PRODUCTS

SODIUM PERSULFATE

Sodium Persulfate acts as a bleaching agent and in the production of dyestuffs.
Sodium Persulfate finds application in zinc and printed circuit boards and considered to be a replacement for ammonium persulfate in etching mixtures.
Sodium Persulfate is used in the preparation of diapocynin from apocynin.

CAS Number: 7775-27-1
EC Number: 231-892-1
Molecular Formula: Na2S2O8 / 2Na.S2.O8 / Na2O8S2
Molar Mass: 238.10 g/mol

SYNONYMS:
Sodium Persulfate, Sodium Peroxydisulfate, Sodium Peroxodisulfate, Peroxydisulfuric Acid, Disodium Salt, DTXSID4029698, Persulfate de Sodium, Disodium Peroxydisulfate, J49FYF16JE, ORISTAR SP, Peroxydisulfuric Acid (((HO)S(O)2)2O2), Disodium Salt, DISODIUM PEROXODISULFATE, DTXCID009698, SODIUM PERSULFATE (NA2S2O8), Peroxydisulfuric Acid (((HO)S(O)2)2O2), Sodium Salt (1:2), RefChem:184069, 231-892-1, Disodium Peroxodisulphate, disodium;sulfonatooxy sulfate, MFCD00003501, CAS-7775-27-1, Persulfate de Sodium [French], Sodium Peroxydisulphate, EINECS 231-892-1, UN1505, UNII-J49FYF16JE, sodium persulphate, sodium peroxidisulfate, Na2O8S2, Na2S2O8, EC 231-892-1, SCHEMBL9188, SODIUM PERSULFATE [MI], SODIUM PERSULFATE [VANDF], Tox21_201326, Tox21_303592, AKOS025244086, NCGC00257410-01, NCGC00258878-01, Sodium Persulfate [UN1505] [Oxidizer], disodium [(sulfonatoperoxy)sulfonyl]oxidanide, NS00081432, Q419438

Sodium Persulfate is a white crystalline solid.
Sodium Persulfate, also known as sodium peroxydisulfate or peroxydisulfuric acid, is a powerful oxidizer with diverse applications across industries.
From bleaching agents to environmental remediation, its versatility makes Sodium Persulfate a valuable compound.

Chemically represented as Na2S2O8, Sodium Persulfate is a white, crystalline solid with a molecular weight of 238.1 g/mol.
Sodium Persulfate dissolves readily in water, forming a colorless solution.
Sodium persulfate, also known as sodium peroxydisulfate, is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Na₂S₂O₈ and a molecular weight of 238.08 g/mol, appearing as a white to off-white crystalline solid that is highly soluble in water (approximately 55 g/100 mL at 20°C).

Sodium Persulfate serves as a potent oxidizing agent, stable under normal conditions but capable of decomposing above 100°C to release oxygen and sulfuric acid derivatives.
Sodium persulfate is a white, odorless crystal or powder with a density of 2.477, soluble in water, insoluble in ethanol, and strongly oxidizing.
Sodium Persulfate absorbs little moisture and is stable at room temperature.

Sodium Persulfate is easy to store, easy to use and safe.
Sodium persulfate appears as a white crystalline solid.

Sodium persulfate is the inorganic compound with the formula Na2S2O8.
Sodium Persulfate is the sodium salt of peroxydisulfuric acid, H2S2O8, an oxidizing agent.
Sodium Persulfate is a white solid that dissolves in water.

Sodium Persulfate is almost non-hygroscopic and has good shelf-life.
Sodium persulfate has strong oxidizing.
Sodium Persulfate should be Sealed storage.

Heat the ammonium persulfate and sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate solution to remove carbon dioxide and ammonia to obtain sodium persulfate in the Laboratory.
Sodium Persulfate belongs to the persulfate family, which also includes ammonium persulfate and potassium persulfate.
Sodium Persulfate contains a peroxide bond (–O–O–) within the peroxydisulfate ion, enabling it to generate highly reactive sulfate radicals when activated by heat, ultraviolet light, transition metals, or alkaline conditions.

These radicals possess extremely strong oxidation potential, making sodium persulfate highly effective in advanced oxidation processes and industrial cleaning applications.
Because of its high purity, excellent stability during storage, and complete water solubility, sodium persulfate is extensively used in polymer production, electronics manufacturing, cosmetics, environmental remediation, textile processing, printed circuit board fabrication, oil and gas operations, and specialty chemical synthesis.

Its ability to generate sulfate radicals under controlled conditions has made sodium persulfate one of the most widely used oxidants for groundwater remediation, soil decontamination, and degradation of persistent organic pollutants.
Sodium Persulfate is used as a bleaching agent.

In environmental remediation, sodium persulfate is a key reagent in in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) for treating contaminated groundwater and soil, targeting persistent organic pollutants such as chlorinated solvents (e.g., trichloroethylene) and petroleum hydrocarbons.
Injected directly into subsurface environments, Sodium Persulfate generates sulfate radicals upon activation by methods like chelated iron, heat, or alkaline conditions, enabling the breakdown of contaminants into less harmful byproducts like carbon dioxide and water.

This approach has been applied since the early 2000s in advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), providing sustained release formulations for long-term treatment in low-permeability zones.
Furthermore, Sodium Persulfate is used for starch modification in industrial processes, altering starch properties for enhanced viscosity and stability in adhesives and paper coatings.

Sodium persulfate also serves as a battery depolarizer in certain electrochemical cells to prevent polarization and maintain performance.
Sodium Persulfate acts as a disinfectant in water treatment and sanitation formulations, where its oxidative properties, often activated, inactivate bacteria, fungi, and viruses.

As of 2025, Sodium Persulfate has emerged as a key reagent in recycling spent lithium-ion batteries, facilitating the leaching and recovery of valuable metals like lithium, nickel, and cobalt through mild oxidative processes that reduce environmental impact compared to traditional acid-based methods.
Sodium persulfate, also known as sodium peroxydisulfate, is a white crystalline powder with no odor.

Sodium Persulfate is soluble in water and gradually decomposes.
Moisture and high temperatures accelerate its decomposition.
Sodium Persulfate can be decomposed by ethanol and silver ions.

Sodium Persulfate's solubility in water at 20°C is 549g/L.
Sodium Persulfate has a relative density of 2.400 (bulk density: 0.7).
Sodium persulfate is the sodium salt of peroxydisulfuric acid, H2S2O8, an oxidizing agent.

