichromate is produced during the processing of chromium ore and may be used in organic synthesis. 

Hexavalent chromium refers to chemical compounds that contain the element chromium in the +6 oxidation state. 
Chromium(VI) is more toxic than other oxidation states of the chromium atom because of Sodium bichromate greater ability to enter cells and higher redox potential.

Sodium bichromate is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 10 000 to < 100 000 tonnes per annum.
Sodium bichromate is used in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Sodium bichromate is the inorganic compound with the formula Na2Cr2O7. 
However, the salt is usually handled as Sodium bichromate dihydrate Na2Cr2O7·2H2O. 
Virtually all chromium ore is processed via conversion to Sodium bichromate and virtually all compounds and materials based on chromium are prepared from this salt.

In terms of reactivity and appearance, Sodium bichromate and potassium dichromate are very similar. 
The sodium salt is, however, around twenty times more soluble in water than the potassium salt (49 g/L at 0 °C) and Sodium bichromate equivalent weight is also lower, which is often desirable.

Uses of Sodium Bichromate:
Sodium bichromate is used in water treatment, dye and electric battery manufacturing, bleaching (fats, oils, sponges, and resins), refining petroleum, corrosion inhibitors (paints, metal coatings, and water systems), metal treatments, electroengraving of copper, defoliation of cotton and other plants and shrubs, fungicides, insecticides, miticides, wood preservation, glass colorants, dye mordants, and breweries (algaecide).
Sodium bichromate is used in colorimetry (copper determination), as a complexing agent, and as an oxidation inhibitor in ethyl ether.

Sodium bichromate is used to make vitamin K and waxes.
Compared with Sodium bichromate dihydrate, Sodium bichromate has the advantage of first absorbing 2 molecules of water instead of deliquescing immediately.

Sodium bichromate is the primary base material for the manufacture of chromium chemicals, which are used in leather tanning, metal treatment, drilling muds, textile dyes, catalysts, and wood and water treatment.
Sodium bichromate is produced during the processing of chromium ore and may be used in organic synthesis.

Widespread uses by professional workers:
Sodium bichromate is used in the following products: laboratory chemicals.
Sodium bichromate is used in the following areas: scientific research and development.

Release to the environment of Sodium bichromate can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates) and as processing aid.
Other release to the environment of Sodium bichromate is likely to occur from: indoor use as reactive substance.

Uses at industrial sites:
Sodium bichromate is used in the following products: metal surface treatment products, leather treatment products, pharmaceuticals and textile treatment products and dyes.
Sodium bichromate has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).

Sodium bichromate is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging and scientific research and development.
Sodium bichromate is used for the manufacture of: chemicals.
Release to the environment of Sodium bichromate can occur from industrial use: as processing aid.

Industry Uses:
Adhesion/cohesion promoter
Intermediate
Intermediates
Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
Pigments
Plating agents and surface treating agents
Processing aids, specific to petroleum production

Other Uses:
Colorimetry (Copper)
Complexing Agent
Oxidation Inhibitor
Leather Tanning
Metal Treatment
Drilling Muds
Textile Dyes
Catalysts
Wood & Water Treatment

Industrial Processes with risk of exposure:
Petroleum Production and Refining
Battery Manufacturing
Painting (Pigments, Binders, and Biocides)
Applying Wood Preservatives
Sewer and Wastewater Treatment
Textiles (Printing, Dyeing, or Finishing)
Glass Manufacturing

Usage Areas of Sodium Bichromate:
Sodium bichromate, which is the main starting material of all chrome chemicals, is easily soluble in water.
As the main input in the textile industry and in the production of other chromium chemicals; in the production of chromic acid and chromium pigments in the leather and fur industry; in the chemical, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries; in the oxidation of organic compounds; in the production of wood material preservatives; used in petroleum refining.

Preparation of Sodium Bichromate:
Sodium bichromate is generated on a large scale from ores containing chromium(III) oxides. 

The ore is fused with a base, typically sodium carbonate, at around 1000 °C in the presence of air (source of oxygen):
2Cr2O3 + 4Na2CO3 + 3O2 -> 4Na2CrO4 + 4CO2

This step solubilizes the chromium and allows Sodium bichromate to be extracted into hot water. 
At this stage, other components of the ore such as aluminium and iron compounds, are poorly soluble. 

