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DESCRIPTION
Sodium molybdate dihydrate is a chemical compound with the formula Na₂MoO₄•2H₂O.
Sodium molybdate dihydrate is a colorless, crystalline substance that contains both sodium and molybdate ions.
Cas Number: 10102-40-6
Synonyms
Sodium molybdate dihydrate,10102-40-6,Sodium molybdate(VI) dihydrate,Disodium molybdate dihydrate,Na2MoO4.2H2O,Molybdic acid sodium salt dihydrate,MFCD00149170,Molybdic acid, disodium salt, dihydrate,sodium orthomolybdate dihydrate,UNII-8F2SXI1704,8F2SXI1704,DTXSID7051505,CHEBI:75213,SODIUM MOLYBDATE(VI)DIHYDRATE,SODIUM MOLYBDATE DIHYDRATE [USP-RS],SODIUM MOLYBDATE DIHYDRATE [WHO-DD],SODIUM MOLYBDATE(VI) DIHYDRATE [MI],sodium dioxido(dioxo)molybdenum--water (1/2),SODIUM MOLYBDATE DIHYDRATE [EP MONOGRAPH],SODIUM MOLYBDATE DIHYDRATE (USP-RS),SODIUM MOLYBDATE DIHYDRATE (EP MONOGRAPH),Sodium molybdenum oxide dihydrate,Molyhibit 100,Sodium molybdate 2 hydrate,Molybdate (MoO42-), disodium, dihydrate, (T-4)-,DTXCID8030053,FDEIWTXVNPKYDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N,Sodium molybdate (Na2MoO4) dihydrate,Disodium molybdenum(VI) oxide dihydrate,disodium dioxido(dioxo)molybdenum dihydrate,disodium;dioxido(dioxo)molybdenum;dihydrate,NS00128447,Molybdate (MoO42), disodium, dihydrate, (T4),A800316,Q27145167,disodium bis(oxidanidyl)-bis(oxidanylidene)molybdenum dihydrate
Sodium molybdate dihydrate (Na₂MoO₄•2H₂O) is an important compound in various industries, including catalysis, agriculture, and materials science.
Its unique chemical structure and properties make it a valuable resource for a range of applications, particularly in the synthesis of fine chemicals and as a micronutrient in fertilizers.
This paper provides an in-depth review of sodium molybdate dihydrate, focusing on its molecular properties, methods of synthesis, advanced analytical characterization, and broad applications.
Molybdenum and its Compounds:
Begin by introducing molybdenum, its importance in industrial processes, and its role in the biological systems as a micronutrient.
Discuss the chemical family of molybdates and their significance in various applications.
Importance of Sodium Molybdate Dihydrate:
Detail how sodium molybdate dihydrate is a significant form of sodium molybdate due to its specific chemical structure, and why it is widely used in fields ranging from catalysis to agriculture.
Article Structure:
Provide an overview of the article's structure, highlighting the major topics such as synthesis, applications, environmental considerations, and recent research advances.
Chemical Properties of Sodium Molybdate Dihydrate
Molecular Structure:
Describe the structure of sodium molybdate dihydrate in detail. Sodium molybdate dihydrate consists of a molybdate (MoO₄²⁻) ion bonded to two water molecules.
The geometry of the molybdate ion is tetrahedral, and it forms an ionic compound with sodium ions (Na⁺).
Discuss how the water of crystallization influences the properties and stability of the compound.
Physical Properties:
Appearance: White crystalline solid.
Solubility: Sodium molybdate dihydrate is soluble in water, and its solubility increases with temperature.
Melting Point: Provide data on its melting point and decomposition temperature.
Density: Typical densities observed.
Stability: Discuss how sodium molybdate dihydrate behaves under various temperature and pH conditions.
For example, its stability in acidic environments compared to alkaline conditions.
Chemical Properties:
Reaction with Acids: It reacts with strong acids to release molybdate ions.
Reaction with Bases: Discuss its basicity and interaction with alkaline substances.
Redox Behavior: Sodium molybdate dihydrate undergoes redox reactions, often being reduced to form molybdenum oxide (MoO₃) or other molybdenum compounds under appropriate conditions.
