TERPENE

Terpene is used ingredients in perfumes, cosmetics, and cleaning products due to their pleasant aromas
Terpene is used as solvents in paints, adhesives, and coatings
Terpene is used active ingredients in medicinal and therapeutic applications (e.g., aromatherapy, anti-inflammatory agents)

CAS Number: Varies (e.g., for limonene, CAS Number is 138-86-3)
EC Number: Varies by specific terpene (e.g., for limonene, EC Number is 227-813-5)
Molecular Formula: Varies (C5H8)n (built from isoprene units)

SYNONYMS:
Terpene Hydrocarbons, Isoprenoids, Essential Oils, Terpenoids, Plant Terpenes, Monoterpenes, Sesquiterpenes, Diterpenes

Terpene is a divergent group of molecules composed of isoprene C5 structural units widely distributed in nature (Table 3). 
Terpene includes diterpenes (C20), triterpenes (C30), monoterpenes (C10), tetra (C40), sesquiterpenes (C15), and polyterpenes. 
Terpene (/ˈtɜːrpiːn/) is a class of natural products consisting of compounds with the formula (C5H8)n for n ≥ 2. 

Terpene is major biosynthetic building blocks. 
Comprising more than 30,000 compounds, these unsaturated hydrocarbons are produced predominantly by plants, particularly conifers.
In plants, Terpene and terpenoids are important mediators of ecological interactions, while some insects use some Terpene as a form of defense. 

Other functions of terpenoids include cell growth modulation and plant elongation, light harvesting and photoprotection, and membrane permeability and fluidity control.
Terpene is classified by the number of carbons: monoterpenes (C10), sesquiterpenes (C15), diterpenes (C20), as examples. 

Terpene alpha-pinene is a major component of the common solvent, turpentine.
The one terpene that has major applications is natural rubber (i.e., polyisoprene). 
The possibility that other Terpene could be used as precursors to produce synthetic polymers has been investigated. 

Many Terpene has been shown to have pharmacological effects. 
Terpene is also components of some traditional medicines, such as aromatherapy, and as active ingredients of pesticides in agriculture.
Terpene exists widely in nature. 

Terpene is especially abundant in the essential oils of plants. 
To sustain an abundant and stable supply for industrial purposes, it is known that terpene is extracted from the turpentine oil of pine trees and orange oil from orange peels.

“Terpene, any member of a group of hydrocarbons that are often found in plants and animals and are believed to have evolved from isoprene, a hydrocarbon with five carbon atoms bonded to eight hydrogen atoms (C5H8).”
The name is frequently used to refer to the terpenoids, which are these hydrocarbons’ oxygenated derivatives. 

Terpene is a wide category of volatile unsaturated hydrocarbons present in plant essential oils, particularly in conifers and citrus trees. 
Terpene is based on the formula C5H8, which is a cyclic molecule.
Terpene is aromatic chemicals present in many plants, but they are most usually associated with cannabis due to the large amounts found in cannabis plants. 

Many plants, including cannabis, pine, and lavender, as well as fresh orange peel, have aromatic chemicals that give them their distinct perfume.
Terpene is a large and diverse class of hydrocarbons , produced primarily by plants, especially conifers , although some insects (e.g. butterflies of the genus Papilionidae) also secrete Terpene in their osmeterium . 

They are the main component of resin and the turpentine derived from it . 
The word Terpene is derived from the word turpentine.
Terpene is volatile, unsaturated 5-carbon cyclic compounds, which are built up of isoprene monomeric units, whereas terpenoids are a modified class of terpenes with different functional groups at different positions.

Terpene is highly aromatic compounds that determine the smell of many plants and herbs, such as rosemary and lavender, as well as some animals.
Terpene plays a vital role in plants. 
In some plants, Terpene attracts pollinators, while in other plants, they cause a strong reaction to repel predators, such as insects or foraging animals.

Terpene is the natural form of these compounds when they are in the live plant. 
As a plant dries and cures — in the production of cannabis, for example — the Terpene oxidize and become terpenoids.
Terpene is aromatic compounds found in many plants, though many people commonly associate them with cannabis because cannabis plants contain high concentrations of them.

These aromatic compounds create the characteristic scent of many plants, such as cannabis, pine, and lavender, as well as fresh orange peel. 
The fragrance of most plants is due to a combination of Terpene. 
In nature, these Terpene protects the plants from animal grazing or infectious germs.

