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Stannous Chloride Dihydrate appears as colorless or white monoclinic crystal, being soluble in alcohol, ether, acetone and glacial acetic acid.
Stannous Chloride Dihydrate, is a white crystalline solid with the formula SnCl2.
Stannous Chloride Dihydrate forms a stable dihydrate, but aqueous solutions tend to undergo hydrolysis, particularly if hot.
CAS Number: 10025-69-1
Molecular Formula: Cl2H4O2Sn
Molecular Weight: 225.65
EINECS Number: 600-045-1
Synonyms: RefChem:932185, DTXCID2029747, DTXSID5049788, Stannous chloride dihydrate, tindichloride dihydrate, tin (II) chloride dihydrate, Stannochlor, dichlorotin dihydrate, TIN Chloride, dihydrate, Stannous dichloride dihydrate, CCRIS 3953, Tin chloride (SnCl₂) dihydrate, Tin(II) chloride, dihydrate (1:2:2), H4Cl2O2Sn, Stannous chloride (NF), tin(II)cloride dihydrate, tin(II)chloride dihydrate, tin(II)chloride-dihydrate, tin(II)chloride d1Hydrate, tin (II)chloride dihydrate, tin (II)chloride-dihydrate, tin(II) chloride-dihydrate, tin(II)-chloride-dihydrate, Tin(II)-chloride dihydrate, Tin(II)dichloride dihydrate, Tin(II)dichloride-dihydrate, tin(11) chloride dihydrate, tin(II) chloride bis-hydrate, SCHEMBL57296, tin (II) chloride-dihydrate, tin(II) chloride di-hydrate, tin-(II)-chloride dihydrate, tin-(II)-chloride-dihydrate, SnCl₂·2H₂O, Tin(II) chloride, dihydrate, Tin(II) dichloride dihydrate, tin (11) chloride dihydrate, tin(II) chloride bis-hydrate, Stannous chloride [USAN:NF], UNII-1BQV3749L5, Tin (II) chloride di-hydrate, tin (II) dichloride dihydrate, tin (II) chloride bis hydrate, orb2939155, tin (11) chloride bis hydrate, Tin(II) chloride dihydrate, for AAS, Tin(II) chloride dihydrate, ACS grade, BP-30099, Tin(II) chloride dihydrate, Reagent Grade, D05918, Tin(II) chloride dihydrate, ACS reagent, 98%, Tin(II) chloride dihydrate, 98%, for analysis, Tin(II) chloride dihydrate, reagent grade, 98%, Q27147627, Tin(II) chloride dihydrate, p.a., ACS reagent, 98%, Tin(II) chloride hydrate, 99.995% (metals basis), Tin(II) chloride dihydrate, SAJ first grade, >=90.0%, Tin(II) chloride dihydrate, >=99.99% trace metals basis, Tin(II) chloride dihydrate, >=99.995% trace metals basis, Tin(II) chloride dihydrate, JIS special grade, >=97.0%, Tin(II) chloride dihydrate, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%, Tin(II) chloride dihydrate, p.a., ACS reagent, reag. ISO, 98.0–103%, Tin(II) chloride dihydrate, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, reag. ISO, reag. Ph. Eur., >=98%, Tin(II) chloride dihydrate, suitable for determination of toxic metals, >=96.0%, TIN(II) CHLORIDE DIHYDRATE FOR ANALYSIS (MAX. 0.000001% HG) EMSURE;TIN(II) CHLORIDE DIHYDRATE FOR ANALYSIS EMSURE ACS,ISO,REAG. PH EUR;Stannous chloride dihydrate≥ 99.5% (Assay);Stannous Chloride, Dihydrate, For ACS analysis;Tin(Ii) Chloride Dihydrate, Reag. Ph. Eur. reag. ISO;Tin(II) chloride dihydrate, p.a.;Tin(II) chloride dihydrate, For analysis ACS;Tin (II) chloride hydrated
Stannous Chloride Dihydrate is widely used as a reducing agent (in acid solution), and in electrolytic baths for tin-plating.