Acidification of the resulting aqueous extract with sulfuric acid or carbon dioxide affords the dichromate:
2Na2CrO4 + 2CO2 + H2O -> Na2Cr2O7 + 2NaHCO3
2Na2CrO4 + H2SO4 -> Na2Cr2O7 + Na2SO4 + H2O

The dichromate is isolated as the dihydrate by crystallization. 
In this way, many millions of kilograms of Sodium bichromate are produced annually.

Since chromium(VI) is toxic, especially as the dust, such factories are subject to stringent regulations. 
For example, effluent from such refineries is treated with reducing agents to return any chromium(VI) to chromium(III), which is less threatening to the environment.

A variety of hydrates of this salt are known, ranging from the decahydrate below 19.5 °C as well as hexa-, tetra-, and dihydrates. 
Above 62 °C, these salts lose water spontaneously to give the anhydrous material. 
Sodium bichromate is crystallised around 30 to 35 degrees C

Manufacturing Methods of Sodium Bichromate:
Sodium chromate can be converted to the dichromate by a continuous process treating with sulfuric acid, carbon dioxide, or a combination of these two. 
Evaporation of the Sodium bichromate liquor causes the precipitation of sodium sulfate and/or sodium bicarbonate, and these compounds are removed before the final Sodium bichromate crystallization.

Sodium bichromate is made in a three-step process: 
(1) alkaline roast of chromite under-oxidizing conditions, (2) leaching, and (3) conversion of sodium monochromate to Sodium bichromate by means of an acid.

Anhydrous Sodium bichromate can be prepared by melting down Sodium bichromate dihydrate, by crystallizing aqueous dichromate solutions above 86 °C, or by drying Sodium bichromate solutions in spray driers.

General Manufacturing Information of Sodium Bichromate:

Industry Processing Sectors:
All Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing
Computer and Electronic Product Manufacturing
Electrical Equipment, Appliance, and Component Manufacturing
Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing
Machinery Manufacturing
Miscellaneous Manufacturing
Paint and Coating Manufacturing
Petrochemical Manufacturing
Synthetic Dye and Pigment Manufacturing
Textiles, apparel, and leather manufacturing
Transportation Equipment Manufacturing

Reactions of Sodium Bichromate:
Dichromate and chromate salts are oxidizing agents. 
For the tanning of leather, Sodium bichromate is first reduced with sulfur dioxide.

In the area of organic synthesis, this compound oxidizes benzylic and allylic C-H bonds to carbonyl derivatives. 
For example, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene is oxidized to the corresponding carboxylic acid.
Similarly, 2,3-dimethylnaphthalene is oxidized by Na2Cr2O7 to 2,3-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid.

Secondary alcohols are oxidized to the corresponding ketone, e.g. menthol to menthone; dihydrocholesterol to cholestanone:
3 R2CHOH + Cr2O72− + 2 H+ → 3 R2C=O + Cr2O3 + 4 H2O

Relative to the potassium salt, the main advantage of Sodium bichromate is its greater solubility in water and polar solvents like acetic acid.
Sodium bichromate can be used in fluorene to fluorenone conversion.

Reactivity Profile of Sodium Bichromate:
Sodium bichromate dihydrate can react with reducing agents to generate heat and form gaseous products (causing pressurization of closed vessels).
Sodium bichromate can spontaneously carry out further reactions (such as combustion in air).

Reactions can be rapid, but often require initiation (heat, spark, catalyst, addition of a solvent).
May react violently with active metals, cyanides, esters and thiocyanates.

Handling and Storage of Sodium Bichromate:

Nonfire Spill Response:
Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material. 
Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. 
Stop leak if you can do it without risk. 

SMALL DRY SPILL: 
With clean shovel, place material into clean, dry container and cover loosely; move containers from spill area. 

LARGE SPILL: 
Dike far ahead of spill for later disposal.

Safe Storage:
Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing. 
Separated from combustible substances, reducing agents and food and feedstuffs. 
Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

Storage Conditions:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. 

Storage site should be as close as practical to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for expt need to be carried. 
Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties) that bears appropriate label. 

An inventory should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date Sodium bichromate was acquired.
Facilities for dispensing should be contiguous to storage area.

Safety of Sodium Bichromate:
Like all hexavalent chromium compounds, Sodium bichromate is carcinogenic.
The compound is also corrosive and exposure may produce severe eye damage or blindness.
Human exposure further encompasses impaired fertility, heritable genetic damage and harm to unborn children.

Fire Fighting of Sodium Bichromate:

SMALL FIRE: 
Use water. 
Do not use dry chemicals or foams. 
CO2 or Halon may provide limited control. 