However, Terpene may also offer some health benefits to the human body. 
As regulations surrounding cannabis become less strict, scientists are carrying out more research into these possible benefits.
Terpene is a substance that stimulate your body's olfactory glands and excite your sense of smell, allowing your mind to make inferences about what your body finds pleasing naturally.

Terpene is frequently recognized to stimulate various aspects of sensory awareness, and they may influence how you feel after inhaling or ingesting them. 
These powerful chemicals are present in all plants, including those you eat for physical and mental nutrition. 
This includes entire meals, such as fruits and vegetables, and the natural medicines or essential oils you use.

You may widen your awareness of Terpene by simply contemplating how other plants and plant extracts make you feel, as well as how your palate may influence your reception of various plants, including cannabis.
Terpene produced from cannabis are unique because many individuals are now employing them to help develop more personalized results.

Terpene is a natural product that includes compounds with the formula (C5H8)n. 
These unsaturated hydrocarbons, made up of over 30,000 compounds, are produced mainly by plants, particularly conifers.
Monoterpenes (C10), sesquiterpenes (C15), diterpenes (C20), and so on are the different types of terpenes. 

Alpha-pinene, a primary component of turpentine, is a well-known monoterpene.
Terpene is aromatic compounds found in various plants, although they are most commonly linked with cannabis due to their high concentrations found in the plant. 

Many plants, such as cannabis, pine, lavender, and the fresh orange peel, have aromatic substances that give them their unique perfume.
August Kekulé, a German scientist, coined “terpene” in 1866. “Terpene” is a reduced version of “terpentine,” an old spelling of “turpentine.”
Terpene can be cyclic or acyclic, with a large range of structural variations. 

A few examples are given below.
More than 23,000 terpene systems are known.
Monoterpenes are based on two isoprene units and so have the molecular formula C10H16

Other Terpene has multiples of C5 units so C15, C20, C25, C30  etc.
Compounds classified as Terpene constitute what is arguably the largest and most diverse class of natural products. 
A majority of these compounds are found only in plants, but some of the larger and more complex Terpene (e.g. squalene & lanosterol) occur in animals. 

Terpene incorporating most of the common functional groups are known, so this does not provide a useful means of classification. 
Instead, the number and structural organization of carbons is a definitive characteristic. 
Terpene may be considered to be made up of isoprene (more accurately isopentane) units, an empirical feature known as the isoprene rule.

Terpene is bioactive hydrocarbon compounds that occur naturally in many plants and animals. 
As an alternate definition, Terpene is biological building blocks that form steroids, pheromones, enzymes, and other vital compounds. 
Terpenoids describe Terpene that contain an additional functional group like alcohols or esters. 

Plant essential oils contain Terpene and terpenoids. 
Animals absorb Terpene from food and microbiome bacteria. 
They can also enzymatically synthesize Terpene. 

Terpene are volatile, colorless, non-polar, unsaturated compounds with the chemical formula (C5H8)n.
You can find Terpene in pine trees or even in oranges.
"Terpene" is the name given to a class of chemical substances in essential oils obtained from a certain plants such as pine trees or oranges.

Terpene commonly occurs in the oils that give plants their fragrance.
Originally the term Terpene was resricted to hydrocarbons, it is now used to include substituted derivatives too.

The fundamental building block of Terpene is the isoprene unit, C5H8
The larger structures are "assembled" from several isoprene units, usually by "head-to-tail" linked isoprene units.

USES and APPLICATIONS of TERPENE:
Terpene is used ingredients in perfumes, cosmetics, and cleaning products due to their pleasant aromas
Terpene is used as solvents in paints, adhesives, and coatings
Terpene is used active ingredients in medicinal and therapeutic applications (e.g., aromatherapy, anti-inflammatory agents)

Terpene is used raw materials in the synthesis of polymers, vitamins, and other chemicals
Artemisinin and its derivatives are one of the most successful drugs widely used for treating malaria.
When Terpene is chemically modified, for example by oxidation or rearrangement of the carbon skeleton, the resulting compounds are generally referred to as terpenoids . 

Some authors use the term terpene to encompass all terpenoids.
Terpene and terpenoids are the main components of essential oils in most plants and flowers . 
Essential oils are used as flavoring additives in foods, in perfumery, aromatherapy and in traditional and alternative medicine. 

