SODIUM PROPYLPARABEN

Sodium Propylparaben is the n-propyl ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. 
Sodium Propylparaben occurs as a natural substance found in many plants and some insects.
Sodium Propylparaben can be manufactured synthetically for use in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and foods.

CAS Number: 35285-69-9
Molecular Formula: C10H13NaO3
Molecular Weight: 204.2
EINECS Number: 252-488-1

Synonyms: 35285-69-9, Propylparaben sodium, Sodium propylparaben, Sodium 4-(propoxycarbonyl)phenolate, Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate sodium salt, Caswell No. 714A, Sodium propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, sodium propyl paraben, Sodium propyl hydroxybenzoate, Propylparaben sodium [USAN], Propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, sodium salt, Natrium propyl 4-hydroxybenzoat, Sodium Propyl Parahydroxybenzoate, Propylparaben, sodium salt, Propyl-4-hydroxybenzoat natriumsalz, Benzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-, propyl ester, sodium salt, EINECS 252-488-1, UNII-625NNB0G9N, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 061204, 625NNB0G9N, Propylparaben sodium [USAN:NF], sodium;4-propoxycarbonylphenolate, Propylparaben (sodium), Propylparaben sodium (NF), E217, DTXSID3042348, PROPYLPARABEN SODIUM [II], 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, propyl ester, sodium salt, SODIUM PROPYL HYDROXYBENZOATE [MART.], Propylparaben sodium salt, SODIUM PROPYL P-HYDROXYBENZOATE (E 217), SODIUM PROPYL PARAHYDROXYBENZOATE [EP MONOGRAPH], PROPYLPARABEN SODIUM (II), BENZOIC ACID, p-HYDROXY-, PROPYL ESTER, SODIUM DERIV., BENZOIC ACID, 4-HYDROXY-, PROPYL ESTER, SODIUM SALT (1:1), SODIUM PROPYL HYDROXYBENZOATE (MART.), Sodium 4-propoxycarbonylphenoxide, SODIUM PROPYL PARAHYDROXYBENZOATE (EP MONOGRAPH), sodium,4-propoxycarbonylphenolate, MFCD00016477, SCHEMBL48862, CHEMBL2107021, DTXCID1022348, HY-N2026A, IXMINYBUNCWGER-UHFFFAOYSA-M, SODIUM PROPYLPARABEN [INCI], AKOS015961951, 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid-propyl ester sodium, AC-15528, AS-14864, Sodium Propyl Paraben IP/BP/USP/Ph.Eur, DB-048766, CS-0128919, NS00093581, D02459, E75928, Q3963919, W-106681, Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate sodium salt, tested according to Ph.Eur, SODIUM PROPYL 4-HYDROXYBENZOATE;SODIUM PROPYL HYDROXYBENZOATE;Sodium propylparaben;SolbrolP,Natriumsalz;PROPYLPARABENSODIUM,NF;PROPYL4-HYDROXYBENZOATESODIUMSALT(PROPYLPARABENSODIUMSALT);Sodiumpropylester4-hydroxybenzoate;SOIDUM PROPYLPARABEN

Sodium Propylparaben is a member of the class of parabens and can be used as a preservative in many water-based cosmetics, such as creams, lotions, shampoos, and bath products.
As a food additive, it has an E number, which is E216.
Sodium Propylparaben, the sodium salt of propylparaben, a compound with formula Na(C3H7(C6H4COO)O), is used similarly as a food additive and as an anti-fungal preservation agent. 

In 2010, the European Union Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety stated that the use of butylparaben and propylparaben as preservatives in finished cosmetic products as safe to the consumer, as long as the sum of their concentrations does not exceed 0.19%.
Sodium Propylparaben is an antimicrobial preservative which can be produced naturally by plants and bacteria. 
Sodium Propylparaben is prevalently used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and foods. 