Synthesis and Preparation
Synthesis Methods:
Provide an in-depth explanation of various methods for preparing sodium molybdate dihydrate, such as:
Precipitation Method: Describe the typical procedure of precipitating sodium molybdate from molybdenum trioxide and sodium hydroxide solutions.
Discuss the role of temperature and concentration in controlling the quality of the crystals.
Hydrothermal Synthesis: Detail how sodium molybdate dihydrate can be synthesized in a hydrothermal environment under controlled pressure and temperature to improve crystal quality.
Solvothermal Synthesis: Explain the solvothermal method, which involves a solvent such as water or alcohol to facilitate the synthesis at elevated temperatures and pressures.
Purification and Crystallization:
Discuss methods to purify sodium molybdate dihydrate, such as recrystallization from water, ensuring high purity.
Discuss factors like evaporation rate, cooling rate, and the effects of impurities on the final product.
Analytical Methods for Characterization
X-ray Diffraction (XRD):
Detail how XRD is used to confirm the crystal structure of sodium molybdate dihydrate.
Discuss the characteristic diffraction patterns that identify this compound and compare it to other forms of molybdate.
Infrared Spectroscopy (IR):
Discuss how IR spectroscopy is useful for identifying the functional groups, especially the O-H and Mo=O stretches, in sodium molybdate dihydrate.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR):
Explain the utility of NMR in studying the bonding environment of the molybdate ion and its hydration state.
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM):
Show how SEM helps in observing the surface morphology and particle size distribution of sodium molybdate dihydrate crystals.
Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA):
Describe how TGA is used to analyze the thermal stability and decomposition behavior of sodium molybdate dihydrate, especially in terms of water loss upon heating.
Applications of Sodium Molybdate Dihydrate
Catalysis:
Sodium molybdate dihydrate is widely used as a catalyst in the chemical industry.
Discuss its role in oxidative reactions, such as the production of formaldehyde from methanol, and its use in petroleum refining to remove sulfur impurities.
Agriculture:
Sodium molybdate dihydrate serves as a micronutrient in fertilizers, providing molybdenum to plants, which is essential for nitrogen fixation and enzyme activity.
Discuss its role in crop yields, particularly in legumes and other nitrogen-fixing plants.
Electronics and Materials Science:
Sodium molybdate dihydrate is used in the fabrication of thin films and as a precursor to other molybdenum-based materials in semiconductors.
Discuss the role of sodium molybdate in the synthesis of molybdenum oxide (MoO₃) for various electronics and optoelectronics applications.
Environmental Applications:
Sodium molybdate dihydrate is employed in water treatment processes, including removal of heavy metals and as a corrosion inhibitor in cooling systems.
It is also utilized in the remediation of contaminated soils and groundwater by precipitating heavy metal ions.
Recent Advances in Research
Nanotechnology:
Discuss recent research on the use of sodium molybdate dihydrate in nanomaterial synthesis, particularly for advanced catalysis and energy applications.
Green Chemistry:
Describe advances in the use of sodium molybdate as a greener alternative to traditional catalysts, such as in biodiesel production or the sustainable synthesis of fine chemicals.
Biological Studies:
Examine research on the biological roles of molybdenum and sodium molybdate, especially its impact on human health and its potential use in medical applications.
Future Prospects and Challenges
Emerging Applications:
Predict how sodium molybdate dihydrate could be used in future technologies, such as energy storage, renewable energy, and as a catalyst for green technologies.
Sustainability:
Discuss the challenges in improving the sustainability of sodium molybdate dihydrate production, focusing on reducing energy consumption, minimizing waste, and exploring recycling methods.
Research Gaps:
Highlight areas where further research is needed, particularly in optimizing synthesis methods, exploring new applications, and understanding its environmental behavior.
Summarize the key findings of the article, emphasizing the diverse applications of sodium molybdate dihydrate, its benefits, and its challenges.
Highlight the importance of continued research to maximize its potential and reduce environmental impacts.
SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT SODIUM MOLYBDATE DIHYDRATE
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:
If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.
In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.
If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.
Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas
Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.
Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.
Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.
Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.
Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.
Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials
Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.
Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).
Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.
Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.
If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.
Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.
Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product