LARGE FIRE: 
Flood fire area with water from a distance. 
Do not move cargo or vehicle if cargo has been exposed to heat. 
If Sodium bichromate can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. 

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS OR CAR/TRAILER LOADS: 
Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. 
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. 

ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire. 
For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

Accidental Release Measures of Sodium Bichromate:

Isolation and Evacuation
Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. 

LARGE SPILL: 
Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 100 meters (330 feet). 

FIRE: 
If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Spillage Disposal of Sodium Bichromate:

Personal protection: 
complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus. 
Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. 

Sweep spilled substance into covered non-combustible containers. 
If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. 

Carefully collect remainder. 
Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. 
Do NOT absorb in saw-dust or other combustible absorbents.

Cleanup Methods of Sodium Bichromate:

Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: 
Wear respiratory protection. 
Avoid dust formation. 

Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. 
Ensure adequate ventilation. 

Evacuate personnel to safe areas. 
Avoid breathing dust.

Environmental precautions: 
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. 
Do not let product enter drains. 
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: 
Sweep up and shovel. 
Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wetbrushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations. 
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Identifiers of Sodium Bichromate:
CAS Number: 
10588-01-9
7789-12-0 (dihydrate)
ChEBI: CHEBI:39483
ChemSpider: 23723
ECHA InfoCard: 100.031.070
EC Number: 234-190-3
Gmelin Reference: 21597
PubChem CID: 25408
RTECS number: 
HX7750000
HX7750000 (dihydrate)
UNII: 
C9G6VY6ZZ4
52125XYY2A (dihydrate)
UN number: 3288
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID8021274
InChI: InChI=1S/2Cr.2Na.7O/q;;2*+1;;;;;;2*-1
Key: KIEOKOFEPABQKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1/2Cr.2Na.7O/q;;2*+1;;;;;;2*-1/rCr2O7.2Na/c3-1(4,5)9-2(6,7)8;;/q-2;2*+1
Key: KIEOKOFEPABQKJ-RXLKZJBDAW
SMILES: [Na+].[Na+].[O-][Cr](=O)(=O)O[Cr]([O-])(=O)=O

EC / List no.: 234-190-3
CAS no.: 10588-01-9

CAS number: 7789-12-0
EC index number: 024-004-00-7
EC number: 234-190-3
Grade: ACS
Hill Formula: Cr₂Na₂O₇*2H₂O
Chemical formula: Na₂Cr₂O₇ * 2 H₂O
Molar Mass: 278 g/mol
HS Code: 2841 30 00
Quality Level: MQ300

Linear Formula: Na2Cr2O7
MDL Number: N/A
EC No.: 234-190-3
Beilstein/Reaxys No.: N/A
Pubchem CID: 25408
IUPAC Name: disodium; oxido-(oxido(dioxo) chromio)oxy-dioxochromium
SMILES: [Na+].[Na+].[O-][Cr](=O)(=O)O[Cr]([O-])(=O)=O
InchI Identifier: InChI=1S/2Cr.2Na.7O/q;;2*+1;;;;;;2*-1
InchI Key: KIEOKOFEPABQKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Properties of Sodium Bichromate:
Chemical formula: Na2Cr2O7
Molar mass: 261.97 g/mol (anhydrous)
298.00 g/mol (dihydrate)
Appearance: bright orange
Odor: odorless
Density: 2.52 g/cm3
Melting point: 356.7 °C (674.1 °F; 629.8 K)
Boiling point: 400 °C (752 °F; 673 K) decomposes
Solubility in water: 73 g/100 mL at 25 °C
Solubility in other solvents: soluble in methanol, ethanol
Refractive index (nD): 1.661 (dihydrate)

Boiling point: 400 °C (1013 hPa) (decomposition)
Density: 2.52 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Melting Point: 356.7 °C (anhydrous substance)
pH value: 3.5 (100 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C)
Bulk density: 1200 kg/m3
Solubility: 731.8 g/l

Compound Formula: Cr2Na2O7
Molecular Weight: 261.97
Appearance: Orange or red crystalline solid
Melting Point: 357 °C
Boiling Point: 400 °C
Density: 2.35 g/cm3
Solubility in H2O: N/A
Exact Mass: 261.824956
Monoisotopic Mass: 261.824956

