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SODIUM CUMENESULFONATE 40% & 93%

 

 

Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% is used as a solubilizer and cloud point depressor in wax cleaners, air mist drilling, laundry washing, drilling fluids, stimulation fluids, anti-caking agents, and coupling agents in powdered detergents.
Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% is also used in metal processing applications, oilfield applications, and hydrogen sulfide scavangers.
Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% is used Cloud Point Depressor, Solubilizer, Anti-caking Agent, Coupling Agent, Metal Processing, and Oilfield Applications.


CAS Number: 28348-53-0
Molecular Formula: C₉H₁₁NaO₃S
Molecular Weight: ~222.24 g/mol

SYNONYMS:
Eltesol SC 40 F, Sodium Cumenesulfonate,40%, Sodium cumenesulfonate IN STOCK, Sodium cumenesulfonate Factory, (1-methylethyl)-benzenesulfonicacisodiumsalt, Benzenesulfonicacid,(1-methylethyl)-,sodiumsalt, Sodium cumene sulphatee 40%, (1-METHYLETHYL)-BENZENESULPHONICACID,SODIUMSALT, A819420, W-109203, Q27252361, SCHEMBL9850302, M-CUMENESULPHONIC ACID, SODIUM SALT, SODIUM 3-ISOPROPYLBENZENESULPHONATE, M-CUMENESULFONIC ACID, SODIUM SALT, SODIUM M-CUMENESULPHONATE, 65130-69-0, DTXSID70872317, sodium 2-phenylpropane-2-sulfonate, sodium 2-phenylpropane-3-sulfonate, SODIUM CUMENESULFONATE 40% & 93%, Sodium cumene sulphonate, SODIUM CUMENESULPHONATE, Sodium cumenesulphonate, eltesol sc93, einecs 248-983-7, natriumcumolsulfonat, sodium cumenesulfonate, sodium cumene sulphatee 40%, ar-cumenesulfonic acid, sodium salt, sodium cumene sulfonate 10g [28348-53-0], (1-methylethyl)-benzenesulfonicacisodiumsalt, (1-methylethyl)-benzenesulphonicacid,sodiumsalt, benzenesulfonicacid,(1-methylethyl)-,sodiumsalt, Benzenesulfonic acid, (1-methylethyl)-, sodium salt, Sodium cumenesulphonate, ar-Cumenesulfonic acid, sodium salt, [ChemIDplus] Cumenesulfonic acid, sodium salt, Cumenesulfonate, sodium salt, Sodium cumene sulfonate, Benzenesulfonic acid (1 methylethyl) sodium salt, Methylethylbenzenesulfonate, sodium salt, [OECD SIDS: Hydrotropes - 2005] Cumolsulfonsaeure–Na–Salz, Natrium–cumolsulfonat, [IUCLID], Benzenesulfonic acid, (1-methylethyl)-, sodium salt, Benzenesulfonicacid, (1-methylethyl)-, sodium salt (9CI), ar-Cumenesulfonic acid, sodium salt(8CI), Eltesol SC 40, Eltesol SC 93, Naxonate SC, Sodium cumolsulfonate, Sodium cumylsulfonate, Sodium isopropylbenzenesulfonate, Sodium mono-isopropylbenzenesulfonate, Stepanate SCS, Taycatox N 5040, Eltesol SC 93, Eltesol SC 40 F, Einecs 248-983-7, Stepanate SCS 40, Natriumcumolsulfonat, Sodium cumenesulfonate, Sodium Cumenesulfonate,40%, Sodium cumene sulphatee 40%, Sodium Cumene Sulphonate 40, Sodium cumenesulfonate Factory, (1-methylethyl)-benzenesulfonic acid sodium salt, benzenesulfonic acid (1-methylethyl) sodium salt, ar-cumene sulfonic acid sodium salt, sodium 3-isopropylbenzenesulfonate, Stepante SCS-40, Stepante SCS-93, Eltesol SC40, Teric 12A3N, Teric 12A3N, Eltesol SC93, Eltesol SC40, Eltesol SC 40 F, Einecs 248-983-7, Stepanate SCS 40, Natriumcumolsulfonat, Sodium cumenesulfonate, Sodiumcumenesulphatee40%, Sodium Cumenesulfonate,40%

Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% is a white to cream powder.
Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% is an amphiphilic substance composed of both a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic functional group.
The hydrophobic part of Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% is a benzene substituted apolar segment.


