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Sodium Periodate is an inorganic compound commonly used as an oxidizing agent in organic synthesis and analytical chemistry.
It exists in two main forms: sodium metaperiodate and sodium orthoperiodate.
CAS Numbers
Sodium Metaperiodate: 7790-28-5,Sodium Orthoperiodate: 13444-71-8
Synonyms
Sodium Metaperiodate (NaIO₄),Sodium periodate,Periodic acid, sodium salt,Sodium (meta)periodate,Sodium salt of periodic acid, Metaperiodic acid, sodium salt,Sodium Orthoperiodate (Na₅IO₆),Sodium periodate (orthoperiodate form),Sodium (ortho)periodate,Pentasodium periodate,Sodium salt of orthoperiodic acid,Orthoperiodic acid, sodium salt
Introduction
Definition and General Overview
Introduction to sodium periodate (NaIO₄ and Na₅IO₆), its forms (meta and ortho), classification as a periodate salt, and general uses as an oxidizing agent.
Historical Development and Discovery
Discovery timeline, major contributors to periodate chemistry, and historical industrial adoption.
Chemical Properties
Molecular Formula and Structure
Chemical formulae of sodium meta- and ortho-periodate, crystalline structure, and polyatomic ion geometry.
Physical and Chemical Properties
Melting point, density, color, hygroscopicity, oxidizing power, and decomposition behavior.
Solubility and Stability
Solubility in water and organic solvents, thermal stability, and behavior under different pH conditions.
Synthesis and Production
Laboratory Synthesis Methods
Preparation from sodium iodate and oxidizing agents, oxidative methods using chlorine, ozone, or electrolytic synthesis.
Industrial Manufacturing Processes
Large-scale production techniques, purification steps, environmental controls, and yield optimization.
Analytical Methods
Characterization Techniques
Use of infrared (IR) spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and UV-Vis for structural analysis.
Purity Determination
Titrimetric analysis, chromatography (HPLC, GC-MS), and spectrophotometric techniques for quality control.
Reactivity and Mechanisms
Oxidation Properties
Sodium periodate as a strong oxidizer, ability to cleave vicinal diols to aldehydes or ketones, and role in selective oxidations.
Reactivity with Organic/Inorganic Compounds
Mechanisms in reactions with alcohols, amines, phenols, and carbohydrates; reactions with inorganic anions or transition metals.
Applications
Organic Synthesis
Use in synthetic organic chemistry, especially oxidative cleavage reactions (e.g., in carbohydrates and glycols).
Use in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Role in modifying carbohydrates for conjugation, use in protein labeling, cell surface studies, and bioconjugation.
Industrial Uses
Use in specialty chemical synthesis, electrochemical devices, polymer chemistry, and certain disinfectants.
Benefits and Advantages
Efficiency in Selective Oxidation
High specificity for 1,2-diols, clean reaction profiles, minimal by-products.
Environmental Benefits in Green Chemistry
Non-metal oxidant alternatives, compatibility with aqueous systems, lower environmental burden than heavy metal oxidants.
Limitations and Challenges
Cost and Availability
Expense of raw materials and commercial limitations in large-scale deployment.
Stability and Handling Issues
Decomposition upon heating, storage sensitivity to moisture and light, and safety precautions for oxidizers.
SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT SODIUM PERIODATE
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:
If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.
In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.
If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.
Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas
Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.
Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.
Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.
Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.
Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.
Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials
Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.
Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).
Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.
Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.
If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.
Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.
Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product