Sodium Persulfate is a white solid that dissolves in water.
Sodium Persulfate is almost non-hygroscopic and has good shelf-life.
Sodium Persulfate is prepared by the electrolytic oxidation of sodium hydrogen sulfate.

Sodium persulfate also enables radical-based reactions in organic synthesis, generating sulfate radicals (SO₄•⁻) under mild conditions (40–80 °C) in aqueous media, often with silver nitrate as a catalyst to initiate homolysis of the O–O bond.
In the Minisci reaction, these radicals facilitate C–H functionalization of heteroaromatics, such as the silver-catalyzed alkylation or acetylation of quinolines and pyridines using alkyl radicals from carboxylic acids or enol ethers, achieving regioselective C–H bonds at the 2- or 4-position with yields up to 90%.

For example, isoquinoline undergoes Minisci-type acetylation with butyl vinyl ether in the presence of 2 equivalents of sodium persulfate at 80 °C, providing 1-(isoquinolin-1-yl)butan-1-one in 82% yield without metal catalysts.
This method has been pivotal for late-stage functionalization in medicinal chemistry.

A notable radical application is the oxidative dimerization of apocynin to diapocynin, a bioactive dimer with anti-inflammatory properties, using sodium persulfate and ferrous sulfate in aqueous ethanol at room temperature.
The process generates sulfate radicals that couple two apocynin units at the para position via C–C bond formation, yielding diapocynin in 70–80% after purification, and has been employed in natural product analog synthesis for NADPH oxidase inhibition studies.

Recent advancements (post-2015) highlight sodium persulfate in metal-catalyzed C–C bond formations, such as silver-promoted double-decarboxylative coupling of α-keto acids and cinnamic acids in water at 100 °C to form chalcones in 70–95% yields, showcasing its role in sustainable synthesis of enones for pharmaceutical intermediates.
Additionally, iron-catalyzed oxidative cyclizations of thioureas to benzothiazoles using sodium persulfate in DMSO at 120 °C proceed via C–S and C–N bond formation, delivering products in 60–85% yields for diversity-oriented synthesis.
These examples underscore sodium persulfate's utility in efficient, green protocols for complex molecule assembly.

USES and APPLICATIONS of SODIUM PERSULFATE:
Sodium Persulfate is often used as a strong oxidant, desizing agent, and can also be used as a polymerization initiator in the plastics industry.
Sodium persulfate is extensively used as a free-radical initiator in the manufacture of acrylics, styrene, vinyl acetate, acrylonitrile, synthetic latex, emulsions, coatings, pressure-sensitive adhesives, superabsorbent polymers, and numerous specialty polymers requiring controlled polymerization.
Sodium Persulfate is used as a bleaching agent.

In the electronics industry, sodium persulfate functions as an efficient microetching and copper etching agent during the production of printed circuit boards, semiconductor components, electronic connectors, and precision electronic assemblies because it produces clean, uniform metal surfaces.
Sodium Persulfate is widely employed in environmental remediation through advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), where activated persulfate destroys petroleum hydrocarbons, chlorinated solvents, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), pesticides, pharmaceuticals, dyes, PFAS precursors (under certain activation systems), and other persistent organic contaminants present in soil and groundwater.

Polymerization: Sodium Persulfate is used as an initiator for the emulsion or solution Polymerization of acrylic monomers, vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride etc., and for the emulsion co-polymerization of styrene, acrylonitrile, butadiene etc.
Metal treatment uses of Sodium Persulfate: Treatment of metal surfaces(e.g. in the manufacture of semiconductors;
cleaning and etching of printed circuits), activation of copper and aluminium surfaces.

Cosmetics: Sodium Persulfate is used as an essential component of bleaching formulations.
Paper: Sodium Persulfate is used for modification of starch, repulping of wet - strength paper.
Textile: Sodium Persulfate is used as a desizing agent and bleach activator - particularly for cold bleaching (i.e.bleaching of Jeans).

Other uses of Sodium Persulfate: Chemical synthesis, Water treatment(decontamination), Waste gas treatment,oxidative degradation of harmful substances(e.g.Hg), Disinfectant.
In the cosmetics industry, sodium persulfate is incorporated into professional hair bleaching formulations and hair lightening powders, where it functions as a powerful oxidizing component that assists in the controlled oxidation of melanin pigments.

Sodium Persulfate serves as an effective cleaning and descaling agent for industrial equipment, heat exchangers, pipelines, boilers, metal surfaces, and precision manufacturing equipment by oxidizing organic residues and facilitating contaminant removal.
Sodium Persulfate is widely utilized in industrial and chemical processes due to its strong oxidative properties.

Key applications of Sodium Persulfate include acting as a bleaching agent in textiles, paper, and hair lightening products; initiating polymerization reactions for producing plastics and coatings; and serving as a component in detergents, soil conditioners, and metal etching solutions.
In environmental remediation, Sodium Persulfate is employed to degrade organic pollutants in wastewater and landfill leachate through advanced oxidation processes, often activated by heat, UV light, or electrocatalysis.

Additionally, Sodium Persulfate finds use in battery depolarizers and as a disinfectant in certain formulations.
Sodium persulfate is frequently utilized in textile processing for desizing, bleaching, oxidative cleaning, and preparation of fibers prior to dyeing or finishing operations.
Sodium Persulfate plays an important role in oil and gas production, where activated persulfate systems are used for well stimulation, contaminant oxidation, enhanced oil recovery research, and treatment of drilling fluids.

Sodium Persulfate is widely applied in laboratory synthesis as a selective oxidizing reagent for organic chemistry, analytical chemistry, inorganic synthesis, and catalyst preparation.
Sodium Persulfate is used as a radical initiator for emulsion polymerization reactions like acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, detergent component, soil conditioner and soil remediation.

Sodium Persulfate is also used for curing of formaldehyde adhesives.
Sodium Persulfate acts as a bleaching agent and in the production of dyestuffs.
Sodium Persulfate finds application in zinc and printed circuit boards and considered to be a replacement for ammonium persulfate in etching mixtures.

Further, Sodium Persulfate is used in the preparation of diapocynin from apocynin.
Sodium Persulfate plays a role in the conversion of phenols to para-diphenols in alkaline solution and of arylamines to aminophenols.
Sodium Persulfate is actively involved in the Elbs persulfate oxidation and the Boyland-Sims oxidation reactions as an oxidizing agent.