The hydrophilic, polar segment of Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% is an anionic sulfonate group accompanied by a counter ion (sodium).
Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% is produced by sulfonation of an aromatic hydrocarbon solvent (cumene).
The resulting aromatic sulfonic acid is neutralized using an appropriate base (e.g.,sodium hydroxide) to produce the sulfonate or hydrotrope.


Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% is a ‘pure’ substance but is produced and transported in granular solids typically at 90-95% level of activity.
The other components of granular solids include sodium sulphate.
Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% is an anionic surfactant used in liquid and powdered detergent formulation, heavy duty cleaners, wax strippers and dishwashing detergents.


Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% is a substituted aromatic compound.
Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% is a sodium cumene sulphonate powder.


Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% is a chemical compound with the formula C9H11O3SNa.
Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% is also known as sodium cumenesulphonate or sodium isopropylbenzenesulphonate.

USES and APPLICATIONS of SODIUM CUMENESULFONATE 40% & 93%:
Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% is primarily used as a surfactant and wetting agent in various industries.
Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% can be found in products such as detergents, cleaners, emulsifiers, and industrial formulations.
Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% helps to improve the ability of these products to mix with water and interact with surfaces or substances they come into contact with.


Other Uses: Apart from its surfactant properties, Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% can also act as a stabilizer, dispersing agent, or pH regulator in certain formulations.
Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93%'s presence can help prevent precipitates or agglomerates from forming and maintain the stability and consistency of products.


Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% is used as a solubilizer and cloud point depressor in wax cleaners, air mist drilling, laundry washing, drilling fluids, stimulation fluids, anti-caking agents, and coupling agents in powdered detergents.
Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% is also used in metal processing applications, oilfield applications, and hydrogen sulfide scavangers.


Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% is used Cloud Point Depressor, Solubilizer, Anti-caking Agent, Coupling Agent, Metal Processing, and Oilfield Applications.
Application of Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% by End-user Industry: Detergent, Chemical, Metal Working, and Oil & Gas.


Hydrotropes (such as cumene sulphonate) are also used to enhance the solubility of organic materials in the water base.
As a result, they have wide range of application.
Based on application, the global Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% market has been segmented into industrial & institutional, household, oilfield, laundry & cleaning, and others.


Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% is a hydrotrope organic compound that increases the solubility of a surfactant in a formulation.
Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% can be found in products such as liquid soaps, dish washing liquids & shampoos, wax cleaners, commercial/ industrial/ household laundry detergents, etc.


Increasing demand for household and industrial detergent products will drive the Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% market demand.
Liquid detergent products are popular in developed economies owing to easy usage and higher performance compared to powder detergents.
Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% is one of the key ingredients used in several liquid detergent products.


The major material used in the production of sodium 2-isopropylbenzenesulfonate includes cumene, sodium hydroxide, and sulfuric acid, among others.
The prices of these raw materials will hugely fluctuate in the global market scenarios; hence, directly affecting the cost of production.


Cumene is one of the major raw materials used in the production of Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% and is produced from propene and benzene (crude oil derivatives).
Any fluctuation in the global crude oil prices will hugely impact the overall production cost of Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93%.


Cumene sodium sulfonate is also known as cumene sodium sulfonate, and molecular formula is C9H11NaO3S, is mainly used in making solubility promoter, couplant and auxiliary agent, for organic synthesis, household chemicals and chemical reagent in sanitising agent and other industry.
Textile Industry: Dye and printing processes: Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% improves the wetting and dispersing properties in textile treatments, enhancing dye uptake and color uniformity in fabrics.


Agriculture: Adjuvant in pesticides and herbicides: Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% is used as an additive in agricultural chemicals to improve the solubility and dispersion of active ingredients in aqueous solutions.
Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% is used as a coupling agent to solubilize water insoluble, incompatible, and/or complex components of household and institutional cleaning products and personal care products.


Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% is used in the textile processing and personal-domestic use industries, as a cleaning/washing agent, disinfectant, surface-active agent, and impregnating agent.
Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% is permitted for use as an inert ingredient in non-food pesticide products.


Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% is used solubilizer, coupling agent, cloud point depressant, viscosity reducer, anti-caking agent in powdered detergent.
Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% is used as an electroplating bath additive and as viscosity reducer for concentrated liquid detergent and as solubilizer and cloud point depressor.


Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% is effective in promoting the compatibility of various ingredients present in a multicomponent.
Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% is used Hydrotrope, Solubilizer, Coupling agent, Cloud point depressant, Viscosity reducer, Rinse Aids, An Anti-caking agent in powdered detergent, Industrial cleaners, Metal processing like Electroplating and Zinc plating


Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% acts as a hydrotrope and may be used to increase the solubility of other compounds.
In conjunction with non-ionic surfactants, Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% will raise the cloud point of the solution allowing clear liquids to be obtained at higher temperatures, enabling additional control of the foaming characteristics and performance.


Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% may also be used to reduce the viscosity of concentrated surfactants and formulations.
Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% is used hydrotrope, solubilizer, coupling agent, cloud point depressant, viscosity reducer, an anti-caking agent in powdered detergent.


Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% is used as coupling agents to solubilize the water insoluble and often incompatible functional ingredients of household and institutional cleaning products and personal care products.
Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% is used to solubilize complex formulations in water.


Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% funtions to stabilize solutions, modify viscosity and cloud-point, limit low temperature phase separation and reduce foam.
Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% is an anionic surfactant used in liquid and powdered detergent formulation, heavy duty cleaners, wax strippers and dishwashing detergents.


Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% functions as a solubilizing agent, coupling agent and cloud point depressant.
Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93%, also known as benzenesulfonic acid, (1-methylethyl)-, sodium salt, and sodium 2-isopropylbenzenesulfonate, is used in several applications owing to its viscosity-reducing properties.


Furthermore, Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% is used as a coupling agent, solubilizer, and anti-caking agents in powder detergents.
Additionally, Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% promotes compatibility among several chemicals present in multi-component systems.
The use of chemicals in a wide range of shampoos and dishwashing agents is expected to drive the Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% market.


Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% is a hydrotope compound, which consists of a hydrophilic part and a hydrophobic part, similar to surfactants.
These compounds can get dissolved in water.
There are several advantages of Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93%.


Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% increases the solubility for less soluble organic matter; lowers the cloud point of aqueous formulated products, effectively promotes the compatibility of various ingredients present in a multicomponent system, and moderates the viscosity of aqueous formulated products.


Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% is an addictive used to inhibit of acidic corrosion of pure aluminum by some organic compounds.
Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% acts as a hydrotrope and may be used to increase the solubility of other compounds.


In conjunction with non-ionic surfactants Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% will raise the cloud point of the solution allowing clear liquids to be obtained at higher temperatures, enabling additional control of the foaming characteristics and performance.


Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% may also be used to reduce the viscosity of concentrated surfactants and formulations.
Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% is a addictive use to inhibit of acidic corrosion of pure aluminum by some organic compounds.


-Household and Industrial Cleaners uses of Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93%:
*Hydrotrope: 
In liquid detergents and cleaners, Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% acts as a hydrotrope to enhance the solubility of less water-soluble components (e.g., surfactants, fragrances, and oils) without altering their performance.

*Boosting detergent performance:
Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% stabilizes the formula, ensuring high concentrations of surfactants work efficiently.


-Oil & Gas Industry uses of Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93%:
*Oil well stimulation: 
Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% is used to improve the penetration of cleaning agents into oil-bearing formations, enhancing the extraction process.

*Drilling fluids: 
Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% helps improve the solubility of various components in drilling fluid formulations, enhancing their stability and effectiveness.


-Powder Detergents uses of Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93%:
*Hydrotrope: 
Similar to its liquid form, powdered Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% is used to increase the solubility of surfactants in powdered detergent formulations.
Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% helps to reduce caking and improve stability in high-concentration detergent powders.