Stannous Chloride Dihydrate should not be confused with the other chloride of tin; tin(IV) chloride or stannic chloride (SnCl4).
Stannous Chloride Dihydrate, also known as tin(II) chloride dihydrate or SnCl₂·2H₂O, is an inorganic chemical compound composed of tin in its +2 oxidation state (stannous form) combined with chloride ions and two molecules of water of crystallization.
Stannous Chloride Dihydrate appears as a colorless to pale yellow crystalline solid, which is highly hygroscopic, meaning it readily absorbs moisture from the air, and therefore is often stored under tightly sealed conditions or in desiccators to prevent degradation.
Stannous Chloride Dihydrate is soluble in water and certain alcohols, producing a strongly acidic solution due to the hydrolysis of the tin(II) ion, and it exhibits reducing properties in aqueous solution, which makes it a versatile reagent in both industrial and laboratory applications.
Stannous Chloride Dihydrate has a lone pair of electrons, such that the molecule in the gas phase is bent.
In the solid state, crystalline SnCl2 forms chains linked via chloride bridges as shown. The dihydrate has three coordinates as well, with one water on the tin and another water on the first.
The main part of the molecule stacks into double layers in the crystal lattice, with the "second" water sandwiched between the layers.
Stannous Chloride Dihydrate, a relatively reactive form of tin that can be easily oxidized to tin(IV) in the presence of oxygen or strong oxidizing agents, meaning that solutions of SnCl₂ must often be freshly prepared or stored under inert conditions if long-term stability is required.
The dihydrate form, which contains exactly two water molecules per formula unit, is particularly common because it is more stable and easier to handle than the anhydrous form, while still providing a concentrated and convenient source of stannous ions.
Stannous Chloride Dihydrate dissolves in less than its own mass of water. Dilute solutions are subject to hydrolysis, yielding an insoluble basic salt: SnCl2 + H2O ⇌ Sn(OH)Cl + HCl
Hydrolysis is prevented in the presence of hydrochloric acid, typically of the same or greater molarity as the stannous chloride.
Solutions of SnCl2 are also unstable towards oxidation by the air: 6 SnCl2 + O2 + 2 H2O → 2 SnCl4 + 4 Sn(OH)Cl
Oxidation can be prevented by storing the solution over lumps of tin metal.
Stannous Chloride Dihydrate acts as a reducing agent for silver and gold salts to the metal, and iron(III) salts to iron(II), for example: SnCl2 (aq) + 2 FeCl3 (aq) → SnCl4 (aq) + 2 FeCl2 (aq)
Stannous Chloride Dihydrate also reduces copper(II) to copper(I).
Solutions of Stannous Chloride Dihydrate can also serve simply as a source of Sn2+ ions, which can form other tin(II) compounds via precipitation reactions.
For example, reaction with sodium sulfide produces the brown/black tin(II) sulfide: SnCl2 (aq) + Na2S (aq) → SnS (s) + 2 NaCl (aq)
If alkali is added to a solution of SnCl2, a white precipitate of hydrated tin(II) oxide forms initially; this then dissolves in excess base to form a stannite salt such as sodium stannite: SnCl2(aq) + 2 NaOH (aq) → SnO·H2O (s) + 2 NaCl (aq), SnO·H2O (s) + NaOH (aq) → NaSn(OH)3 (aq)
Anhydrous Stannous Chloride Dihydrate can be used to make a variety of tin(II) compounds in non-aqueous solvents.
For example, the lithium salt of 4-methyl-2,6-di-tert-butylphenol reacts with SnCl2 in THF to give the yellow linear two-coordinate compound Sn(OAr)2 (Ar = aryl).
Tin(II) chloride also behaves as a weak Lewis acid, forming complexes with ligands such as chloride ion, for example: SnCl2 + CsCl− → SnCl−3
Like SnCl2(H2O), trichlorostannate (SnCl−3) ion is pyramidal. Such complexes have a full octet.