Synthetic modifications and derivatives of natural Terpene have greatly increased the variety of perfumery and food flavoring additives. 
Vitamin A is a terpenoid.
The one terpene that has major applications is natural rubber (i.e., polyisoprene). 

The possibility that other Terpene could be used as precursors to produce synthetic polymers has been investigated as an alternative to the use of petroleum-based feedstocks. 
However, few of these applications have been commercialized.

Many other Terpene, however, have smaller scale commercial and industrial applications. 
For example, turpentine, a mixture of Terpene (e.g., pinene), obtained from the distillation of pine tree resin, is used as an organic solvent and as a chemical feedstock (mainly for the production of other terpenoids).

Rosin, another by-product of conifer tree resin, is widely used as an ingredient in a variety of industrial products, such as inks, varnishes and adhesives. 
Rosin is also used by violinists (and players of similar bowed instruments) to increase friction on the bow hair, by ballet dancers on the soles of their shoes to maintain traction on the floor, by gymnasts to keep their grips while performing, and by baseball pitchers to improve their control of the baseball.

Terpene is widely used as fragrances and flavors in consumer products such as perfumes, cosmetics and cleaning products, as well as food and drink products. 
For example, the aroma and flavor of hops comes, in part, from sesquiterpenes (mainly α-humulene and β-caryophyllene), which affect beer quality.
Some form hydroperoxides that are valued as catalysts in the production of polymers.

Many Terpene has been shown to have pharmacological effects, although most studies are from laboratory research, and clinical research in humans is preliminary.
Terpene is also components of some traditional medicines, such as aromatherapy.

Reflecting their defensive role in plants, Terpene is used as active ingredients of pesticides in agriculture
Some Terpene plays a protective role in the plant, helping the plant to recover from damage; others act as a part of the plant’s immune system to keep away infectious germs.

Manufacturers use isolated Terpene to create the flavors and scents of many everyday products, such as perfumes, body products, and even foods.
Some people also use the term terpenoids. 
However, Terpene and terpenoids are not the same.

Natural rubber is one terpene with many uses (i.e. polyisoprene). 
Other terpenes have been studied as potential precursors for the production of synthetic polymers as an alternative to petroleum-based feedstocks. 
However, only a few of these applications have made Terpene to the market.

Terpenes are frequently utilised in consumer products, such as perfumes, cosmetics, cleaning products, and food and beverage products, such as aromas and tastes.
Terpene is utilised as active ingredients in pesticides in agriculture because of their defensive role in plants.

Many Terpene has been found to have pharmacological effects, while most studies have been conducted in the laboratory, and clinical research in humans is still in its early stages.

Terpene is also used in aromatherapy and other traditional therapies.
Terpene is widely used daily, and can be found in beverages, processed foods, and everyday household items, and for industries, it is used for fragrances, pharmaceutical intermediates, and raw resins.

HOW DO TERPENE WORK?
Terpene is bioactive, which means they have an impact on living tissues. 
While many organisms produce and use Terpene, these molecules have been mostly studied in plants. 
Terpene is often found in plant essential oils where they create characteristic tastes and smells.

Terpene binds to receptors within plants, animals, and other living creatures. 
A cell membrane includes protein receptors that connect to signal molecules like steroids, enzymes, Terpene, and more. 

Each protein has a unique shape that corresponds to messenger molecules with a complementary shape. 
Terpene can bind to protein receptors that match their shape.

WHAT ARE TERPENE AND WHAT DO TERPENE DO?
Terpene is what makes certain cannabis plants smell or taste different from others. 
Terpene may work with the plant’s cannabinoids and other compounds to produce medicinal effects.

Terpene is naturally occurring chemical compounds found in plants and some animals. 
Terpene is responsible for the aromas, flavors, and even colors associated with various types of vegetation.

While nearly all plants contain Terpene, some of the more common sources people encounter include aromatic herbs, like sage and thyme, citrus fruits, and cannabis.

Terpene can also be processed into produce products, like cleaning solvents, pesticides, and dyes. 
Some even have therapeutic properties.

WHAT DO TERPENE DO FOR YOUR HIGH?
Terpene, although have psychoactive properties, do not get you high. Instead, they provide a relaxing effect and relieve pain.
Terpene is not cannabinoids. 

