SODIUM DODECYL SULFATE

Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate is an anionic surfactant, and is a typical representative of sulphate-based surfactant. 
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate is abbreviated as SDS, and also known as AS, K12, coco alcohol sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfate and foaming agent. 
The commercial products are usually white to light yellow crystalline powder. 

CAS:    151-21-3
MF:    C12H26O4S.Na
MW:    289.39
EINECS:    205-788-1

Synonyms
LAURYL SULFATE SODIUM SALT;LAURYL SODIUM SULFATE;LAURYL SULFATE, SODIUM;LAURYL SULFATE NA-SALT;IPC-SDS;DODECYLSULFURIC ACID SODIUM SALT;DODECYL SULFATE SODIUM;DODECYL SULFATE SODIUM SALT

Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate is non-toxic, slightly soluble in alcohol, insoluble in chloroform and ether, soluble in water, and has good anionic and nonionic complex compatibility. 
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate has good emulsibility, foamability, and foaming, infiltrating, decontaminating and dispersing properties. 
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate is abundant in foams and quickly biodegradable, and has solubility next only to fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sodium sulphate (abbreviated as AES). 
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate is not sensitive to alkali and hard water, but its stability is inferior to general sulfonate under acidic conditions and is close to AES. 
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate is not favorable to exceed 95 °C upon long-term heating, and its irritation is at the middle level among surfactants, with an irritation index of 3.3 for a 10% solution, which is higher than AES and lower than sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (abbreviated as LAS). 
oxicity LD50 is 1300mg/kg. 

There is no evidence that Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate is carcinogenic, but high doses may indeed irritate the skin. 
However, in general sanitary products the concentration is limited when used as a forming agent, and is in line with national standards. 
So there is no need to concern.
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate is a major component of detergent. 
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate is usually used in the DNA extraction process to separate DNA after protein denaturation. 
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate is often misread as sodium dodecyl sulfonate. 
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate is widely used as a foaming agent in toothpaste, soap, shower gel, shampoo, detergent and cosmetics. 
95% of personal care products and household cleaning products contain sodium lauryl sulfate.
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate is an organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate. 
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate has a role as a detergent and a protein denaturant. 
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate contains a dodecyl sulfate.
This anionic detergent is widely used in cosmetics and industry. 
As a skin irritant agent, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate can be used in several dermatological applications. 
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate is also a good indicator of excited skin during patch testing.

Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate or sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), sometimes written sodium laurilsulfate, is an organic compound with the formula CH3(CH2)11OSO3Na and structure H3C−(CH2)11−O−S(=O)2−O−Na+. 
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate is an anionic surfactant used in many cleaning and hygiene products. 
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate is the sodium salt of the 12-carbon organosulfate. 
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate's hydrocarbon tail combined with a polar "headgroup" give the compound amphiphilic properties that make it useful as a detergent. 
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate is also component of mixtures produced from inexpensive coconut and palm oils. 
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate is a common component of many domestic cleaning, personal hygiene and cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food products, as well as of industrial and commercial cleaning and product formulations.
Sodium dodecyl sulfate, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate or sodium lauryl sulfate, is an anionic surfactant. 
As the name suggests, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate is the sodium salt form of a 12-carbon tail attached to a polar sulfate head. 
The polar headgroup gives the compound its amphiphilic properties, making Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate an effective detergent in molecular biology, cosmetics, pharmaceutical research and industrial applications. 
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate is supplied as fine white granules.

Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate is a surfactant that is commonly used in detergents and as a laboratory reagent. 
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate is also an antimicrobial agent and has been shown to be effective against bacterial cells. 
The solubility of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate in water is dependent on the pH, with optimum concentrations at pH 7.4 and 8.2. 
Cell lysis can be induced by Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate at concentrations of 0.1% or greater, which can be monitored using plasma mass spectrometry. 
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate has been used as an experimental model for autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis, to study disease progression and treatment efficacy. 
In these studies, laser ablation was used to create lesions in the skin of mice to simulate chronic inflammatory processes that are characteristic of autoimmune diseases. 
Crystalline cellulose was found to have high values for Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate adsorption when compared with other

Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Chemical Properties
Melting point: 204-207 °C (lit.)
Density: 1.03 g/mL at 20 °C
Bulk density: 490-560kg/m3
FEMA: 4437 | SODIUM LAURYL SULFATE
Fp: >100°C
Storage temp.: 2-8°C
Solubility H2O: 0.1 M, clear to nearly clear, colorless to slightly yellow
Form: Powder or Crystals
Color: White to pale yellow
Odor: Slight fatty odour
PH Range: 7.2
PH: 6-9 (10g/l, H2O, 20℃)
Biological source: synthetic (oragnic)
Water Solubility: ca. 150 g/L (20 ºC)
λmax λ: 260 nm Amax: 0.3
λ: 280 nm Amax: 0.2
Merck: 14,8636
BRN: 3599286
InChIKey: DBMJMQXJHONAFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M
LogP: 1.600
CAS DataBase Reference: 151-21-3(CAS DataBase Reference)
EPA Substance Registry System: Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (151-21-3)
Absorption: ≤0.1 at 280nm in water at 30mg/mL

Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate consists of white or cream to pale yellow coloured crystals, flakes, or powder having a smooth feel, a soapy, bitter taste, and a faint odor of fatty substances. 
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate is easily soluble in water.
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate is an emulsifier and whipping aid that has a solubility of 1 g in 10 ml of water. 
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate functions as an emulsifier in egg whites. 
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate is used as a whipping aid in marshmallows and angel food cake mix. 
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate also functions to aid in dissolving fumaric acid.
Wetting agent, detergent, especially in the textile industry. 
Electrophoretic separation of proteins and lipids. Ingredient of toothpastes.
The critical micelle concentration (CMC) in water at 25 °C is 8.2 mM, and the aggregation number at this concentration is usually considered to be about 62.
The micelle ionization fraction (α) is around 0.3 (or 30%).

Uses
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate has excellent detergency, emulsification and foaming power, can be used as detergents and textile auxiliaries, and is also used as an anionic surfactant, toothpaste foaming agent, mine fire extinguishing agents, foaming agents for fire extinguishers, emulsion polymerization emulsifiers, emulsifying and dispersing agents for medical use, shampoo and other cosmetic products, wool detergent, detergent for silky class fine fabrics and flotation agent for metal beneficiation.
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate stipulates as processing aids for food industry. 
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate used as foaming agents; emulsifying agents; and anionic surfactants. 
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate is used for cakes, drinks, proteins, fruits, fruit juice, and edible oil, and so on.
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate is used as surfactants, detergents, foaming agents, and wetting agents, and so on.
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate is used as relatively low-level ion-pairing reagents, and is cheaper than sodium heptanesulfonate and sodium pentanesulfonate when less demanding.
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate is used as raw material for modifying materials.
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate is used as additives in capillary electrophoresis analysis and is generally used as molar solution.
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate is also used in other analysis such as flow column analysis.

Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate is mainly used in detergents for laundry with many cleaning applications.
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate is a highly effective surfactant and is used in any task requiring the removal of oily stains and residues. 
For example, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate is found in higher concentrations with industrial products including engine degreasers, floor cleaners, and car exterior cleaners.
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate is a component in hand soap, toothpastes, shampoos, shaving creams, and bubble bath formulations, for its ability to create a foam (lather), for its surfactant properties, and in part for its thickening effect.

Food additive
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate, appearing as its synonym sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), is considered a generally recognized as safe (GRAS) ingredient for food use according to the USFDA (21 CFR 172.822).
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate is used as an emulsifying agent and whipping aid.
As an emulsifier in or with egg whites the United States Code of Federal Regulations require that Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate must not exceed 1,000 parts per million (0.1%) in egg white solids or 125 parts per million (0.0125%) in frozen or liquid egg whites and as a whipping agent for the preparation of marshmallows it must not exceed 0.5% of the weight of gelatine.
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate is reported to temporarily diminish perception of sweetness.
In the case of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-PAGE, the compound works by disrupting non-covalent bonds in the proteins, and so denaturing them, i.e. causing the protein molecules to lose their native conformations and shapes. 
By binding to proteins at a ratio of one Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate molecule per 2 amino acid residues, the negatively charged detergent provides all proteins with a similar net negative charge and therefore a similar charge-to-mass ratio.
In this way, the difference in mobility of the polypeptide chains in the gel can be attributed solely to their length as opposed to both their native charge and shape. 
This separation based on the size of the polypeptide chain simplifies the analysis of protein molecules.

