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Stannous chloride, anhydrous, also known as stannous chloride, is a white crystalline solid with the formula SnCl2.
Stannous chloride, anhydrous forms a stable dihydrate, but aqueous solutions tend to undergo hydrolysis, particularly if hot.
Stannous chloride, anhydrous is widely used as a reducing agent (in acid solution), and in electrolytic baths for tin-plating.
CAS Number: 7772-99-8
Molecular Formula: Cl2Sn
Molecular Weight: 189.62
EINECS Number: 231-868-0
Synonyms: Stannous chloride, Dichlorotin, Stannous dichloride, Tin Protochloride, Tin (II) chloride, Stannous chloride anhydrous, Uniston CR-HT 200, Stannous chloride, anhydrous, CCRIS 560, HSDB 582, EINECS 231-868-0, CI 77864, UNII-R30H55TN67, AI3-51686, R30H55TN67, EC 231-868-0, SnCl(2), UltratagRBC, NCI-CO2722, 1bqv3749l5, ccris 3953, chebi:78074, dihydrated stannous chloride, dtxcid201323170, dtxsid8021351, e 512, e512, ins no.512, ins-512, lambda(2)-tin(2+) dihydrate dichloride, sncl2.2h2o, stannous chloride (ii), stannous chloride anhydrous (ii), stannous chloride dihydrate (ep impurity), stannous chloride dihydrate (ep monograph), stannous chloride, dihydrate, stannous chloride,anhydrous, stannous dichloride dihydrate, tin chloride (sncl2)dihydrate, tin chloride dihydrate, tin chloride, dihydrate, tin(ii) chloride dihydrate, tin(ii) chloride, dihydrate (1:2:2), tin, dichloro-, hydrate (1:2), unii-1bqv3749l5, 7772-99-8, Tin(II) chloride, Tin dichloride, SnCl2, Stannous chloride(Chunks or pellets), MFCD00011241, Anhydrous stannous chloride, Tin(II)Chloride, Tin(II) chloride, anhydrous, Tin(II) chloride (1:2), tin(II) choride, tin(II)dichloride, NCI-C02722, tin (II)chloride, tin(II)-chloride, Tin Dichloride; Dichlorotin; Tin Protochlorie; Tin Chloride; Tin (II) Chloride; Stannous Dichloride, tin(11) chloride, tin-(II) chloride, tin-(II)-chloride, tine (II) chloride, tin (11) chloride, tin (II) dichloride, tin-(II) dichloride, tin (II ) chloride, C.I. 77864, Tin (II) chloride anhydrous, Tin(II) chloride, ultra dry, Anhydrous stannous chloride, 98%, Tin(II) chloride, p.a., 97%, Tin(II) chloride, AR, >=99%, Tin(II) chloride, LR, >=98%, Tin(II) chloride;Stannous dichloride, AKOS016367891, FS29948, Tin(II) chloride, reagent grade, 98%, CS-0015268, Tin(II) chloride, ReagentPlus(R), >=99%, EPA Method 1631, Stannous Chloride, 8 x 40g, Q204964, Tin(II) chloride, >=99.99% trace metals basis, Tin(II) chloride, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%, Tin(II) chloride, anhydrous, powder, >=99.99% trace metals basis, Anhydrous stannous chloride;C.I. 77864;c.i.77864;STANNOUS CHLORIDE ANHYDROUS, 99.99+%;tin atomic spectroscopy standard concentrate 1.00 g sn;tin(ii) chloride solution;tin(ii) chloride, ultra dry;STANNOUSCHLORIDE,ANHYDROUS,REAGENT
Stannous chloride, anhydrous should not be confused with the other chloride of tin; tin(IV) chloride or stannic chloride (SnCl4).
Stannous chloride, anhydrous has a lone pair of electrons, such that the molecule in the gas phase is bent.
In the solid state, crystalline SnCl2 forms chains linked via chloride bridges as shown.
The dihydrate has three coordinates as well, with one water on the tin and another water on the first.
The main part of the molecule stacks into double layers in the crystal lattice, with the "second" water sandwiched between the layers.
Stannous chloride, anhydrous is a chemical compound composed of tin and chlorine, with the formula SnCl₂.