However, Terpene comes from the same section of the medicinal cannabis plant as cannabinoids and have the same effect on your endocannabinoid system.
Terpene can enhance the effects of cannabinoids when combined or taken with them. 

This is referred to as the entourage effect.
It is not known precisely how Terpene contribute to your high, but the entourage effect demands that the contents of a cannabis plant's extract stay unaltered.

Terpene alters the way cannabinoids, such as tetrahydrocannabinol, interact with the brain. 
The type of Terpene in a strain, as well as their concentration, might influence the type of high you may feel.

Terpene is used for aromatherapy can influence your mood, influencing your high. 
Terpene is smooth sailing if you are high and in a good mood. 

Researchers are still attempting to figure out why various strains of cannabis, even those that are closely related to sativa or indica, may have such varied effects.

HISTORY AND TERMINOLOGY OF TERPENE:
The term terpene was coined in 1866 by the German chemist August Kekulé to denote all hydrocarbons having the empirical formula C10H16, of which camphene was one. 

Previously, many hydrocarbons having the empirical formula C10H16 had been called "camphene", but many other hydrocarbons of the same composition had had different names. 

Kekulé coined the term "terpene" in order to reduce the confusion.
The name "terpene" is a shortened form of "terpentine", an obsolete spelling of "turpentine".

Although sometimes used interchangeably with "terpenes", terpenoids (or isoprenoids) are modified terpenes that contain additional functional groups, usually oxygen-containing.

The terms Terpene and terpenoids are often used interchangeably, however. 
Furthermore, Terpene is produced from terpenoids and many terpenoids are produced from Terpene. 

Both have strong and often pleasant odors, which may protect their hosts or attract pollinators. 
The number of Terpene and terpenoids is estimated at 55,000 chemical entities.

The 1939 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Leopold Ružička "for his work on polymethylenes and higher Terpene", "including the first chemical synthesis of male sex hormones."

BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION OF TERPENE:
Terpene is major biosynthetic building blocks. 
Steroids, for example, are derivatives of the triterpene squalene. 

Terpene and terpenoids are also the primary constituents of the essential oils of many types of plants and flowers.
In plants, Terpene and terpenoids are important mediators of ecological interactions. 

For example, Terpene plays a role in plant defense against herbivory, disease resistance, attraction of mutualists such as pollinators, as well as potentially plant-plant communication.

Terpene appears to play roles as antifeedants.
Other functions of terpenoids include cell growth modulation and plant elongation, light harvesting and photoprotection, and membrane permeability and fluidity control.

Higher amounts of Terpene is  released by trees in warmer weather, where they may function as a natural mechanism of cloud seeding. 
The clouds reflect sunlight, allowing the forest temperature to regulate.

Some insects use some Terpene as a form of defense. 
For example, termites of the subfamily Nasutitermitinae ward off predatory insects through the use of a specialized mechanism called a fontanellar gun, which ejects a resinous mixture of Terpene.

IMPORTANCE OF TERPENE:
Terpene has a significant effect on a cannabis strain’s fragrance and flavour. 
When combined with cannabinoids and other cannabis plant components, they might produce psychedelic effects. 

However, because research on the plant’s more than 400 Terpene is still in its early phases, it is challenging to make definitive statements about them.
Terpene is the name given to the components collected from terpentine, a volatile liquid extracted from pine trees. 

Mono and sesquiterpenes make up the majority of essential oils generated from the sap and tissues of some plants and trees. 
The di and tri terpenoids are not vaporised by steam. 
Gums and resins from plants and trees are used to produce them.

CLASSIFICATION OF TERPENE:
Terpene is categorised according to the number of isoprene units in the molecule; a prefix indicates the number of isoprene pairs required to construct the molecule. 
Terpene typically has 2, 3, 4, or 6 isoprene units; tetraterpenes (8 isoprene units) represent a different class of chemicals known as carotenoids, while the others are rare.

Hemiterpenes are made up of just one isoprene unit. 
The only hemiterpene is isoprene, while oxygen-containing compounds like prenol and isovaleric acid are hemiterpenoids.

Monoterpenes have the chemical formula C10H16 and are made up of two isoprene units.
Sesquiterpenes have the chemical formula C15H24 and are made up of three isoprene units.