Sodium Propylparaben disrupts antral follicle growth and steroidogenic function by altering the cell-cycle, apoptosis, and steroidogenesis pathways. 
Sodium Propylparaben also decreases sperm number and motile activity in rats.
Acts as a preservative. Highly effective in preventing the growth of fungi and bacteria and are used to preserve products and greatly extend their shelf life. 

Used in cosmetics and personal care products.
Sodium Propylparaben is a sodium salt of propylparaben, a chemical compound commonly used as a preservative in various cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and personal care products. 
It belongs to a class of chemicals known as parabens, which are widely utilized to prevent the growth of bacteria, mold, and yeast in formulations, thus extending the shelf life of products. 

Sodium Propylparaben is often included in lotions, shampoos, deodorants, creams, and other toiletries to maintain product integrity by inhibiting microbial contamination.
Sodium Propylparaben is recognized for its ability to preserve the stability of formulations without compromising their appearance or effectiveness. 
Sodium Propylparaben works by disrupting the cellular functions of microorganisms, preventing their growth, and ensuring that the product remains safe and effective during its intended shelf life. 

While parabens have been a subject of debate due to potential health concerns related to their hormonal effects, sodium propylparaben is still commonly used in a variety of consumer goods.
Sodium Propylparaben acts as a preservative. 
Exhibits the same antimicrobial activity as regular parabens. 

Sodium Propylparaben is characterized by its high solubility in cold water. 
Sodium Propylparaben is used in hair styling gels, hair care products, toothpaste and oral care products.
Sodium Propylparaben has been used as an antimicrobial preservative in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries for over 50 years. 

The chemical formula for propylparaben sodium is NaC10H12O3, it is the sodium salt of propylparaben.
Sodium Propylparaben is easily absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and skin, and metabolites are rapidly excreted in the urine. 
It does not appear to accumulate in the body. 

Sodium Propylparaben is on the FDA generally regarded as safe list.
Animal toxicity studies suggest propylparaben is relatively nontoxic by both the oral and injectable routes, but may irritate the skin It has not been shown to be carcinogenic, mutagenic or clastogenic.
All parabens have similar structure to estrogen. 

Studies conducted in the early 2000s located traces of parabens in breast tumors, but evidence has not linked parabens with breast cancer.
Sodium Propylparaben is safe to use with a maximum of 0.1% of the weight of the finished food or 200–450 ppm for a variety of foods like coffee extracts, juices, jams, baked goods, and dairy products.
It is even found naturally in a plant called Stocksia brahuica.

Sodium Propylparaben is often used as a food and cosmetic preservative as it has no odor or taste, and does not change the texture.
The compound has some medicinal application as well as it has been used in pills, syrups, eyewashes, weight gain drinks, and recently has been discovered to have anticonvulsant activities suggesting it may be useful in the development of anticonvulsant medicine.

Sodium Propylparaben is one of the most commonly used paraben in cosmetic formulation.
Sodium Propylparaben can be found in moisturizers, shampoos, conditioners, makeups, shaving products, and many more.
In cosmetic products, propylparaben is typically combined with other parabens (such as methylparaben) or other preservatives to protect against a broader range of microorganisms.

The chemical stability in room temperature and wide pH range (4.5–7.5) is advantageous to prolong a product shelf life. Under FDA regulations, the maximum use of concentration for propylparaben is 25%.
However, cosmetics do not require testing by the FDA prior to sale.
While there is no conclusive evidence of harm to human health from propylparaben, more cosmetic companies are creating paraben-free lines, specifically in shampoos. 

Since parabens can easily absorb through skin, daily use is believed to cause toxic accumulation in the body that might be harmful. 
Some people may also experience allergic reaction to parabens including redness, irritation, itchiness, flaking, and hives.
Sodium Propylparaben is a stable and non-volatile compound with antimicrobial properties and has been used as preservatives in food for over 50 years.

It is typically used in a variety of water-based cosmetics and personal-care products.
Sodium Propylparaben is a white crystalline solid with a molecular weight of 202.18 amu.
Humans most often absorb the chemical through their skin or ingestion as it is in many cosmetic and food products as an antifungal preservative.