Uses of Sodium Persulfate: Bleaching and oxidizing agent; promoter for emulsion polymerization reactions.
Additional applications of Sodium Persulfate include printed electronics, lithium battery material processing, membrane cleaning, paper manufacturing, wastewater treatment, metal surface activation, catalyst regeneration, nanomaterial synthesis, mineral processing, electrochemical research, and specialty chemical manufacturing requiring controlled oxidation reactions.

Sodium Persulfate is mainly used as a radical initiator for emulsion polymerization reactions for styrene based polymers such as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene.
Sodium Persulfate is also applicable for accelerated curing of low formaldehyde adhesives.
Sodium Persulfate is a bleach, both standalone (particularly in hair cosmetics) and as a detergent component.

Sodium Persulfate is a replacement for ammonium persulfate in etching mixtures for zinc and printed circuit boards, and is used for pickling of copper and some other metals.
Sodium Persulfate is also used as a soil conditioner and for soil and groundwater remediation and in manufacture of dyestuffs, modification of starch, bleach activator, desizing agent for oxidative desizing, etc.

Sodium persulfate is used as a bleach, both standalone (particularly in hair cosmetics) and as a detergent component.
Sodium Persulfate is a replacement for ammonium persulfate in etching mixtures for zinc and printed circuit boards, and is used for pickling of copper and some other metals.
Sodium Persulfate is a source of free radicals, making it useful as an initiator for e.g. emulsion polymerization reactions and for accelerated curing of low formaldehyde adhesives.

Sodium persulfate is also used as a soil conditioner and in manufacture of dyestuffs, modification of starch, bleach activator, desizing agent for oxidative desizing, etc.
For waste processing in the photographic industry, Sodium Persulfate is used as a soft metal surface corrosion agents of the printed circuit board and textile desizing agents, sulfur dyes colorformer.
Sodium persulfate is a strongly oxidizing chemical used as a bleaching and oxidizing agent

Sodium persulfate (Na2S2O8) is a compound of substantial interest in scientific research, distinguished by its potent oxidizing properties and versatile applications across various fields.
One of Sodium Persulfate's primary mechanisms of action lies in its role as a radical initiator.
Sodium persulfate undergoes thermal decomposition to produce sulfate radicals, which serve as powerful oxidizing agents capable of initiating radical polymerization reactions.

This property makes sodium persulfate invaluable in polymer chemistry and materials science for the synthesis of various polymers, including acrylics, polyacrylamides, and polyvinyl chloride.
Moreover, sodium persulfate finds extensive use in environmental research, where it is employed as an oxidizing agent for the degradation of organic pollutants in soil and water remediation processes.

Its ability to mineralize organic contaminants into simpler, less harmful compounds makes Sodium Persulfate an effective tool in environmental cleanup efforts.
Furthermore, sodium persulfate is utilized in analytical chemistry as a reagent for the determination of various analytes.
Sodium Persulfate's reaction with certain organic compounds, such as phenols and amines, serves as a method for their quantification via spectrophotometric or chromatographic techniques.

Additionally, sodium persulfate is employed in the fabrication of printed circuit boards and as a bleaching agent in the textile industry, highlighting its broad utility in research applications spanning polymer chemistry, environmental science, analytical chemistry, and materials engineering.
Sodium Persulfate is a white crystalline powder that acts as a polymerization initiator in several applications as well as a bleaching agent.
Recommended Use of Sodium Persulfate: Polymer, Circuit board, Hair Bleach, Textile.

Sodium persulfate is used in the textile, paint, metal, and photography industries.
Typical Applications of Sodium Persulfate: Polymerization initiator, Etchant and cleaner in printed circuit board manufacturing, Booster in hair bleaching formulations, Gel former and breaker in the oil and gas industry, Free radical generator.
Sodium Persulfate is suitable for a variety of environmental applications, such as soil remediation and wastewater/groundwater cleanup

Sodium persulfate serves as a versatile oxidizing agent in various industrial processes beyond polymerization, particularly in bleaching, etching, and environmental remediation applications.
In the cosmetics industry, Sodium Persulfate is widely employed as an active ingredient in hair bleaching and lightening formulations, where it facilitates the oxidation of melanin pigments to achieve desired color changes, often in combination with hydrogen peroxide under alkaline conditions.

Concentrations in hair bleach powders can reach up to 70% for sodium persulfate, though maximum reported use levels in rinse-off products are up to 33%.
Sodium Persulfate is also used in permanent hair dyes to develop color by oxidizing dye precursors, activating upon mixing with developers.
Key applications of Sodium Persulfate: Oxidising agent, Etching & Engraving, Bleaching agent.

In textile processing, sodium persulfate acts as a bleach activator and desizing agent, enabling efficient removal of impurities, starches, and sizing agents from fabrics, particularly in cold bleaching processes for materials like denim.
Sodium Persulfate promotes oxidative desizing without excessive heat, improving fabric preparation for dyeing and finishing while minimizing damage to fibers.

Additionally, Sodium Persulfate finds use in detergent formulations as a bleaching component, enhancing stain removal through its strong oxidizing properties, especially when activated by heat or catalysts.
In dyestuff production, Sodium Persulfate supports oxidative steps to synthesize colorants, contributing to the development of vibrant, stable dyes for industrial applications.

For metal surface treatment, sodium persulfate is utilized in etching and pickling operations, particularly for printed circuit boards (PCBs) and copper surfaces.
Sodium Persulfate effectively dissolves copper layers to define circuit patterns during PCB manufacturing, offering a faster and more uniform etch compared to traditional ferric chloride, with solutions often maintained at 40-50°C for optimal efficiency.

As a replacement for ammonium persulfate, Sodium Persulfate is applied in mixtures for etching zinc and removing zinc coatings from metals, as well as pickling copper to clean surfaces prior to plating or further processing.
Sodium Persulfate also aids in circuit board drilling by acting as a surface treatment agent to improve adhesion and cleanliness.

-Organic chemistry uses of Sodium Persulfate:
Sodium persulfate is a specialized oxidizing agent in chemistry, classically in the Elbs persulfate oxidation and the Boyland–Sims oxidation reactions.
Sodium Persulfate is also used in radical reactions; for example in a synthesis of diapocynin from apocynin where iron(II) sulfate is the radical initiator.
Sodium persulfate is a high-purity inorganic oxidizing agent widely used as a free-radical initiator, bleaching agent, oxidant, etchant, cleaning chemical, and polymerization catalyst in numerous industrial processes.