The lone pair of electrons in such complexes is available for bonding. Therefore, SnCl−3 itself can serve as a Lewis base or ligand: SnCl2 + Fe(η5-C5H5)(CO)2HgCl → Fe(η5-C5H5)(CO)2SnCl3 + Hg
SnCl2 can be used to make a variety of related compounds containing metal-tin bonds. For example, the reaction with dicobalt octacarbonyl: SnCl2 + Co2(CO)8 → (CO)4Co-(SnCl2)-Co(CO)4
Stannous Chloride Dihydrate is a component of technetium-99m agents indicated for imaging of the skeleton for areas of altered osteogenesis or in the detection of infarcted heart tissue Label.
Stannous Chloride Dihydrate itself is not known to produce a pharmacological effect at the dosages used clinically.
Stannous Chloride Dihydrate acts as a reducing agent for technetium-99m allowing formation of a Tc99m-Sn-pyrophosphate complex in combination sodium pyrophosphate 1,Label.
Stannous Chloride Dihydrate is generally immediately available in most volumes.
High purity, submicron and nanopowder forms may be considered.
American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia) and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.
We can also produce materials to customer specifications by request, in addition to custom compositions for commercial and research applications and new proprietary technologies.
Typical and custom packaging is available, as is additional research, technical and safety (MSDS) data.
Melting point : 37–38 °C (dec.) (lit.)
Boiling point : 652 °C (lit.)
Density : 2.71 g/cm³
Bulk density : 1250 kg/m³
Refractive index : 1.642
Storage temp. : +15 °C to +25 °C
Solubility : Hydrochloric acid
Form : Solid
Specific Gravity : 2.71
Color : White or colorless
Odor : Odorless
pH : 1–2 (100 g/L, H₂O, 20 °C)
Water Solubility : 1187 g/L (20 °C)
Sensitive : Air sensitive
Merck : 14,8783
Exposure limits : ACGIH TWA 2 mg/m³; NIOSH IDLH 100 mg/m³, TWA 2 mg/m³
Stability : Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, alkali metals, ammonia, alcohols, alkalies, nitrates, boron trifluoride, boron trichloride, carbides.
InChIKey : AXZWODMDQAVCJE-UHFFFAOYSA-L
Stannous Chloride Dihydrate is prepared by the action of dry hydrogen chloride gas on tin metal.
The dihydrate is made by a similar reaction, using hydrochloric acid: Sn (s) + 2 HCl (aq) → SnCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)
The water then carefully evaporated from the acidic solution to produce crystals of SnCl2·2H2O.
This Stannous Chloride Dihydrate can be dehydrated to anhydration using acetic anhydride.
Hydrochloric acid method: first melt the metal tin, and then pour into cold water to enable to the formation of the tin flower.
Stannous Chloride Dihydrate and tin flower are further added at a certain proportion into the reactors for reaction until the solution concentration of 40° Bé or so.
Stannous Chloride Dihydrate is further put into the enamel evaporator for concentration.
First of all, add tin flower to the evaporator; through steam heating, have hydrochloric acid to further react with tin.
When the solution concentration is increased to 73~77 ° Bé, filter while hot and then cool for crystallization and perform centrifugal separation to obtain the finished product of Tin.
A hydrate that is tin dichloride (anh.) combined with 2 mol eq. of water.
Stannous Chloride Dihydrate is used as a dye, pigment, and printing ink; in making chemicals; chemical preservatives; food additives; polymers, textiles, glass, silvering mirrors.
Stannous Chloride Dihydrate is used as a source of tin in radiopharmaceutical kits.
Tin reduces technetium-99m, the active radiological agent, allowing it to form a complex with phosphate-containing moeities.