It is metabolized in two major pathways leading to the production of either conjugated metabolites or hydrolysates (PHBA, PHHA).
These products are excreted from the body in urine.
Sodium Propylparaben is an effective antimicrobial, especially against green and blue molds on citrus fruits.

Its high solubility in water allows it to be applied to the fruits easily.
Sodium Propylparaben is an antimicrobial preservative which can be produced naturally by plants and bacteria. 
Sodium Propylparaben is prevalently used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and foods. 

Sodium Propylparaben disrupts antral follicle growth and steroidogenic function by altering the cell-cycle, apoptosis, and steroidogenesis pathways. 
Sodium Propylparaben also decreases sperm number and motile activity in rats.
Sodium Propylparaben is a water-soluble antiseptic mainly used as a safe, high efficiency, broad-spectrum antibiotic for cosmetics.

Sodium Propylparaben is in the paraben family of preservatives used by the food, pharmaceutical, and personal care product industries.
Sodium Propylparaben is the most widely used preservative in local anesthesia. 
In its pure state, it is colorless and is not aected by heat or cold.

Sodium Propylparaben solutions are stable at a pH between 3 and 6, but they are hydrolyzed in an alkaline environment. 
Sodium Propylparaben has similar properties. These preservatives do not replace sterilization techniques but only help to reduce the microbiological load5.
Sodium Propylparaben is also used as a plasticizer for certain drugs because of its semiconductor properties.

Sodium Propylparaben helps control the release of polymer-based drugs and facilitate the thermal process. 
Plasticizers are important for lowering the glass transition temperature (Tg) and softening polymeric drugs during their extrusion. 
The Tg of the polymer decreases by increasing the amount of methylparaben, this is due to the increased mobility of molecular chains of the polymer when methylparaben is inserted into the matrix. 

All this happens under high temperature Parabens: cream, body milk, deodorants, shower gel, toothpaste.
Whether it is butylparaben, propylparaben, sodium butylparaben, Sodium propylparaben, potassium butylparaben, potassium propylparaben, these molecules are potentially endocrine disruptors. 
It is desirable to avoid them in pregnant women, babies and adolescents

Melting point: 302°C
Density: 1.24 g/cm3 (25 °C)
vapor pressure: 0.001Pa at 20℃
storage temp.: Store at +15°C to +25°C.
solubility: Freely soluble in water, sparingly soluble in ethanol (96 per cent), practically insoluble in methylene chloride.
form: Solid
pka: 8.46[at 20 ℃]
color: White to Off-White
PH: 9.5-10.5 (1g/l, H2O, 20°C)
Water Solubility: 1000g/L at 23℃
Stability: Hygroscopic
LogP: 0.27 at 23℃

Sodium Propylparaben is also known for being relatively stable in both acidic and neutral environments, making it a versatile ingredient in products ranging from food additives to topical applications. 
However, concerns about its potential to be absorbed into the skin and its association with endocrine disruption have led some consumers and manufacturers to seek alternatives, resulting in a shift towards more natural preservatives in recent years. 
Despite these concerns, Sodium Propylparaben continues to be widely used in many industries for its effectiveness and reliability.

Sodium Propylparaben is one of the parabens family. Parabens are esters formed by p-hydroxybenzoic acid and an alcohol. 
They are largely used as biocides in cosmetics and toiletries, medicaments, or food. They have synergistic power with other biocides. 
Parabens can induce allergic contact dermatitis, mainly in chronic dermatitis and wounded skin.

Sodium Propylparaben is stable under normal conditions. 
It decomposes on heating. Store in a tightly closed container.
Sodium Propylparaben, like other parabens, is primarily used for its antimicrobial properties, preventing the growth of harmful bacteria, fungi, and molds in products. 