-Strong oxidants use of Sodium Persulfate:
With strong oxidizing, Sodium persulfate can be used as an g agent, which can oxidize Cr3 +, Mn2 + and so on to the corresponding compound of high oxidation state, when there is the presence of Ag +, which can promote the oxidation reaction.
Due to its oxidizing properties, Sodium Persulfate can be used as a bleaching agent, metal surface treatment agent, chemical reagents, pharmaceutical raw materials, accelerator and initiator of battery and emulsion polymerization.

-Industry Uses of Sodium Persulfate:
One of the primary applications of Sodium Persulfate lies in its role as a bleaching agent, commonly employed in hair cosmetics and detergents.
Moreover, Sodium Persulfate serves as a vital component in environmental remediation, aiding in soil and groundwater treatment by destroying various contaminants.
Additionally, Sodium Persulfate finds utility as a clarifying agent in swimming pools and spas.
Sodium Persulfate is an inorganic salt.

POLYMERIZATION INITIATOR USES of SODIUM PERSULFATE:
Sodium persulfate acts as a key initiator in radical polymerization reactions, primarily through thermal or redox decomposition that generates sulfate radicals (SO₄^{•-}).
In thermal initiation, Sodium Persulfate decomposes in aqueous media at elevated temperatures, yielding these highly reactive radicals that add to the π-bond of vinyl monomers, forming the initial propagating radical species and starting chain growth.

In emulsion polymerization systems, Sodium Persulfate radicals diffuse into monomer-swollen micelles, where they efficiently initiate polymerization within the hydrophobic phase, leading to the formation of polymer particles.
Sodium Persulfate is widely employed in the emulsion polymerization of hydrophobic monomers such as styrene, acrylates (e.g., n-butyl acrylate), and vinyl chloride, producing stable latex dispersions.

These latexes serve as binders in applications like paints, coatings, and adhesives, where the resulting polymers provide film-forming properties and durability.
For instance, Sodium Persulfate is used in the industrial production of polystyrene and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), enabling high molecular weight polymers through radical segregation in the emulsion droplets.
Optimal performance occurs at temperatures of 60–95 °C, with typical initiator concentrations ranging from 0.1–1% by weight relative to the monomer, promoting controlled kinetics and particle stability.

To enable initiation at lower temperatures, such as room temperature, sodium persulfate is often paired with reducing agents like ferrous sulfate in redox systems, accelerating radical formation without excessive heat.
Sodium Persulfate's water solubility and ability to produce charged sulfate end-groups on polymer chains enhance electrostatic stabilization in emulsions, particularly when combined with anionic surfactants, resulting in uniform particle size distributions and robust colloidal stability.

ORGANIC SYNTHESIS APPLICATIONS of SODIUM PERSULFATE:
Sodium persulfate serves as a versatile oxidant in organic synthesis, particularly for reactions involving the introduction of hydroxyl groups or radical-mediated functionalizations.
Sodium Persulfate is commonly employed in aqueous or mixed solvent systems at mild temperatures, often facilitated by metal catalysts such as silver or iron salts to generate reactive sulfate radicals or enable nucleophilic displacements.

The Elbs persulfate oxidation utilizes sodium persulfate in alkaline conditions to convert phenols into para-substituted diphenols, primarily hydroquinones, via electrophilic aromatic substitution where the phenolate attacks the peroxydisulfate ion, leading to sulfate intermediates that hydrolyze to the hydroxylated product.
This reaction, discovered in 1893, typically proceeds in aqueous sodium hydroxide at room temperature to 50 °C, yielding predominantly para-hydroxyphenyl sulfates that are hydrolyzed to hydroquinones, such as the conversion of phenol to hydroquinone in 46% overall yield.
While the primary products are hydroquinones, further oxidation under controlled conditions can afford quinones; for instance, excess persulfate in acidic media oxidizes hydroquinone to p-benzoquinone, though this is less selective and often requires additional catalysts.

The reaction's regioselectivity favors the para position due to the carbanion tautomer mechanism, making it valuable for synthesizing dihydroxyaromatics used in dyes and pharmaceuticals.
In the Boyland–Sims oxidation, sodium persulfate in alkaline aqueous media oxidizes aromatic amines to ortho-aminophenols through initial formation of aminoaryl sulfate esters, followed by hydrolysis.

Developed in the 1930s–1940s, this transformation occurs at ambient temperatures (20–40 °C) and involves nucleophilic attack by the neutral amine on the peroxydisulfate, with ortho selectivity arising from the directing effect of the amino group; yields range from 20–60% for substrates like aniline to o-aminophenol.
The mechanism proceeds via an ipso sulfonation followed by rearrangement and desulfonation, and it has been applied to synthesize substituted aminophenols for agrochemicals and antioxidants.

STORAGE of SODIUM PERSULFATE:
Sodium Persulfate is not combustible but assists combustion materials due to release of oxygen.
Provided Sodium Persulfate is stored under appropriate condition.
Sodium Persulfate must be stored dry in closed containers and protected from direct sunlight, heat and humidity.
Impurities such as dirt, rust or traces of metal and reductants may cause catalytic decomposition.
Sodium Persulfate as supplied or in solution needs to be handled with approprate care.

PROPERTIES of SODIUM PERSULFATE:
Physical properties
Sodium persulfate is a white, odorless, crystalline powder or solid that is nearly non-hygroscopic, allowing for effective storage without significant moisture absorption.
Sodium Persulfate's molar mass is 238.10 g/mol.
Sodium Persulfate has a density of 2.59 g/cm³.
Sodium persulfate decomposes above 100 °C without melting or reaching a boiling point.
Sodium Persulfate exhibits high solubility in water, at 55.6 g/100 mL at 20 °C, while being sparingly soluble in alcohol and insoluble in ether.
Under dry conditions, sodium persulfate maintains good shelf-life stability; however, it decomposes slowly in moist air over time.