Diterpenes have the chemical formula C20H32 and are made up of four isoprene units.
Sesterterpenes, which have 25 carbons and five isoprene units, are rather uncommon compared to the other sizes.

Triterpenes have the chemical formula C30H48 and are made up of six isoprene units.
Sesquarterpenes have the chemical formula C35H56 and are made up of seven isoprene units.

Tetraterpenes have the chemical formula C40H64 and include eight isoprene units.
Polyterpenes are made up of long chains that contain multiple isoprene molecules.

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF TERPENE:
Terpene is colorless, although impure samples are often yellow. 
Boiling points scale with molecular size: terpenes, sesquiterpenes, and diterpenes respectively at 110, 160, and 220 °C. 
Being highly non-polar, they are insoluble in water. 

Being hydrocarbons, they are highly flammable and have low specific gravity (float on water). 
They are tactilely light oils considerably less viscous than familiar vegetable oils like corn oil (28 cP), with viscosity ranging from 1 cP (à la water) to 6 cP. 

Terpene is local irritants and can cause gastrointestinal disturbances if ingested.
Terpenoids (mono-, sesqui-, di-, etc.) have similar physical properties but tend to be more polar and hence slightly more soluble in water and somewhat less volatile than their terpene analogues. 

Highly polar derivatives of terpenoids are the glycosides, which are linked to sugars. 
These are water-soluble solids.

GENERAL PROPERTIES OF TERPENE:
Although Terpene is colourless; impure samples are frequently yellow. 
The boiling points of Terpene, sesquiterpenes, and diterpenes are 110, 160, and 220℃, respectively. 
They are insoluble in water due to their non-polar nature. 

They are highly combustible and have a low specific gravity since they are hydrocarbons (float on water).
Terpenoids (mono-, sesqui-, di-, etc.) have comparable physical properties to Terpene, although they are more polar, and thus slightly more soluble in water and less volatile. 

The glycosides, which are connected to sugars, are a highly polar derivative of terpenoids. 
They are soluble in water solids. 

They, like other hydrocarbons, are highly combustible. 
Terpene is irritants that can induce gastrointestinal problems if consumed.

INDUSTRIAL SYNTHESIS OF TERPENE:
While Terpene and terpenoids occur widely, their extraction from natural sources is often problematic. 
Consequently, they are produced by chemical synthesis, usually from petrochemicals. 
In one route, acetone and acetylene are condensed to give 2-Methylbut-3-yn-2-ol, which is extended with acetoacetic ester to give geranyl alcohol. 

Others are prepared from those Terpene and terpenoids that are readily isolated in quantity, say from the paper and tall oil industries. 
For example, α-pinene, which is readily obtainable from natural sources, is converted to citronellal and camphor. 
Citronellal is also converted to rose oxide and menthol.

INTRODUCTION TO TERPENE AND TERPENOIDS:
Enzymatic resections of primary metabolites (amino acids, sugars, vitamins, etc.) produce secondary metabolites. 
Terpene are the most common type of secondary metabolite, and they are made up of five-carbon isoprene units linked together in numerous different ways. 

Terpene are simple hydrocarbons, whereas terpenoids are a modified family of terpenes with various functional groups and an oxidised methyl group relocated or removed.

Depending on the number of carbon units, terpenoids are classified as monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, sesterpenes, and triterpenes. 
The majority of terpenoids, despite their structural differences, are biologically active and are utilised to treat a variety of ailments around the world.

Terpene and terpenoids can be found in abundance in the essential oils of various plants and flowers. 
These essential oils are commonly used in perfume and traditional medicine manufacture.

STRUCTURE OF TERPENE:
Terpene can be visualized as the result of linking isoprene (C5H8) units "head to tail" to form chains and rings.
A few Terpene is linked “tail to tail”, and larger branched terpenes may be linked “tail to mid”.

FORMULA OF TERPENE:
Strictly speaking all monoterpenes have the same chemical formula C10H16. 
Similarly all sesquiterpenes and diterpenes have formulas of C15H24 and C20H32 respectively. 
The structural diversity of mono-, sesqui-, and diterpenes is a consequence of isomerism.

CHIRALITY OF TERPENE:
Terpene and terpenoids are usually chiral. Chiral compounds can exist as non-superposable mirror images, which exhibit distinct physical properties such as odor or toxicity.