The term anhydrous means that the substance does not contain water molecules, unlike its hydrated counterpart.
Stannous chloride, anhydrous typically appears as a white crystalline solid, although it can take on a slightly yellow tint due to oxidation over time.
Stannous chloride, anhydrous, is commonly used as a reducing agent in both laboratory and industrial chemical reactions.
Stannous chloride, anhydrous plays an important role in electroplating processes, where it helps deposit a layer of tin onto other metals, providing corrosion resistance and improved appearance.
In organic chemistry, it’s often used to reduce nitro groups to amines and to convert certain ketones and aldehydes into alcohols.
Stannous chloride, anhydrous is highly sensitive to moisture and oxygen, which is why it must be stored in tightly sealed containers under dry, inert conditions to prevent degradation.
In the pharmaceutical and medical fields, stannous chloride is also used in radiopharmaceutical preparations, particularly in kits for labeling red blood cells with technetium-99m, a radioisotope used in diagnostic imaging.
Although useful, stannous chloride, anhydrous, is toxic and corrosive, and it should be handled with care.
It can irritate the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract, and it may be harmful if swallowed or inhaled.
Proper safety precautions, including gloves and protective eyewear, are essential when working with this substance.
Also known as tin chloride, tin crystals, tin dichloride and tin salts, SnCl2 is white crystals, soluble in water, alcohol, and alkalies, oxidized in air to the oxychloride, that melt at 247°C.
Used as a chemical intermediate, reducing agent, and ink-stain remover, and for silvering mirrors.
Melting point: 246 °C (lit.)
Boiling point: 652 °C (lit.)
Density: 3.95
Vapor pressure: 0 Pa at 20 ℃
Flash point: 652 °C
Storage temp.: Store below +30 °C
Solubility: H₂O: soluble
Form: Powder
Color: White
Specific Gravity: 3.95
pH: 2.0 (100 g/L, H₂O, 20 ℃)
Odor: Odorless
Water Solubility: Soluble in water, alkalies, alcohol, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl acetate, and acetone
Sensitive: Air sensitive & hygroscopic
Crystal Structure: PbCl₂ type
Crystal system: Nogata
Merck: 14,8783
Stannous chloride, anhydrous is an inorganic chloride that has formula Cl2Sn.
Stannous chloride, anhydrous (chemical formula SnCl₂) is the anhydrous (water-free) form of tin(II) chloride, meaning it contains no water molecules in its crystalline structure.
It is composed of one tin (Sn) atom in the +2 oxidation state, bonded to two chlorine (Cl) atoms.
In its pure form, it appears as a white to off-white crystalline solid, though it may turn yellowish or grey over time if exposed to air or moisture due to oxidation and hydrolysis.
Stannous chloride, anhydrous is highly hygroscopic, which means it readily absorbs moisture from the air.
When exposed to water, stannous chloride anhydrous quickly reacts to form stannous chloride dihydrate (SnCl₂·2H₂O) or even hydrolyzes to produce tin hydroxide and hydrochloric acid.
As a result, Stannous chloride, anhydrous must be stored in tightly sealed containers, preferably under an inert gas atmosphere such as nitrogen or argon, to prevent it from degrading.
Stannous chloride, anhydrous is prepared by dissolving tin in hydrochloric acid followed by evaporation of the solution and crystallization.
Despite its usefulness, stannous chloride, anhydrous, should be handled with caution.
Stannous chloride, anhydrous is corrosive, and exposure to the skin or eyes can cause severe irritation or burns.
Inhalation of its dust or vapors may irritate the respiratory system, and ingestion is harmful.
When dissolved in water, it forms hydrochloric acid, which is highly acidic and reactive.
Therefore, strict safety protocols such as working under a fume hood, wearing gloves, safety goggles, and lab coats are essential when using this chemical.
In environmental terms, improper disposal of Stannous chloride, anhydrous can be hazardous due to its tin content and potential to release chlorine-containing compounds.
Disposal must follow local hazardous waste regulations.
Stannous chloride, anhydrous is a powerful reducing agent.
Can react violently with oxidizing agents.