These complexes localize primarily in bone (40-50%) and infracted myocardium (0.01-0.02%/g of tissue) allowing for imaging of areas of altered osteogenesis or necrotic heart tissue Label.
Stannous Chloride Dihydrate is highly valued in chemistry and industry because it combines solubility, reactivity, and reducing power.
In aqueous solution, the stannous ion (Sn²⁺) can act as a mild reducing agent, capable of reducing a variety of metal ions, organic compounds, and inorganic species under controlled conditions.
This property has made it an essential reagent in analytical chemistry, electroplating, tin plating, and organic synthesis, where precise delivery of tin(II) ions is required.
Stannous Chloride Dihydrate also reacts with acids and certain bases, forming complex tin species that can be used as intermediates in the synthesis of other tin-containing chemicals.
In industrial contexts, Stannous Chloride Dihydrate is particularly important in the production of tin coatings, corrosion inhibitors, and metal finishing processes, because it provides a consistent source of tin(II) ions that can interact with substrates to form protective or decorative layers.
Stannous Chloride Dihydrate is also used in electronics manufacturing, where tin(II) chloride solutions serve in tin plating of components to enhance solderability, electrical conductivity, and resistance to corrosion.
Stannous Chloride Dihydrate is a highly versatile and widely used tin compound that is recognized for its reducing ability, solubility, and availability of reactive Sn²⁺ ions, making it indispensable in laboratory research, analytical procedures, industrial metal treatments, and chemical synthesis.
Its hygroscopic nature and susceptibility to oxidation necessitate careful handling, but these same properties allow chemists and engineers to exploit it in a broad range of applications where controlled tin(II) chemistry is essential.
Uses Of Stannous Chloride Dihydrate:
Stannous Chloride Dihydrate can be used as a reducing agent, mordant, bleaching agent and for tin plating in the electroplating industry.
Stannous Chloride Dihydrate can be used for the colorimetric determination of silver, lead, arsenic and molybdenum, being also be used as a reducing agent and mordant
Stannous Chloride Dihydrate is mainly used in acidic tin plating as major salt.
Tin is in bivalent in the bath with high efficiency cathode. The general usage amount is 40~60 kg/L.
Stannous Chloride Dihydrate can also be used for glass mirror industry, as silver nitrate sensitizer to enable excellent coating brightness.
Addition of the plating layer of this product during the ABS electroplating is not easy to fall off.
Stannous Chloride Dihydrate can be used as the reducing agents in the manufacture of dyestuff intermediates.
It can act as the components of super high pressure lubricating oil.
Stannous Chloride Dihydrate can be used as a bleaching agent for the sensitization of the mercury-plating during the manufacturing of mirror, enables excellent brightness of the formed silver film so that the combination of mercury and products is quite firm.
Electroplating industry applied it for the tin-plating, copper-tin plating of the mechanical parts.
During the ABS plastic plating, it is used for sensitization so that the coating is not easy to fall off.
Stannous Chloride Dihydrate can also be used in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, as the catalyst in organic synthesis and the activator of the butyl rubber vulcanization.
Stannous Chloride Dihydrate can also be used as the mordant and the anti-dyeing agent in printing discharge process.
It can be used as the stabilizers for perfumery industry, as food reductant and antioxidants used for canned asparagus, pineapple juice.
Stannous Chloride Dihydrate can be used as analysis reagents and reducing agent.
Stannous Chloride Dihydrate can also be used as the reductant for the production of dye intermediates; it can also be used for electroplating; as brightening agent during galvanized silver plating and plastic plate plating; as perfume stabilizer, bleach, stabilizing soap aroma; oil anti-fouling agent; raw material for organic synthesis; the raw material of herbicide Oxadiazon.
Stannous Chloride Dihydrate is a kind of strong reducing agent.
It can be used for the determination of hydride via AAS; colorimetric determination of silver, lead, arsenic and molybdenum; determination of serum inorganic phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase activity, molybdenum blue method for the determination of soil and plant phosphorus content; the catalyst of the organic reaction.