UNSATURATION OF TERPENE:
Most Terpene and terpenoids feature C=C groups, i.e. they exhibit unsaturation. 
Since they carry no functional groups aside from their unsaturation, Terpene is structurally distinctive. 
The unsaturation is associated with di- and trisubstituted alkenes. 
Di- and trisubstituted alkenes resist polymerization (low ceiling temperatures) but are susceptible to acid-induced carbocation formation.

PROPERTIES OF TERPENE:
*Lipophilic and highly volatile
*Diverse functional groups (hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones)
*Antimicrobial, antifungal, and antioxidant properties

BENEFITS OF TERPENE:
*Renewable and derived from natural sources (e.g., plants, resins)
*Wide variety of industrial and pharmaceutical applications
*Biodegradable and environmentally friendly

STRUCTURE AND BIOSYNTHESIS OF TERPENE:
Types
Features and usage
Terpene has desirable properties for use in the food, cosmetic , pharmaceutical, and biotechnology industries.

The genomes of 17 plant species contain genes encoding terpenoid synthase enzymes that yield Terpene with their basic structure, and cytochrome P450s that modify this basic structure . 

Terpene is beneficial active ingredients that are part of natural pesticides.
Terpene is used by the termite subfamily Nasutitermitinae to protect themselves from predatory insects through a special mechanism called the fontanellar gun . 

In warm weather, more Terpene is released by trees and may be a natural form of cloud pollination . 
Clouds reflect sunlight and allow forest temperature regulation. 

The aroma and flavor of hops come in part from sesquiterpenes (mainly α-humulene and β-caryophyllene, which affect beer quality ). 
Terpene is also the primary constituents of Cannabis sativa plants, which contain at least 120 identified compounds

CLASSIFICATION OF TERPENE:
Terpene may be classified by the number of isoprene units in the molecule; a prefix in the name indicates the number of isoprene pairs needed to assemble the molecule. 
Commonly, Terpene contains 2, 3, 4 or 6 isoprene units; the tetraterpenes (8 isoprene units) form a separate class of compounds called carotenoids; the others are rare.

The basic unit isoprene itself is a hemiterpene. 
It may form oxygen-containing derivatives such as prenol and isovaleric acid analogous to terpenoids.
Monoterpenes consist of two isoprene units and have the molecular formula C10H16. 

Examples of monoterpenes and monoterpenoids include geraniol, terpineol (present in lilacs), limonene (present in citrus fruits), myrcene (present in hops), linalool (present in lavender), hinokitiol (present in cypress trees) or pinene (present in pine trees).
Iridoids derive from monoterpenes. 

Examples of iridoids include aucubin and catalpol.
Sesquiterpenes consist of three isoprene units and have the molecular formula C15H24. 

Examples of sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpenoids include humulene, farnesenes, farnesol, geosmin.
(The sesqui- prefix means one and a half.)
Diterpenes are composed of four isoprene units and have the molecular formula C20H32. 

They derive from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate. 
Examples of diterpenes and diterpenoids are cafestol, kahweol, cembrene and taxadiene (precursor of taxol). 

Diterpenes also form the basis for biologically important compounds such as retinol, retinal, and phytol.
Sesterterpenes, terpenes having 25 carbons and five isoprene units, are rare relative to the other sizes. 
(The sester- prefix means two and a half.) 

An example of a sesterterpenoid is geranylfarnesol.
Triterpenes consist of six isoprene units and have the molecular formula C30H48. 

The linear triterpene squalene, the major constituent of shark liver oil, is derived from the reductive coupling of two molecules of farnesyl pyrophosphate. 
Squalene is then processed biosynthetically to generate either lanosterol or cycloartenol, the structural precursors to all the steroids.

Sesquarterpenes are composed of seven isoprene units and have the molecular formula C35H56. 
Sesquarterpenes are typically microbial in their origin. Examples of sesquarterpenoids are ferrugicadiol and tetraprenylcurcumene.

Tetraterpenes contain eight isoprene units and have the molecular formula C40H64. 
Biologically important tetraterpenoids include the acyclic lycopene, the monocyclic gamma-carotene, and the bicyclic alpha- and beta-carotenes.