Undergoes flaming reaction with bromine trifluoride.
Catalyzes the exothermic rearrangement and polymerization of ethylene oxide.
Mixtures with Stannous chloride, anhydrous can be ignited with a match, and the reaction proceeds with incandescence.
Reacts with hydrazine hydrate to give stannous dihydrazine chloride which decomposes explosively when heated.
Undergoes a strongly exothermic reaction with aqueous solutions of hydrogen peroxide having concentration exceeding 3%).
Stannous chloride, anhydrous is a tin(II) salt of hydrochloric acid, where tin is in the +2 oxidation state (also called "stannous").
The molecule consists of a central tin atom bonded to two chlorine atoms, forming a bent or angular molecular geometry due to the presence of a lone pair of electrons on the tin atom.
This makes it a polar compound with moderate reactivity.
The anhydrous form is distinct from its hydrated counterpart, stannous chloride dihydrate (SnCl₂·2H₂O), which forms when it absorbs moisture.
The anhydrous version is highly reactive, especially in the presence of water or oxygen, and must be handled in dry and inert environments.
When exposed to air, Stannous chloride, anhydrous can undergo oxidation, turning into tin(IV) compounds and losing its reducing power.
When dissolved in water, Stannous chloride, anhydrous undergoes hydrolysis, forming a cloudy solution due to the precipitation of tin hydroxide and release of hydrochloric acid (HCl).
Uses Of Stannous chloride, anhydrous:
Stannous chloride, anhydrous is a strong reducing agent and is used in many industrial processes, such as manufacturing dyes, phosphors, and polymers.
Stannous chloride, anhydrous is a major ingredient in acid tin plating baths.
Other uses are a mordant in dyeing; an additive to lubricating oil to prevent sludging; a stablizier for perfume in soaps; in removing ink stains; a sensitizing agent for glass, paper, and plastics; and a soldering flux.
Stannous chloride, anhydrous is used for preparing a number of tin(II) salts.
It is a catalyst in many organic reactions.
Stannous chloride, anhydrous is a common laboratory reagent.
Stannous chloride, anhydrous is an antioxidant and preservative that exists as white or colorless crystals, being very soluble in water.
Stannous chloride, anhydrous reacts read- ily with oxygen, preventing its combination with chemicals and foods which would otherwise result in discoloration and undesirable odors.
Stannous chloride, anhydrous is used for color retention in asparagus at less than 20 ppm.
Stannous chloride, anhydrous is also used in carbonated drinks.
Stannous chloride, anhydrous was accomplished with this reagent.
These new compounds exhibit reversible oxidation only at the conjugated ring system, not at the metal center.
A solution of tin(II) chloride containing a little hydrochloric acid is used for the tin-plating of steel, in order to make tin cans.
An electric potential is applied, and tin metal is formed at the cathode via electrolysis.
Stannous chloride, anhydrous is used as a mordant in textile dyeing because it gives brighter colours with some dyes e.g. cochineal.
This mordant has also been used alone to increase the weight of silk.
In recent years, an increasing number of tooth paste brands have been adding Tin(II) chloride as protection against enamel erosion to their formula, e. g. Oral-B or Elmex.
Stannous chloride, anhydrous is used as a catalyst in the production of the plastic polylactic acid (PLA).
Stannous chloride, anhydrous also finds a use as a catalyst between acetone and hydrogen peroxide to form the tetrameric form of acetone peroxide.
Stannous chloride, anhydrous, is widely used as a powerful reducing agent in both organic and inorganic chemistry due to its ability to donate electrons and lower the oxidation state of other compounds.
It is particularly valuable in the reduction of nitro groups to primary amines, which is a key transformation in the synthesis of many pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and dyes.
For example, in the manufacturing of certain antibiotics or industrial dyes, this reduction step facilitated by stannous chloride is essential to modify the molecular structure and enhance the biological or chemical activity of the compound.
Stannous chloride, anhydrous is also employed to reduce quinones to hydroquinones, ketones and aldehydes to alcohols, and metallic ions like gold(III) or mercury(II) to their elemental forms.
One of the most important industrial applications of anhydrous stannous chloride is in the electroplating of tin, where it serves as the source of tin ions in the plating bath.