TECHNICAL INFORMATION of SODIUM PERSULFATE:
Sodium persulfate belongs to the family of inorganic persulfates, together with ammonium persulfate and potassium persulfate, and is generally preferred where sodium ions are compatible with the intended process chemistry.
Activation methods include thermal activation, ultraviolet irradiation, alkaline activation, transition metal catalysis, electrochemical activation, ultrasound, and activated carbon systems, each producing sulfate radicals with different reaction kinetics.

Compared with hydrogen peroxide, sodium persulfate often exhibits greater storage stability and can generate sulfate radicals with higher selectivity and longer lifetime under appropriate activation conditions.
Because sulfate radicals possess oxidation potentials comparable to hydroxyl radicals, sodium persulfate has become one of the most important oxidants in advanced environmental treatment technologies and high-performance industrial oxidation processes.

RELATED COMPOUNDS of SODIUM PERSULFATE:
Other anions
Sodium dithionite
Sodium sulfite
Sodium sulfate

Other cations
Potassium persulfate

STRUCTURE of SODIUM PERSULFATE:
The sodium and potassium salts adopt very similar structures in the solid state, according to X-ray crystallography.
In the sodium salt, the O-O distance is 1.476 Å.
The sulfate groups are tetrahedral, with three short S-O distances near 1.44 and one long S-O bond at 1.64 Å.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of SODIUM PERSULFATE:
Sodium persulfate is a powerful inorganic oxidizing agent containing the peroxydisulfate anion (S₂O₈²⁻), which possesses a relatively weak peroxide bond that can be cleaved to generate sulfate radicals.
Upon activation by heat, ultraviolet radiation, transition metal catalysts such as ferrous ions, or alkaline environments, sodium persulfate produces sulfate radicals (SO₄•⁻), which are among the strongest oxidizing species used in industrial chemistry.
Sodium Persulfate readily dissolves in water, producing clear aqueous solutions that remain relatively stable until activated.

Sodium Persulfate reacts with reducing agents, combustible materials, organic substances, and certain metal powders, where vigorous oxidation reactions may occur.
Sodium persulfate gradually decomposes at elevated temperatures, releasing oxygen-containing reactive species while forming sulfate salts as final products.
Because of its strong oxidizing capability, Sodium Persulfate efficiently degrades organic contaminants, dyes, phenols, petroleum hydrocarbons, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, chlorinated solvents, and numerous persistent environmental pollutants.

CHARACTERISTICS of SODIUM PERSULFATE:
Sodium persulfate exhibits extremely strong oxidizing power.
Sodium Persulfate generates highly reactive sulfate radicals upon activation.
Sodium Persulfate possesses excellent storage stability under dry conditions.

Sodium Persulfate demonstrates high water solubility.
Sodium Persulfate contains no chloride ions, reducing corrosion risks in many applications.
Sodium Persulfate exhibits high purity suitable for sensitive industrial processes.

Sodium Persulfate provides controlled oxidation during polymerization reactions.
Sodium Persulfate performs effectively over a broad temperature range.
Sodium Persulfate demonstrates excellent compatibility with numerous polymerization systems.

Sodium Persulfate produces minimal residual contaminants after oxidation reactions.
Sodium Persulfate is suitable for advanced oxidation processes (AOPs).
Sodium Persulfate functions efficiently as a bleaching and etching agent.

BENEFITS of SODIUM PERSULFATE:
Sodium persulfate provides highly efficient oxidation of difficult-to-degrade organic compounds.
Sodium Persulfate's excellent free-radical generation capability enables rapid initiation of polymerization reactions with precise process control.

Sodium Persulfate produces sulfate radicals that remain active longer than hydroxyl radicals under certain environmental conditions.
Sodium Persulfate's high purity minimizes contamination in electronic, pharmaceutical, and specialty chemical manufacturing.

Complete water solubility allows rapid preparation of homogeneous process solutions.
Sodium Persulfate leaves relatively simple sulfate residues following oxidation, simplifying downstream treatment.
Sodium Persulfate's non-chlorinated chemistry reduces the formation of chlorinated by-products during oxidation processes.

Sodium Persulfate offers excellent storage stability when protected from heat and moisture.
Sodium Persulfate enables efficient environmental remediation of contaminated groundwater and soils.
Sodium Persulfate provides reliable bleaching performance without introducing heavy metal contaminants.

PREPARATION METHOD of SODIUM PERSULFATE:
The electrolytic oxidation of the aqueous solution of ammonium sulfate is to obtain ammonium persulfate, and then metathesis reaction with sodium hydroxide, after the expulsion of the ammonia by-product, and then concentrated under reduced pressure, crystallization, drying, to obtain sodium sulfate.
(NH4) 2S2O8 + 2NaOH → Na2S2O8 + 2NH3 + 2H2O.
Dithionic acid can be prepared by electrolysis of cold sulfuric acid won, which reacts with alkali and then obtain sodium sulfate.
2HSO4--2e → H2S2O8
H2S2O8 + 2NaOH → Na2S2O8 + 2H2O.

STORAGE of SODIUM PERSULFATE:
Sodium persulfate is a strong oxidizer and a severe irritant of skin, eyes, and respiratory system.
Sodium Persulfate is almost non-hygroscopic and has particularly good ability to be stored for long time.
Sodium Persulfate is easy and safe to handle.

Sodium Persulfate is not combustible, but releases oxygen easily and assists combustion of other materials.
Conditions/ substances to avoid mixing persulfates with are: moisture, heat, flame, ignition sources, shock, friction, reducing agents, organic material, sodium peroxide, aluminum and powdered metals.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of SODIUM PERSULFATE:
Sodium Persulfate is a white, crystalline powder.
Sodium Persulfate is soluble in water; decomposed by alcohol; decomposes in moist air.

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of SODIUM PERSULFATE:
Sodium persulfate, also known as sodium peroxydisulfate is a white crystal or crystalline powder, odorless, tasteless.
Formula of Sodium Persulfate is Na2S2O8, relative molecular mass is 238.13.
Gradual decomposition at room temperature, heating or rapidly decompose in ethanol, decomposition to release oxygen and produce sodium pyrosulfate.

Moisture and platinum black, silver, lead, iron, copper, magnesium, nickel, manganese and other metal ions or their alloys can promote the decomposition, it decomposes rapidly and emit hydrogen peroxide at high temperature (about 200 ℃).
Sodium Persulfate is soluble in water (70.4 when 20 ℃).

PRODUCTION of SODIUM PERSULFATE:
The salt is prepared by the electrolytic oxidation of sodium bisulfate:
2 NaHSO4 → Na2S2O8 + H2
Oxidation is conducted at a platinum anode.