Polyterpenes consist of long chains of many isoprene units. Natural rubber consists of polyisoprene in which the double bonds are cis. 
Some plants produce a polyisoprene with trans double bonds, known as gutta-percha.

Norisoprenoids, characterized by the shortening of a chain or ring by the removal of a methylene group or substitution of one or more methyl side chains by hydrogen atoms. 

These include the C13-norisoprenoid 3-oxo-α-ionol present in Muscat of Alexandria leaves and 7,8-dihydroionone derivatives, such as megastigmane-3,9-diol and 3-oxo-7,8-dihydro-α-ionol found in Shiraz leaves (both grapes in the species Vitis vinifera) or wine (responsible for some of the spice notes in Chardonnay), can be produced by fungal peroxidases or glycosidases.

HOW IS TERPENE DIFFERENT FROM CANNABINOIDS?
Cannabinoids are chemical compounds in cannabis.
Cannabinoids, such as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), activate receptors in the body’s endocannabinoid system. 

This is what creates the “high” that people experience when they use cannabis.
Cannabidiol (CBD) is another cannabinoid that is becoming more and more popular for its medicinal properties. 
Although CBD acts on some of the same receptors as THC, it influences them differently and does not create any euphoria.

THC and CBD may be the most well-known cannabinoids, but they are just two of over 100 cannabinoids that the cannabis plant contains.
The cannabis plant also contains Terpene, which are among the most abundant compounds in the natural world.

Terpene is primarily responsible for the smell of most plants and some animal compounds. 
However, some may also act on the endocannabinoid system in the body in a similar way to cannabinoids. 
The key difference is that the body absorbs and uses these compounds in different ways.

CLASSIFICATION OF TERPENOIDS:
Terpenoids, also known as isoprenoids, are a wide and diversified group of naturally occurring organic compounds formed from isoprene, a 5-carbon molecule, and Terpene, which are isoprene polymers.

Most natural Terpene hydrocarbons have the general formula (C5H8)n. 
Terpene can be classified on the basis of the value of n or the number of carbon atoms present in the structure.

Each class can be further subdivided into subclasses according to the number of rings present in the structure.
*Acyclic Terpenoids: 
They contain an open structure.

*Monocyclic Terpenoids: 
They contain one ring in the structure

*Bicyclic Terpenoids: 
They contain two rings in the structure.

*Tricyclic Terpenoids: 
They contain three rings in the structure.

*Tetracyclic Terpenoids: 
They contain four rings in the structure.

WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TERPENE, TCH, AND CBD?
They all appear to interact with each otIher in what experts call the “entourage effect.”
This is the hypothesis that the “full spectrum” of cannabis, including all the cannabinoids, Terpene, and other compounds found in cannabis, work synergistically to produce its sensations and effects.

In other words, it’s a hypothesis that a little bit of everything might have more benefit than a lot of one thing.
A 2010 study, for example, showed that a combination of CBD and THC was more effective for pain management than THC alone.

In a 2018 study, breast cancer tumors in a Petri dish responded better to a cannabis extract than pure THC on its own. 
However, those synergistic effects were believed to be mainly attributed to other cannabinoids and not Terpene.

This is important to consider if you’re using CBD for therapeutic purposes. 
If you use a CBD isolate (a product that contains only CBD) and find it doesn’t have your desired effect, it might be worth trying full-spectrum CBD.

HOW DO TERPENE WORK?
Terpene is thought to protect plants from harsh weather and predators.
What they do in humans is still a bit of a mystery. 
However, cannabis researchers and consumers alike are increasingly using Terpene to classify cannabis products and predict their effects.

The main hypothesis is that a plant’s Terpene profile works in tandem with its cannabinoid content — including tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) — to produce the effects people associate with different strains.
This might explain why two different strains with the same level of THC can produce such different experiences.

EXAMPLES OF TERPENES:
Scientists have identified thousands of terpene compounds in a range of species. Here are some common examples of Terpene, their sources, and frequent usages.

WHAT ARE TERPENOIDS?
The definition of terpenoids is a Terpene molecule that also includes one or more functional groups. 
A functional group is a group of atoms with distinctive chemical properties. 
These groups create the unique chemical structures and behaviors found among terpenoids. 

Terpenoids are easier to mix with other substances than Terpene. 
Terpenoids tend to be water-soluble so they combine well with water. 