This process is used to coat other metals with a thin layer of tin to enhance corrosion resistance, improve solderability, and enhance surface appearance.
The tin layer protects metals such as steel, copper, and brass from oxidation and extends their service life, which is especially important in the electronics industry (e.g., circuit boards and electrical connectors) and in food packaging (e.g., tin cans), where durability and non-toxicity are critical.
Stannous chloride, anhydrous plays a crucial role in nuclear medicine, particularly in the preparation of technetium-99m radiopharmaceuticals, which are widely used for diagnostic imaging in hospitals.
In these preparations, stannous chloride acts as a reducing agent that enables technetium-99m to chemically bind to molecules such as proteins or pharmaceuticals.
This binding is essential for creating radioactive tracers that target specific organs or tissues, such as the heart, lungs, or red blood cells.
For instance, in blood pool imaging, it helps label red blood cells so that their movement through the circulatory system can be visualized using gamma cameras.
In the glass industry, Stannous chloride, anhydrous is employed as a source of tin in the production of transparent conductive coatings on glass surfaces.
These coatings are used in applications like low-emissivity windows, which help improve energy efficiency in buildings by reflecting heat.
Stannous chloride, anhydrous is also used in mirror manufacturing and the production of special optical glass, where it contributes to the formation of reflective or electrically conductive surfaces.
Additionally, it is involved in the float glass process, where molten glass is floated over a bed of molten tin to create large, flat, and uniform glass sheets.
In the textile industry, Stannous chloride, anhydrous acts as a mordant, a substance that helps fix dyes onto fabrics by forming a chemical bridge between the dye and the textile fibers.
This property is particularly important in the dyeing of wool and silk, where bright and long-lasting colors are desired.
Stannous chloride, anhydrous improves the intensity, shade, and durability of the colors and prevents them from fading during washing or exposure to light.
Stannous chloride, anhydrous is especially effective in dyeing with acid dyes and aniline-based compounds, contributing to vibrant and permanent coloration.
In analytical laboratories, Stannous chloride, anhydrous is used as a reagent in qualitative and quantitative tests for detecting various metals, such as gold, mercury, and antimony.
It can reduce gold ions in solution to form metallic gold, which appears as a visible deposit or precipitate.
This property makes it useful in confirmatory tests for precious metals or in processes where trace metal detection is required.
Stannous chloride, anhydrous is also used in titration procedures and standard solutions, where its reducing ability is key to maintaining controlled reaction conditions.
Stannous chloride, anhydrous is sometimes applied as a corrosion inhibitor and in the treatment of metal surfaces to improve adhesion for paints, coatings, or other treatments.
When used on surfaces such as steel or copper, it can help prepare them for further processing by removing oxides and forming a uniform, reactive surface layer.
This application is particularly important in industries like automotive manufacturing, aerospace, and construction, where protective coatings are vital for longevity and safety.
Safety Profile Of Stannous chloride, anhydrous:
Poison by ingestion, intraperitoneal, intravenous, and subcutaneous routes.
Experimental reproductive effects human mutation data reported.
Potentially explosive reaction with metal nitrates violent reactions with hydrogen peroxide, ethylene oxide, hydrazine hydrate, nitrates, K, Na.
Ignition on contact with bromine trifluoride. a vigorous reaction with calcium acetylide is initiated by flame.
When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of Cl-.
Stannous chloride, anhydrous (SnCl₂), while useful in many industrial and laboratory settings, poses significant hazards to health, safety, and the environment.
Below is a detailed explanation of the hazards associated with its handling, exposure, and storage, including health effects, chemical reactivity, and proper precautions.
Swallowing Stannous chloride, anhydrous is dangerous and corrosive, leading to burning of the mouth, throat, and gastrointestinal tract, with symptoms including nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and potentially internal bleeding.
Dust or vapors from Stannous chloride, anhydrous can irritate the respiratory system, causing symptoms such as coughing, sore throat, chest discomfort, and shortness of breath.
Prolonged or repeated inhalation may lead to inflammation of the lungs (chemical pneumonitis) or worsen existing respiratory conditions like asthma.