In this way about 165,000 tons were produced in 2005.
The standard redox potential of sodium persulfate into hydrogen sulfate is 2.1 V, which is higher than that of hydrogen peroxide (1.8 V) but lower than ozone (2.2 V).
The sulfate radical formed in situ has a standard electrode potential of 2.7 V.

However, there are a few drawbacks in utilizing platinum anodes to produce the salts; the manufacturing process is inefficient due to oxygen evolution and the product could contain contaminants coming from platinum corrosion (mainly due to extremely oxidizing nature of the sulfate radical).
Thus, boron-doped diamond electrodes have been proposed as alternatives to the conventional platinum electrodes.

PRODUCTION PROCESS of SODIUM PERSULFATE:
Stage
Electrolytic Oxidation
Sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄) is electrolyzed in a special cell.

Persulfate Formation
Sulfate ions are oxidized to persulfate ions (S₂O₈²⁻) at the anode.

Crystallization
Sodium persulfate crystallizes in solution.

Centrifugation
The crystals separate from the mother liquor.

Drying
The crystals are dried at a controlled temperature.

Grinding and Sieving
The product is ground to the desired particle size and sieved.

Packaging
The final product is packaged.

Reaction Equation (Electrolysis):
Anode: 2 SO₄²⁻ → S₂O₈²⁻ + 2 e⁻
Cathode: 2 H₂O + 2 e⁻ → H₂↑ + 2 OH⁻
General: 2 Na₂SO₄ + 2 H₂O → Na₂S₂O₈ + 2 NaOH + H₂↑

INDUSTRIES of SODIUM PERSULFATE:
*Cleaning
*CASE & Construction
*Polymers
*Beauty & Personal Care

AIR & WATER REACTIONS of SODIUM PERSULFATE:
Sodium Persulfate is water soluble.
Sodium Persulfate decomposes slowly in moist air.

REACTIVITY PROFILE of SODIUM PERSULFATE:
Sodium persulfate is a strong oxidizing agent.
Sodium Persulfate reacts with many combustible materials and reducing agents, often vigorously enough to start fires or cause explosions.
Sodium Persulfate decomposes gradually under ordinary conditions decomposition is promoted by moisture and heat.
Sodium Persulfate is decomposed by alcohol and silver ions.

SODIUM PERSULFATE AT A GLANCE
Persulfates are strong oxidants, have an excellent shelf life when stored properly, and are economical to use.
These properties make persulfates suitable for a variety of applications.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of SODIUM PERSULFATE:
Sodium persulfate serves as a strong oxidizing agent primarily due to the peroxydisulfate anion (S₂O₈²⁻), which can generate highly reactive sulfate radicals (SO₄•⁻) upon activation.
The standard redox potential for the reduction of S₂O₈²⁻ to 2 SO₄²⁻ is 2.01 V, indicating its potent electron-accepting capability, while the sulfate radical itself exhibits an even higher potential of approximately 2.6 V, comparable to the hydroxyl radical.

In water, the peroxydisulfate ion decomposes slowly at ambient temperatures via the reaction S₂O₈²⁻ + H₂O → 2 HSO₄⁻ + ½ O₂, a process that proceeds more rapidly when heated or exposed to ultraviolet radiation.
This decomposition underscores its limited stability in aqueous environments without stabilizers, contributing to its electrochemical behavior as a source of activated oxygen species.
Sodium Persulfate displays high reactivity toward reducing agents, organic compounds, and metals, facilitating oxidation reactions that can liberate heat or gases.

Sodium Persulfate is incompatible with combustible materials, alcohols, strong acids or bases, and heavy metal salts, potentially leading to vigorous or explosive interactions.
Aqueous solutions of sodium persulfate exhibit slightly acidic conditions, with a typical pH of about 5.0 for a 1% solution, attributable to the formation and hydrolysis of bisulfate ions (HSO₄⁻) during initial decomposition.

PRODUCTION AND SYNTHESIS of SODIUM PERSULFATE:
INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION
Sodium persulfate is primarily produced on an industrial scale through the electrolytic oxidation of an aqueous solution of sodium bisulfate (NaHSO₄) at a platinum anode, following the reaction 2 NaHSO₄ → Na₂S₂O₈ + H₂.
This process occurs in undivided electrolytic cells to simplify operations and reduce costs, with the anode compartment facilitating the direct oxidation of bisulfate ions to persulfate.

Key process conditions include maintaining the electrolyte temperature below 25 °C to minimize thermal decomposition of the persulfate product, alongside anodic current densities of approximately 0.5–1 A/cm² to achieve efficient conversion rates.
Platinum anodes are traditionally employed due to their high corrosion resistance and catalytic activity, while cathodes typically consist of materials like lead or zirconium to evolve hydrogen gas.

As of 2023, global production capacity for sodium persulfate exceeded 455,600 metric tons annually, predominantly in China, with significant contributions from Europe (e.g., Germany) and the United States.
Emerging alternatives to platinum anodes involve boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes, which have gained traction since the 2010s for their superior efficiency and durability, achieving up to 90% Faradaic efficiency in persulfate generation while reducing reliance on expensive platinum.

These BDD systems enhance electron transfer at the interface, enabling higher yields at comparable current densities compared to traditional setups.
Following electrolysis, the persulfate is purified by cooling the electrolyte solution to induce crystallization, separating the solid product via centrifugation, and drying to obtain high-purity sodium persulfate crystals.
Mother liquors are often recycled to the electrolytic cell after adjustment, optimizing resource use and minimizing waste in continuous operations.

LABORATORY SYNTHESIS of SODIUM PERSULFATE:
In laboratory settings, sodium persulfate (Na₂S₂O₈) is commonly prepared on a small scale through metathesis reaction of commercially available ammonium persulfate ((NH₄)₂S₂O₈) with sodium hydroxide (NaOH), as this method avoids the need for specialized electrolytic equipment.
The reaction proceeds as follows:
(NH₄)₂S₂O₈ + 2 NaOH → Na₂S₂O₈ + 2 NH₃ + 2 H₂O

Ammonium persulfate is dissolved in water, and NaOH is added gradually under stirring at a controlled temperature of 20–50°C to facilitate ammonia expulsion while minimizing decomposition of the persulfate ion.
The mixture is then concentrated under reduced pressure, cooled to induce crystallization, filtered, and the crystals dried at low temperature (below 40°C) to yield white sodium persulfate crystals.