Miscellaneous applications
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate is used in an improved technique for preparing brain tissues for study by optical microscopy. 
The technique, which has been branded as CLARITY, was the work of Karl Deisseroth and coworkers at Stanford University, and involves infusion of the organ with an acrylamide solution to bind the macromolecules of the organ (proteins, nucleic acids, etc.), followed by thermal polymerization to form a "brain–hydrogel" (a mesh interspersed throughout the tissue to fix the macromolecules and other structures in space), and then by lipid removal using Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate to eliminate light scattering with minimal protein loss, rendering the tissue quasi-transparent.
Along with sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate and Triton X-100, aqueous solutions of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate are popular for dispersing or suspending nanotubes, such as carbon nanotubes.

Other uses
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate has been proposed as a potentially effective topical microbicide, for intravaginal use, to inhibit and possibly prevent infection by various enveloped and non-enveloped viruses such as the herpes simplex viruses, HIV, and the Semliki Forest virus.
Liquid membranes formed from Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate in water have been demonstrated to work as unusual particle separators.
The device acts as a reverse filter, allowing large particles to pass while capturing smaller particles.

Laboratory applications
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate is used in cleaning procedures, and is commonly used as a component for lysing cells during RNA extraction or DNA extraction, inhibiting the activity of nucleases, enzymes that can degrade DNA, protecting the integrity of the isolated genetic material, and for denaturing proteins in preparation for electrophoresis in the Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-PAGE technique.

Pharmaceutical Applications    
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate is an anionic surfactant employed in a wide range of nonparenteral pharmaceutical formulations and cosmetics.
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate is a detergent and wetting agent effective in both alkaline and acidic conditions. 
In recent years Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate has found application in analytical electrophoretic techniques: Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is one of the more widely used techniques for the analysis of proteins; and sodium lauryl sulfate has been used to enhance the selectivity of micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC).

Preparation    
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate can be synthesized by reacting dodecyl alcohol with sulfur trioxide gas, followed by neutralization with sodium hydroxide. 
The preparation of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate involves the following steps: The reaction takes place in a vertical reactor at 32 °C. 
Nitrogen gas is introduced through the gas vents at a flow rate of 85.9 L/min. 
Lauryl alcohol is added at a flow rate of 58 g/min at 82.7 kPa. 
Liquid sulfur trioxide is fed into the flash evaporator at 124.1 kPa, with a flow rate of 0.9072 kg/h and a flash temperature of 100 °C. 
The sulfated product is quickly cooled to 50 °C, aged for 10-20 min, then neutralized with a base in a neutralization kettle controlled at 50 °C. 
The pH is adjusted to 7-8.5, and the liquid product is spray dried to obtain a solid product.

Production Methods    
Sodium lauryl sulfate is prepared by sulfation of lauryl alcohol, followed by neutralization with sodium carbonate.

Production
Dodecyl alcohol is sulfated using sulfur trioxide. 
The reaction proceeds by initial formation of the pyrosulfate:

2 SO3 + ROH → ROSO2−O−SO3H
ROSO2−O−SO3H → ROSO3H + SO3
Several million tons are produced annually.

SDS can also be synthesized by treating lauryl alcohol with chlorosulfuric acid.
The resulting half ester of sulfuric acid is then neutralized with alkali.
Lauryl alcohol can be used in pure form or as a mixtures of fatty alcohols. 
When produced from these sources, "SDS" products are a mixture of various sodium alkyl sulfates with SDS being the main component.
For instance, SDS is a component, along with other chain-length amphiphiles, when produced from coconut oil, and is known as sodium coco sulfate (SCS).
SDS is available commercially in powder, pellet, and other forms (each differing in rates of dissolution), as well as in aqueous solutions of varying concentrations.