They are also less volatile than Terpene  so they have more safe uses. 
Both Terpene and terpenoids can be highly scented but terpenoids may have a color while terpenes are colorless.

Terpenoids are found in many of the same organisms that produce and use Terpene. 
They are frequently present in plant oils. 
Some terpenoids can be converted back to Terpene through biochemical reactions.

IMPORTANCE OF TERPENE:
Terpene has a vital influence on a cannabis strain’s scent and flavour. 
Terpene may also generate psychedelic effects in combination with cannabinoids and other cannabis plant components. 

It’s difficult to reach any firm conclusions regarding this because study on more than 400 Terpene in the plant is still in its early stages.
The main component of essential oils extracted from the sap and tissues of specific plants and trees is the simple mono- and sesquiterpenes. 

Diterpenoids and triterpenoids are not steam volatile. 
They are produced from plants and trees of the gums and resins. 
Carotenoids are a category of chemicals that includes tetraterpenoids.

TERPENE, TERPENOIDS, TERPS.:
Whatever you call them, these compounds in cannabis that give it distinctive aromas and flavors are popping up in consumer products everywhere. 
In US states where medical and recreational cannabis is legal, companies are spiking tinctures, vaping oils, lotions, foods, and beverages with terpenes, along with cannabinoids like tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). 

In other places, companies are marketing similar products minus the THC, with labels claiming “whole plant” medicine or “full spectrum” CBD.
The idea is that Terpene enhance the health benefits of the products either alone or synergistically with other terpenes, THC, CBD, and other minor cannabinoids found in cannabis. 

Most research has focused on the health effects of individual Terpene. 
For example, linalool, a Terpene also found in lavender, provides antianxiety effects. 

α-Pinene, which is also produced in rosemary, can be invigorating and lead to mental alertness. 
Much less is known about how Terpene work together and in combination with cannabinoids.

GENERAL METHODS OF STRUCTURE ELUCIDATION OF TERPENE:
UV Spectroscopy: 
In Terpene containing conjugated dienes or alpha, beta-unsaturated ketones, UV spectroscopy is a very useful tool. 
The values of lambda(max) for various types of terpenoids have been calculated by applying Woodward’s empirical rules.
There is generally good agreement between calculation and observed values. 
Isolated double bonds, alpha, beta-unsaturated esters, acids, and lactones also have characteristic maxima.

IR Spectroscopy: 
IR spectroscopy is useful in detecting groups such as a hydroxyl group (-3400cm-1) or an oxo group (saturated 1750-700cm-1). 
Isopropyl group, cis and trans also have characteristic absorption peaks in the IR region.

NMR Spectroscopy: 
This technique is useful to detect and identify double bonds, determine the nature of the end group and also the number of rings present, and also to reveal the orientation of the methyl group in the relative position of double bonds.

Mass Spectroscopy: 
It is now being widely used as a means of elucidating the structure of terpenoids. 
It is used for determining molecular weight, molecular formula, nature of functional groups present and relative positions of double bonds.

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of TERPENE:
Chemical Name: Terpene (General term for a class of hydrocarbons)
Molecular Formula: Varies (C5H8)n (built from isoprene units)
Molecular Weight: Varies depending on the specific terpene (e.g., Monoterpenes ~136 g/mol, Sesquiterpenes ~204 g/mol)
EC Number: Varies by specific terpene (e.g., for limonene, EC Number is 227-813-5)
CAS Number: Varies (e.g., for limonene, CAS Number is 138-86-3)
Appearance: Liquid or solid, often colorless or pale yellow
Density: Typically between 0.85–1.0 g/cm³
Melting Point: Varies widely
Boiling Point: Varies widely; commonly 150–350°C
Flash Point: Typically above 50°C
Solubility: Insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents
Odor: Aromatic, often citrusy or pine-like

FIRST AID MEASURES of TERPENE:
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation: 
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact: 
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. 
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact: 
Rinse out with plenty of water. 
Call in ophthalmologist. 
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing: 
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most). 
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of TERPENE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains. 
Collect, bind, and pump off spills. 
Observe possible material restrictions. 
Take up dry. 
Dispose of properly. 
Clean up affected area.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of TERPENE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2) 
Foam 
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of TERPENE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection. 
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A 
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of TERPENE:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed. 
Dry.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of TERPENE:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available