Yields from this metathesis typically range from 90–95% based on the ammonium persulfate input, with product purity exceeding 99% after crystallization.
For further purification, the crude product can be recrystallized from hot water, dissolving at 50–60°C and cooling slowly to room temperature, followed by filtration and drying under vacuum.

This process is suitable for gram-scale preparations (e.g., 10–100 g batches) and requires standard glassware, making it ideal for educational or research laboratories.
An alternative laboratory method involves direct electrolytic oxidation of sodium bisulfate (NaHSO₄) or a mixture of sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄) and sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) in an H-cell or divided electrolytic cell, scaled down from industrial processes.

The anode reaction oxidizes bisulfate ions to persulfate:
2 HSO₄⁻ → S₂O₈²⁻ + 2 H⁺ + 2 e⁻
A typical setup uses platinum gauze anodes (area ~10–40 cm²) and lead cathodes protected by a porous diaphragm (e.g., alundum), with an anolyte containing 5–9% Na⁺ and 12–30% SO₄²⁻ at 20–35°C and current densities of 0.5–2 A/cm².

Electrolysis is continued until 65–80% conversion, yielding a solution of sodium persulfate that is evaporated under reduced pressure for crystallization.
Current efficiencies reach up to 95%, resulting in overall yields of 80–90% after purification by recrystallization from water.
This method is limited to small scales (grams to tens of grams) due to the need for precise temperature control and power supply regulation to prevent side reactions like oxygen evolution.

Laboratory preparations of sodium persulfate should be conducted at scales limited to grams to manage the strong oxidizing nature of intermediates and products, with reactions performed in well-ventilated fume hoods using appropriate personal protective equipment.
Temperature control is critical to avoid thermal decomposition, and all operations should follow standard protocols for handling peroxo compounds.

STRUCTURE of SODIUM PERSULFATE:
MOLECULAR STRUCTURE of SODIUM PERSULFATE:
Sodium persulfate has the chemical formula Na₂S₂O₈ and is an ionic compound consisting of two sodium cations (Na⁺) and one peroxydisulfate anion (S₂O₈²⁻).
The peroxydisulfate anion features a linear arrangement described as O₃S–O–O–SO₃, where the central peroxide bridge (–O–O–) connects two sulfate-like (SO₃) groups.
In this structure, each sulfur atom is coordinated to four oxygen atoms in a tetrahedral geometry, with the peroxydisulfate anion exhibiting approximate C₂ symmetry.
Bond lengths within the anion include terminal S–O bonds averaging 1.44 Å, bridging S–O bonds averaging 1.64 Å, and the central O–O bond measuring 1.479(3) Å.

CRYSTAL STRUCTURE of SODIUM PERSULFATE:
Sodium persulfate, Na₂S₂O₈, adopts a triclinic crystal system with space group P-1.
The unit cell dimensions, determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, are a = 4.780(2) Å, b = 5.575(2) Å, c = 6.091(3) Å, α = 101.871(7)°, β = 103.337(7)°, γ = 97.418(7)°, and V = 151.89(11) Å³, containing Z = 1 formula unit per cell.
In the solid state, the compound forms an ionic lattice comprising Na⁺ cations and peroxydisulfate (S₂O₈²⁻) anions.

Each Na⁺ ion is octahedrally coordinated by six oxygen atoms from multiple anions, with Na–O bond lengths ranging from 2.340(2) Å to 2.596(2) Å.
The peroxydisulfate anions lie across crystallographic inversion centers in the asymmetric unit, which consists of one Na⁺ and half an anion; the anions arrange into layers parallel to the (011) plane, separated by layers of Na⁺ cations, with stability enhanced by short intermolecular S⋯O contacts of 3.074(2) Å between neighboring anions.

This crystal structure was elucidated using single-crystal X-ray diffraction data collected at 150 K.
Upon heating, sodium persulfate undergoes thermal decomposition starting around 180 °C, which disrupts the ordered lattice and produces sodium pyrosulfate (Na₂S₂O₇) and oxygen gas as initial products.

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of SODIUM PERSULFATE:
Chemical Formula: Na2S2O8
Molar Mass: 238.10 g/mol
Appearance: White powder
Density: 2.601 g/cm3
Melting Point: 180 °C (356 °F; 453 K) decomposes
Solubility in Water: 55.6 g/100 ml (20 °C)
Chemical Name: Sodium Persulfate
IUPAC Name: Disodium Peroxodisulfate
Chemical Type: Inorganic Oxidizing Agent

Chemical Family: Persulfates (Peroxydisulfates)
CAS No.: 7775-27-1
EC No.: 231-892-1
Molecular Formula: Na₂S₂O₈
Molecular Weight: 238.10 g/mol
UN Number: UN 1505
Physical Form: Crystalline Solid
Chemical Classification: Strong Oxidizer
Appearance: White crystalline powder
Color: White

Odor: Odorless
Physical State: Crystalline solid
Chemical Formula: Na₂S₂O₈
Molecular Weight: 238.10 g/mol
Crystal Structure: Monoclinic
Purity (Industrial Grade): Typically ≥99%
Density: Approximately 2.40 g/cm³
Bulk Density: Approximately 900–1200 kg/m³
Water Solubility (20°C): Approximately 550 g/L

Solubility in Organic Solvents: Practically insoluble
pH (5% solution): Approximately 4–6
Melting Point: Decomposes before melting (approximately 180–200°C)
Decomposition Temperature: Approximately 180°C
Flash Point: Not applicable
Autoignition Temperature: Not applicable
Flammability: Non-flammable
Oxidizing Properties: Strong oxidizer
Explosion Properties: Not explosive, but may intensify fire

Vapor Pressure: Negligible
Volatility: Non-volatile
Hygroscopicity: Low
Oxidation Potential: Approximately 2.01 V
Thermal Stability: Stable under recommended storage conditions
Chemical Stability: Stable in dry conditions
Moisture Sensitivity: Moderate
UV Sensitivity: Decomposes gradually under prolonged UV exposure
Electrical Conductivity (Solution): High
Free Radical Generation: Excellent upon activation