As a strong reducing agent, Stannous Chloride Dihydrate is used for carbonyl allylation reaction; as the Lewis acid catalyst in a C-C bond reaction; the catalyst for the co-acting with AgClO4 for the synthesis of α-glycosides, the synthesis of such olefins, diolefins, cis-vinyl ethylene oxide and allyl selenide and de-oxidation of internal peroxides; used for the protection of carboxylic acids in the presence of 1,3-dithianes and selective methoxybenzyl ether scavenging reagents; the additives in hydroformylation and carbonylation reactions.
Stannous Chloride Dihydrate is used as a sensitizing agent in preparing glass and plastic for metalizing.
Stannous Chloride Dihydrate serves as a potent reducing agent. Other uses of stannous chloride are tin electroplating baths, corrosion inhibitors, polymers, thermoplastic elastomers, soldering flux, antioxidant, tanning agent and pharmaceuticals.
The Stephen reduction is less used today, because it has been mostly superseded by diisobutylaluminium hydride reduction.
Additionally, SnCl2 is used to selectively reduce aromatic nitro groups to anilines.
A solution of Stannous Chloride Dihydrate containing a little hydrochloric acid is used for the tin-plating of steel, in order to make tin cans.
An electric potential is applied, and tin metal is formed at the cathode via electrolysis.
Stannous Chloride Dihydrate is used as a mordant in textile dyeing because it gives brighter colours with some dyes e.g. cochineal.
This mordant has also been used alone to increase the weight of silk.
In recent years, an increasing number of tooth paste brands have been adding Tin(II) chloride as protection against enamel erosion to their formula, e. g. Oral-B or Elmex.
Stannous Chloride Dihydrate is used as a catalyst in the production of the plastic polylactic acid (PLA).
Stannous Chloride Dihydrate also finds a use as a catalyst between acetone and hydrogen peroxide to form the tetrameric form of acetone peroxide.
Stannous Chloride Dihydrate also finds wide use as a reducing agent.
This is seen in its use for silvering mirrors, where silver metal is deposited on the glass: Sn2+ (aq) + 2 Ag+ → Sn4+ (aq) + 2 Ag (s)
A related reduction was traditionally used as an analytical test for Hg2+ (aq).
For example, if Stannous Chloride Dihydrate is added dropwise into a solution of mercury(II) chloride, a white precipitate of mercury(I) chloride is first formed; as more SnCl2 is added this turns black as metallic mercury is formed.
Stannous Chloride Dihydrate is also used by many precious metals refining hobbyists and professionals to test for the presence of gold salts.
When Stannous Chloride Dihydrate comes into contact with gold compounds, particularly chloroaurate salts, it forms a bright purple colloid known as purple of Cassius.
A similar reaction occurs with platinum and palladium salts, becoming green and brown respectively.
When mercury is analyzed using atomic absorption spectroscopy, a cold vapor method must be used, and tin (II) chloride is typically used as the reductant.
In organic chemistry, Stannous Chloride Dihydrate is used in the Stephen reduction, whereby a nitrile is reduced (via an imidoyl chloride salt) to an imine which is easily hydrolysed to an aldehyde.
The reaction usually works best with aromatic nitriles Aryl-CN.
A related reaction (called the Sonn-Müller method) starts with an amide, which is treated with PCl5 to form the imidoyl chloride salt.
Tin(II) chloride dehydrate may be used: As a reducing agent for the determination of hydride forming species by AAS.
In the conversion of organomercurials into inorganic mercury determined using a flow injection-cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry.
In the determination of total mercury content, using atomic fluorescence spectroscopy and mercury speciation was performed using gas chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (GC-ICPMS).