This makes it especially useful in products that contain water, such as creams, lotions, and shampoos, where the presence of water can promote microbial growth. 
In the cosmetic and personal care industries, Sodium Propylparaben is valued for its cost-effectiveness, ease of use, and broad-spectrum activity against a wide variety of microbes.
In addition to its preservative properties, sodium propylparaben is often chosen because of its relatively mild nature. 

Sodium Propylparaben tends to cause fewer skin irritations compared to some other preservatives and is generally recognized as safe for topical use at low concentrations, as determined by regulatory bodies such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA). 
However, the safety of parabens, including sodium propylparaben, has been questioned due to their ability to mimic estrogen in the body, leading to concerns about their potential role in disrupting hormonal balance.

Despite the controversy, research continues to explore the effects of parabens on human health, and while no definitive evidence has been presented to confirm that sodium propylparaben poses significant health risks when used in cosmetic formulations at regulated concentrations, some manufacturers have begun seeking paraben-free alternatives in response to consumer demand. 
Natural preservatives, such as those derived from plants or essential oils, have gained popularity as safer substitutes for parabens like sodium propylparaben.

Beyond cosmetics, sodium propylparaben is also used in the food industry, where it serves as a preservative in certain processed foods. 
Its ability to extend the shelf life of products, such as sauces, dressings, and other items that contain water, helps prevent spoilage and ensures that these products remain safe for consumption over time.
The versatility of sodium propylparaben, combined with its effectiveness and low cost, has made it a standard ingredient in various formulations across industries. 

However, its use continues to be a topic of discussion, especially as consumers become more aware of potential risks and as regulatory scrutiny of chemicals in consumer products increases. 
As a result, some companies have opted to remove parabens from their products entirely, opting instead for alternative preservatives that are perceived as more natural or less controversial.
One of the simplest ways to produce propylparaben is through the esterification of 4-hydroxy benzoic acid with propanol using an acidic catalyst.

The first major step includes the protonation of the carbonyl due to the acidic conditions. 
This protonation results in a positive charge on the carbonyl which will offset the electron density from the ester carbon atom, this allows the propanol to preform a nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl.

The proton of the nucleophilic propanol is then transferred by the solvent to the esters hydroxyl group. 
The hydroxyl can then act as a good leaving group and be expelled from the tetrahedral intermediate as water, allowing the ester carbonyl group to reform. 
Finally, deprotonation of the reformed carbonyl group will produce the final ester product, propylparaben.

Uses Of Sodium Propylparaben:
Used since the mid-1920s as a preservative, parabens are present in eyewashes, pills, cough syrups, injectable solutions, contraceptives, and even weight-gain drinks.
Unlike cosmetics where propylparaben is mostly used in the surface, propylparaben is ingested and absorbed. 
According to a law from the EEC (European Economic Community), the maximum level of parabens in pharmaceutical products is 1% (w/w), much stricter and defined than cosmetics. 

Sodium Propylparaben also cannot be used alone in ophthalmic products, such as eyewash because it may cause irritation at the effective concentration level to have antimicrobial activities.
A MES (Maximal Electroshock) test also shows anticonvulsant activity in propylparaben. 
Since propylparaben has minimum to no toxicity and well absorbed in the GI tract, it can potentially be develop to new anticonvulsant medicine to control seizures.

Sodium Propylparaben is a preservative. Sodium Propylparaben is also an excipient used in various pharmaceutical formulations.
Sodium Propylparaben is used as an antimicrobial or antifungal preservative in oral pharmaceuticals and in many water-based cosmetics. 
It is generally used in combination with other paraben esters.

Sodium Propylparaben is a broad spectrum antimicrobial agent designed for preservation of a wide range of cosmetics, toiletries pharmaceuticals.
Sodium Propylparaben is suitable to preserve both rinse- o and leave-on formulations.
Sodium Propylparaben is eective against bacteria, molds and yeast.