Corrosivity: Corrosive to certain metals under specific conditions
Shelf Stability: Excellent when stored properly
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 8
Rotatable Bond Count: 1
Exact Mass: 237.88299787 Da
Monoisotopic Mass: 237.88299787 Da
Topological Polar Surface Area: 150 Å²
Heavy Atom Count: 12
Formal Charge: 0

Complexity: 206
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 3
Compound Canonicalized: Yes
CBNumber: CB2286013
Molecular Formula: Na2O8S2
Molecular Weight: 238.1

MDL Number: MFCD00003501
MOL File: 7775-27-1.mol
Melting Point: 100 °C
Density: 2,4 g/cm3
Bulk Density: 1150kg/m3
Vapor Pressure: 0Pa at 25℃
Refractive Index: 1.43
Storage Temp.: Store at +15°C to +25°C.
Solubility: H2O: 1 M at 20 °C, clear, colorless
Form: Solid
Specific Gravity: 2.4

Color: White to yellow
PH: 3.5-3.8 (100g/l, H2O, 20℃)
Odor: Odorless
PH Range: 2.5 - 4.0
Water Solubility: 550 g/L (20 ºC)
Merck: 14,8656
Exposure Limits: ACGIH: TWA 0.1 mg/m3
Stability: Stability Unstable.
Strong oxidizer.
Incompatible with combustible material, strong reducing agents, strong bases, alcohols, aluminium, magnesium.
Protect from moisture.

Cosmetics Ingredients Functions:
OXIDISING
InChI: 1S/2Na.H2O8S2/c;;1-9(2,3)7-8-10(4,5)6/h;;(H,1,2,3)(H,4,5,6)/q2*+1;/p-2
InChIKey: CHQMHPLRPQMAMX-UHFFFAOYSA-L
SMILES: [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS([O-])(=O)=O
LogP: -1 at 20℃
CAS DataBase Reference: 7775-27-1(CAS DataBase Reference)
Indirect Additives used in Food Contact Substances: SODIUM PERSULFATE
FDA 21 CFR: 175.105; 176.170; 177.1210
EWG's Food Scores: 2-5

FDA UNII: J49FYF16JE
EPA Substance Registry System: Sodium persulfate (7775-27-1)
Cosmetics Info: Sodium Persulfate
Absorption: cut-off at 309nm in H2O at 1M
UNSPSC Code: 12352302
NACRES: NA.25
Product Name: Sodium Persulfate
Chemical Formula: Na2S2O8
CAS No: 7775-27-1
EINESC No: 231-892-1
UN No: 1505
Physical Properties: White Crystalline Solid

Odor: Odorless
Molecular Weight: 238.1 g/mol
Density: 1.7 g/cm3
Solubility: Soluble in water
Linear Formula: Na2S2O8
CAS Number: 7775-27-1
Molecular Weight: 238.10
NACRES: NA.21
PubChem Substance ID: 329763615
UNSPSC Code: 12352302
EC Number: 231-892-1
MDL Number: MFCD00003501
Assay: ≥98% (RT)
Form: powder or crystals

Form: Crystal
Prohibited Uses: For intended use only
Appearance: solid
Boiling Point: 120 °C (248 °F)
Color: white, off-white
Density: 1.68 g/cm3 @ 25 °C (77 °F)
Flash Point: Not applicable
Odor: slight, odourless
Partition Coefficient: Pow: log Pow:
Relative Density: 2.6 @ 25 °C (77 °F)
Solubility in Water: soluble

Appearance: Crystalline powder
Physical State: Solid
Solubility: Soluble in water (549 mg/ml at 20° C), and alcohol (decomposes).
pH: 2.5 - 4.0
Storage: Store at room temperature
Melting Point: 100° C
Density: 1.68 g/cm3
Ki Data: CA II: Ki= 84 µM (human);
CA I: Ki= 107 µM (human);
CA IV: Ki= 1 mM (human);
CA VII: Ki= 3.11 mM (human);
CA XIII: Ki= 4.31 mM (human)

pK Values: pKa: -6.26 (Predicted)
Physical State: crystalline
Color: white
Odor: odourless
Melting Point/Freezing Point: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/Lower Flammability or Explosive Limits: No data available
Flash Point: Not applicable
Autoignition Temperature: > 600 °C
Decomposition Temperature: No data available
pH: No data available

Viscosity:
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water Solubility: 730 g/l at 25 °C - completely soluble
Partition Coefficient: n-octanol/water
Not applicable for inorganic substances
Vapor Pressure: < 0,0001 hPa
Density: No data available
Relative Density: 1,68 at 20 °C - Regulation (EC) No. 440/2008, Annex, A.3
Particle Characteristics: No data available
Explosive Properties: Not classified as explosive.

Oxidizing Properties: The substance or mixture is classified as oxidizing with the category 3.
Other Safety Information: No data available
Physical Condition (20°C): Solid (crystal powder)
Appearance: White, crystalline powder
Smell: Odorless
Molecular Weight: 238.10 g/mol
Density (20°C): 2.4 – 2.6 g/cm³
Melting Point: 100 – 180 °C (decomposes without melting)
Water Solubility (20°C): 55.6 g/100 mL (high resolution)
pH (1% solution): 3.0 – 5.0 (acidic)
Massing Density: 0.8 – 1.2 g/cm³
Hygroscopicity: Slightly hygroscopic.
Stability: It is stable at room temperature when dry.

Chemical Formula: Na₂S₂O₈
Molecular Weight: 238.10 g/mol
Active Oxygen Content: ~6.7%
Oxidizing Properties: Very strong oxidizing agent
Decomposition: It decomposes when heated, releasing oxygen.
Thermal Stability: Stable up to ~60°C; decomposes above 60°C.
Resolution: It is easily soluble in water; it forms an acidic solution.
Incompatible Substances: Reducing agents, organic substances, combustible materials, alkalis, metals (in solution)
Decomposition Reaction:
Na₂S₂O₈ + Heat → 2 NaSO₄ + O₂↑
Decomposition in Water:
Na₂S₂O₈ → 2 Na⁺ + S₂O₈²⁻
S₂O₈²⁻ + H₂O → 2 HSO₄⁻ + ½ O₂

FIRST AID MEASURES of SODIUM PERSULFATE:
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of SODIUM PERSULFATE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of SODIUM PERSULFATE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of SODIUM PERSULFATE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of SODIUM PERSULFATE:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of SODIUM PERSULFATE:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature).
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available