-Industrial Cleaners uses of Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93%:
*Cleaning and degreasing powders: 
In industrial environments, Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% powder is used in cleaning and degreasing formulations for metals, machinery, and equipment.
Sodium cumenesulfonate facilitates the removal of heavy greases and oils without leaving residues.


-Personal Care Products uses of Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93%:
*Cosmetics and skin care products: 
Powdered Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% is used as a solubilizer and dispersant in powdered cosmetic formulations to improve the mixability of ingredients and ensure an even texture.


-Paints and Coatings uses of Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93%:
*Dispersant: 
In powder coatings and paints, Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% is used as a dispersing agent to improve pigment and additive dispersion, enhancing color consistency and product stability.

SOME KEY POINTS of SODIUM CUMENESULFONATE 40% & 93%:
Here are some key points about Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93%:

*Chemical Structure: 
Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% is derived from cumene, which is also known as isopropyl benzene or 2-phenylpropane.
Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% consists of a cumene molecule (C9H12) with a sulfonic acid group (SO3H) attached to the benzene ring.
The hydrogen of the sulfonic acid group is replaced by a sodium ion (Na+) to form the salt.


*Physical Properties: 
Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% is a white to off-white crystalline powder that is soluble in water.
Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% has a molecular weight of around 208.25 g/mol.


*Surfactant Properties: 
As a sulfonate compound, Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% is a surfactant, meaning it has detergent-like properties.
Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% has the ability to lower the surface tension of liquids and improve wetting and spreading characteristics.


*Safety Considerations: 
Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% is generally considered to be safe for use in approved formulations.
However, Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% is important to follow safety guidelines and handle the compound responsibly.
It is worth mentioning that while Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% has various industrial applications, further information may be required about its specific use or context to provide more tailored information.

PRODUCTION of SODIUM CUMENESULFONATE 40% & 93%:
Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% is an anionic surfactant and acts as hydrotropes to modify solubilities, viscosities, and other properties of surfactants and surfactant formulations.
Sodium cumenesulfonate 40% & 93% is produced by the sulphonation of cumene followed by neutralization with sodium hydroxide.

*Sulphonation step: 
involves the use of oleum, a solution of SO3 in sulphuric acid.

*Neutralization step: 
The generated aromatic sulphonic acid is converted to their respective salts by neutralization with sodium hydroxide to produce the sodium sulphonate.
The neutralization is conveniently done in water, since the sulphonates, and even more so the short alkyl chain hydrotropes, are generally water soluble to the extent of 30–50%.

*Post‐processing step: 
can involve a solvent extraction to remove sulphones and chemical bleaching.
If solvent extraction is done, traces of solvent must be removed by distillation, usually as the azeotrope.
For a low sulphate product treatment with lime may be necessary.

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of SODIUM CUMENESULFONATE 40% & 93%:
CAS No.: 28348-53-0
Chemical Name: Sodium cumenesulfonate
CBNumber: CB8506326
Molecular Formula: C9H11NaO3S
Formula Weight: 222.24
Melting Point: >300°C
Boiling Point: 549.19℃ [at 101 325 Pa]
Density: 0.61 [at 20℃]
Vapor Pressure: 0Pa at 25℃
Storage Temp.: Inert atmosphere, Room Temperature
Solubility: DMSO (Slightly)

Form: Solid
pKa: 2 [at 20 ℃]
Color: White to Off-White
Water Solubility: 634.6g/L at 25℃
InChI: InChI=1S/C9H12O3S.Na/c1-7(2)8-3-5-9(6-4-8)13(10,11)12;/h3-7H,1-2H3,(H,10,11,12);/q;+1/p-1
InChIKey: QEKATQBVVAZOAY-UHFFFAOYSA-M
SMILES: C1(S([O-])(=O)=O)=CC=C(C(C)C)C=C1.[Na+]
LogP: -1.5 at 25℃
EPA Substance Registry System: Sodium cumenesulfonate (28348-53-0)
CBNumber: CB8506326