Molecular Weight: 261.97 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 7
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 261.824950 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 261.824950 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 124Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 11
Complexity: 194
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 3
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Specifications of Sodium Bichromate:
Assay (iodometric): 99.5 - 100.5 %
Identity: passes test
Insoluble matter: ≤ 0.005 %
Chloride (Cl): ≤ 0.002 %
Sulfate (SO₄): ≤ 0.01 %
Al (Aluminium): ≤ 0.002 %
Ca (Calcium): ≤ 0.002 %
Cu (Copper): ≤ 0.001 %
Fe (Iron): ≤ 0.002 %
K (Potassium): ≤ 0.01 %
Mg (Magnesium): ≤ 0.005 %
Pb (Lead): ≤ 0.002 %

Related compounds of Sodium Bichromate:

Other anions:
Sodium chromate
Sodium molybdate
Sodium tungstate

Other cations:
Potassium dichromate
Ammonium dichromate

Names of Sodium Bichromate:

Regulatory process names:
Chromic acid (H2Cr2O7), disodium salt

Translated names:
dichroman sodný (cs)
dichroman sodný natriumdichromát (cs)
dichromate de sodium (fr)
dichromian(VI) sodu (pl)
dichróman sodný (sk)
dicromat de sodiu (ro)
dicromato de sodio (es)
dicromato de sódio (pt)
dicromato di sodio (it)
dikromat tas-sodju (mt)
naatriumdikromaat (et)
natrijev dikromat (hr)
natrijev dikromat (sl)
natrio dichromatas (lt)
natriumdichromaat (nl)
natriumdichromat (da)
Natriumdichromat (de)
natriumdichromát (cs)
natriumdikromaatti (fi)
natriumdikromat (no)
natriumdikromat (sv)
nátrium-dikromát (hu)
nātrija dihromāts (lv)
διχρωμικό νάτριο (el)
натриев дихромат (bg)

CAS names:
Chromic acid (H2Cr2O7), sodium salt (1:2)

IUPAC names:
disodium [(oxidodioxochromio)oxy]chromiumoylolate
disodium [(oxidodioxochromio)oxy]chromiumoylolate dihydrate
disodium oxido-(oxido(dioxo)chromio)oxy-dioxochromium
disodium oxido-(oxido-dioxo-chromio)oxy-dioxo-chromium hydrate
Sodio Dicromato 2-hidrato
Sodium Bichromate
sodium chromate
Sodium Dichromate
Sodium dichromate
sodium dichromate
Sodium dichromate
sodium dichromate dihydrate
sodium dichromate(VI)
Sodium dichromate

Other name:
Chromic acid disodium salt

Other identifiers:
024-004-00-7
1018900-84-9
1018900-84-9
10588-01-9
1088355-13-8
1088355-13-8
12018-32-5
12018-32-5
1391351-00-0
1391351-00-0
7789-12-0

Synonyms of Sodium Bichromate:
Sodium dichromate
10588-01-9
Disodium dichromate
Bichromate of soda
Natriumdichromat
Sodium dichromate(VI)
Dichromate, sodium
Sodium dichromate (Na2(Cr2O7))
Dichromic acid, sodium salt
Dichromic acid, disodium salt
EINECS 252-062-5
C9G6VY6ZZ4
disodium;oxido-(oxido(dioxo)chromio)oxy-dioxochromium
Celcure
Chromic acid (H2Cr2O7), sodium salt (1:2)
34493-01-1
Caswell No. 761
Celcure Wood Presrvative
Natriumbichromaat
Natriumdichromaat
Natriumbichromaat [Dutch]
Natriumdichromaat [Dutch]
Natriumdichromat [German]
Oakite Composition No. 155
Bichromate de sodium
Bichromate de sodium [French]
Wood Cure A Wood Preservative
HSDB 737
Sodium(dichromate de)
Sodium(dichromate de) [French]
Sodio (dicromato di)
Sodio (dicromato di) [Italian]
Na2Cr2O7
Chromium sodium oxide (Cr3Na2O7)
EINECS 234-190-3
UNII-C9G6VY6ZZ4
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 068304
Chromic acid (H2Cr2O7), disodium salt
Dichromic acid (H2Cr2O7), disodium salt
CCRIS 8137
Natriumdichromat(VI)
sodium dichromate(2-)
Na2[Cr2O7]
SODIUM DICHROMATE (VI)
DTXSID8021274
SODIUM DICHROMATE [HSDB]
CHEBI:39483
DICHROMIC ACID,SODIUM SALT
SODIUM DICHROMATE(VI) [MI]
AKOS015913934
Q407873
 

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