The recommended use level of Sodium Propylparaben to preserve most product types is normally in the range of 0.1- 0.3 % based on the total weight of the nished product.
The Paraben esters have many advantages as preservatives,like broad spectrum antimicrobial activity, eective at low use concentrations, compatible with a wide range of cosmetic ingredients, colourless, odourless, well documented toxicological and dermatological acceptability based on human experience (used in cosmetics, food and pharmaceuticals since 1930ies),pHydroxybenzoic Acid and a number of its estersoccur naturally in a variety of plants and animals, stable and eective over a wide pHrange, etc.
The Sodium Parabens, like Sodium Propylparaben have several additional advantages.

Sodium Propylparaben is highly soluble in cold water for ease of addition.
Sodium Propylparaben is designed for preservation of a wide range of cosmetics and toiletries. 
Sodium Propylparaben is a broad spectrum antimicrobial agent designed for preservation of a wide range of cosmetics, toiletries pharmaceuticals.

Sodium Propylparaben is suitable to preserve both rinse- o and leave- on formulations.
Formulations which are prone to bacteria contamination an additional antibacterial preservative, like DMDMH might be necessary to add as Sodium Propyl paraben provides a higher ecacy against fungi than against bacteria.
Sodium Propylparaben is most commonly used as a preservative in a variety of personal care, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food products. 

In personal care and cosmetic formulations, it serves primarily to prevent the growth of harmful microorganisms such as bacteria, yeast, and molds, which can contaminate products and reduce their effectiveness or pose health risks to consumers. 
This makes sodium propylparaben especially valuable in products like lotions, creams, shampoos, deodorants, and cosmetics, which are susceptible to microbial contamination due to their water content. 

By preventing the growth of these microorganisms, sodium propylparaben helps to extend the shelf life and maintain the safety and quality of these products, allowing them to remain effective and safe for use over time.
In addition to its role as a preservative in cosmetics and toiletries, sodium propylparaben is also used in pharmaceutical formulations, such as topical ointments, creams, and gels, to maintain the stability and safety of these products. 
The preservative ensures that these medical products remain free from bacterial and fungal contamination, which is especially critical in topical medications that may come into contact with broken skin or mucous membranes.

Sodium Propylparaben is often included in formulations that require a long shelf life, ensuring that these products retain their potency and safety for the duration of their use.
Sodium Propylparaben also finds applications in the food industry, where it serves as a preservative in certain processed foods. 
In this context, it helps to prevent spoilage caused by microbial contamination, ensuring that foods such as sauces, dressings, baked goods, and processed meats remain safe to consume over extended periods of time. 

Its use in food products is particularly beneficial in preventing the growth of molds and yeasts that can thrive in moist environments, helping to maintain the appearance and taste of food products. 
Sodium propylparaben is typically used in very small amounts in food products, as it is effective at low concentrations.
The compound is also sometimes used in industrial and household cleaning products, such as disinfectants, detergents, and surface cleaners, due to its antimicrobial properties.

In these products, sodium propylparaben helps to prevent microbial contamination that could degrade the product or create health hazards.
In addition to its preservative properties, sodium propylparaben is also included in some formulations due to its ability to improve product texture and stability. 

It is often used to prevent separation of ingredients in emulsions or to enhance the overall consistency of products like creams and lotions. 
Its ability to act as both a preservative and a stabilizing agent makes it a versatile ingredient in many different types of formulations.

Safety Profile Of Sodium Propylparaben:
Sodium Propylparaben, among other parabens, has been raising concerns on its possible interaction and disruption of estrogen in the endocrine system Exposure to high levels of propylparaben has been correlated to lower sperm and testosterone production in males in animal studies, with one other study showing that it can even act as an effective spermicide.

Animal studies of propylparaben in the body show that propylparaben is metabolized from the GI tract and excreted rapidly through urine with no accumulation in the body. 
Despite parabens' interaction with the endocrine system, it has not been shown to be significantly correlated with breast cancer.
With cracked or damaged skins, the use of propylparaben in cosmetics or skincare can result in skin sensitization; however, for normal skin, it is considered safe