Molecular Formula: C9H11NaO3S
Molecular Weight: 222.24
Form & Purity: ~93% solid: Typical solid product purity / 40% solution: Liquid hydrotrope
Appearance & State: Solid: White to off-white powder/crystalline / 
Liquid: Amber-colored hydrotrope when in 40% aqueous form
Melting Point: > 300 °C (solid form)
Boiling Point: ~549 °C at atmospheric pressure
Density: Solid: ~0.61 g/cm³ at ~20–22 °C / 40% Liquid: Specific gravity ~1.17 at 25 °C
Vapor Pressure: Approximately 0 Pa at 25 °C
Water Solubility: ~634.6 g/L at 25 °C—a highly soluble compound

Log P (octanol/water): –1.5 (at 25 °C, pH 7), indicating hydrophilicity
pKa: ~2 (at 20 °C)
Surface Tension (solid form): ~29.3–31.8 dyn/cm at 25 °C
CAS Number: 32073-22-6 / 28348-53-0
Chem/IUPAC Name: Cumene, monosulpho derivative, sodium salt
EINECS/ELINCS No: 250-913-5 / 248-983-7
COSING REF No: 79388
Chemical Name: Sodium cumenesulfonate
CAS No.: 28348-53-0
Molecular Formula: C9H11NaO3S

Molecular Weight: 222.23
Appearance/Colour: Colorless to light yellow liquid, bland odor
Vapor Pressure: 0Pa at 25℃
Boiling Point: 101oC
pKa: 2 [at 20 ℃]
Flash Point: > 250 °F
PSA: 65.58000
Density: 0.61 [at 20℃]
LogP: 2.79490
Storage Temp.: Inert atmosphere, Room Temperature
Solubility.: DMSO (Slightly)

Water Solubility.: 634.6g/L at 25℃
Appearance & State: Solid: White to off-white powder/crystalline / 
Liquid: Amber-colored hydrotrope when in 40% aqueous form
Melting Point: > 300 °C (solid form)
Boiling Point: ~549 °C at atmospheric pressure
Density: Solid: ~0.61 g/cm³ at ~20–22 °C / 40% Liquid: Specific gravity ~1.17 at 25 °C
Vapor Pressure: Approximately 0 Pa at 25 °C
Water Solubility: ~634.6 g/L at 25 °C—a highly soluble compound
Log P (octanol/water): –1.5 (at 25 °C, pH 7), indicating hydrophilicity
pKa: ~2 (at 20 °C)
Surface Tension (solid form): ~29.3–31.8 dyn/cm at 25 °C

Physical state : Liquid
Appearance : Liquid.
Colour : light yellow. dark yellow. brown.
Odour : Neutral.
Odour threshold : No data available
pH : No data available
pH solution : 3 (7.5 – 9.5) %
Relative evaporation rate (butylacetate=1) : No data available
Melting point : < 0 °C Not applicable

Freezing point : No data available
Boiling point : > 100
Flash point : > 100 °C
Auto-ignition temperature : No data available
Decomposition temperature : No data available
Flammability (solid, gas) : Not applicable
Vapour pressure : No data available
Relative vapour density at 20 °C : 1.14 g/cm3
Relative density : No data available
Solubility : No data available

Partition coefficient n-octanol/water (Log Pow) : 1.1 (23°C)
Viscosity, kinematic : No data available
Viscosity, dynamic : No data available
Explosive properties : No data available
Oxidising properties : No data available
Explosive limits : No data available
EC / List no.: 248-983-7
CAS no.: 28348-53-0
Mol. formula: C9H11NaO3S

FIRST AID MEASURES of SODIUM CUMENESULFONATE 40% & 93%:
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation: 
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact: 
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. 
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact: 
Rinse out with plenty of water. 
Call in ophthalmologist. 
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing: 
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most). 
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of SODIUM CUMENESULFONATE 40% & 93%:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains. 
Collect, bind, and pump off spills. 
Observe possible material restrictions. 
Take up dry. 
Dispose of properly. 
Clean up affected area.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of SODIUM CUMENESULFONATE 40% & 93%:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2) 
Foam 
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of SODIUM CUMENESULFONATE 40% & 93%:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection. 
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A 
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of SODIUM CUMENESULFONATE 40% & 93%:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed. 
Dry.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of SODIUM CUMENESULFONATE 40% & 93%:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature).
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
 

 
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