Powerful reducing agent, particularly in manufacture of dyes and 99mTc radiopharmaceuticals; in tinning by galvanic methods; in liquor finishing of wire; in sensitizing of glass and plastics before metallizing; as soldering flux; as mordant in dyeing with cochineal; in manufacture of tin chemicals, color pigments, pharmaceuticals, sensitized paper, lubricating oil additives; as tanning agent; in removing ink stains; in yeast revivers; as reagent in analytical chemistry; as catalyst in organic reactions.
Stannous Chloride Dihydrate is used in radionuclide angiography to reduce the radioactive agent technetium-99m-pertechnetate to assist in binding to blood cells.
Molten Stannous Chloride Dihydrate can be oxidised to form highly crystalline SnO2 nanostructures.
A Stannous reduction is used in nuclear medicine bone scans to remove the negative charge from free pertechnetate when it is bound to MDP for radiopharmaceutical studies.
Incomplete reduction due to insufficient tin or accidental insufflation of air leads to the formation of free pertechnetate, a finding which can be seen on bone scans due to its inappropriate uptake in the stomach.
Stannous Chloride Dihydrate is used for coating SnO2 Tin Oxide doped conductive iridescent coatings for low e glass.
One of the most important applications of Stannous Chloride Dihydrate is as a reducing agent in both organic and inorganic chemistry.
Its stannous ion (Sn²⁺) can selectively reduce a wide range of compounds, including nitro groups, azo compounds, and certain metal ions, making it invaluable in laboratory syntheses and industrial chemical processes.
Because the reduction occurs under relatively mild conditions, it is often chosen over stronger or less selective reducing agents, allowing chemists to achieve targeted reactions without undesired side products.
Stannous Chloride Dihydrate is extensively used in electroplating and metal finishing applications, where it provides a reliable source of Sn²⁺ ions to deposit a thin layer of metallic tin onto substrates.
This tin coating improves corrosion resistance, solderability, and electrical conductivity of metals such as copper or steel.
The dihydrate form is particularly suitable because its solubility and stability in aqueous solutions ensure consistent ion availability, which is critical for producing smooth, uniform, and adherent tin layers in industrial-scale electroplating baths.
In analytical chemistry, stannous chloride dihydrate serves as a key reagent for qualitative and quantitative determinations.
For example, it is widely used in colorimetric tests, such as the reduction of mercuric or ferric ions to lower oxidation states, or in the determination of certain pharmaceuticals, metals, and trace elements.
Its reliability and controlled reducing power make it a staple in laboratory protocols, particularly in methods requiring precise stoichiometry and minimal side reactions.
Safety Profile Of Stannous Chloride Dihydrate:
Stannous Chloride Dihydrate can pose significant health risks if it is inhaled, ingested, or comes into direct contact with skin or eyes.
Inhalation of dust or aerosols may irritate the respiratory system, causing coughing, throat discomfort, and shortness of breath.
Accidental ingestion can lead to gastrointestinal irritation, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain, and in large amounts, may have systemic toxic effects.
Direct skin contact can produce mild to moderate irritation, redness, or dermatitis, especially upon prolonged or repeated exposure.
Contact with the eyes is particularly hazardous, potentially resulting in severe irritation, tearing, and temporary pain, and requires immediate rinsing with water and medical evaluation if symptoms persist.
Prolonged or repeated exposure to stannous chloride dihydrate may have systemic effects due to absorption of tin(II) ions.
Chronic exposure, particularly in occupational settings without proper protection, can cause headaches, fatigue, dizziness, or digestive disturbances.
Rarely, long-term exposure may affect liver or kidney function or have mild neurological effects, although these outcomes are uncommon under normal industrial handling conditions.
Stannous chloride dihydrate contains tin in the +2 oxidation state, which is prone to oxidation to tin(IV) when exposed to air, moisture, or strong oxidizing agents.
Its high solubility in water can also lead to hydrolysis, forming acidic solutions that can corrode metals and irritate tissues.
These properties necessitate careful storage in tightly sealed containers, away from oxidizers, acids, and high heat, to prevent accidental decomposition, oxidation, or release of harmful byproducts.
