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Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrate, is a golden yellow or yellow red crystal.
Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrate is an inorganic compound and a gold catalyst.
Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrate serves as a reagent in analytical chemistry, aiding in the identification and quantification of substances.
CAS Number: 16961-25-4
Molecular Formula: AuCl4H3O
Molecular Weight: 357.79
EINECS Number: 605-557-9
Synonyms: Tetrachloroauric (Ⅲ) Acid Trihydrate;GOLD (III) CHLORIDE ACID 3H2O;Hydrogen tetrachloroaurate(III) trihydrate, 49.5% min., ACS, 99.99% trace metals basis;Gold(III) chloride trihydrateACS Reagent, ≥ 49% (Au basis);Gold(III) chloride trihydrate≥ 49.0% Au (Gravimetric assay);Tetrachloroauric(III) acid trihydrate 99.5% for analysis EMSURE;Hydrogen tetrachloroaurate trihydrate, For analysis ACS;TETRACHLOROGOLD(III) ACID TRIHYDRATE, MFCD00149904, Gold III chloride trihydrate, Chloroauric(III), acid,trihydrate, Tetrachloroauric(III) acid trihydrate, AKOS005259068, tetrachloroauric acid trihydrate (III), Gold trichloride hydrochloride trihydrate, Hydrogen tetrachloroaurate(lll) trihydrate, gold(III) chloride hydrochloride trihydrate, Gold(III) chloride trihydrate, >=99.9% trace metals basis, Gold(III) chloride trihydrate, ACS reagent, >=49.0% Au basis.
Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrate consists of a gold(III) ion (Au³⁺) surrounded by four chloride ions (Cl⁻), forming the complex ion AuCl₄⁻.
This complex ion is stabilized in solution by the presence of water molecules, which are associated with the compound in a hydrated form.
In its hydrated form, the compound is typically referred to as Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrate, where three molecules of water (H₂O) are bound to each formula unit.
Moreover, this compound is utilized in the synthesis of diverse gold compounds.
Additionally, Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrate plays a crucial role in the electroplating process, facilitating the deposition of gold onto other metal surfaces.
Furthermore, Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrate is a component in the production of gold nanoparticles.
The structure of HAuCl₄·3H₂O is made up of gold in the +3 oxidation state coordinated to chloride ions, making it a key precursor to gold compounds.
The water molecules contribute to its solubility and stability in aqueous solutions.
One of the most important uses of Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrate is in the synthesis of gold nanoparticles.
By reducing the gold(III) in HAuCl₄·3H₂O with various reducing agents (such as sodium citrate, ascorbic acid, or others), gold nanoparticles of various sizes and shapes can be produced.
These nanoparticles have a wide range of applications in fields like biotechnology, medicine, electronics, and catalysis.
The size, shape, and surface properties of gold nanoparticles can be finely tuned, making them ideal for use in areas such as drug delivery, biosensors, optical devices, and photothermal therapy.
Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrate, particularly in its gold nanoparticle form, is also used as a catalyst in various chemical reactions.
Gold nanoparticles supported on various substrates can catalyze reactions such as oxidation, hydrogenation, and CO oxidation.
The catalytic properties of gold are unique and highly valued, especially in reactions where other metal catalysts may not be effective.
Gold's ability to catalyze green chemistry reactions has been explored extensively, particularly for environmentally friendly processes.
Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrate is used as a precursor to deposit gold thin films or coatings on various surfaces.
This can be done through techniques such as electroplating or chemical vapor deposition (CVD).
Gold coatings are used in a variety of applications, including electronics, jewelry, and aerospace technologies, due to gold's excellent conductivity, corrosion resistance, and aesthetic qualities.
In gold mining and purification, Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrate can be used in the leaching process to recover gold from ores.
The gold in the ore is dissolved by the Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrate solution, and it can then be extracted and purified.
This process is part of the broader suite of methods used in the cyanide-free gold extraction process, which is more environmentally friendly compared to traditional cyanide leaching.
Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrate is sometimes used in analytical chemistry as a reagent in the determination of various substances, particularly in the analysis of gold content.
It can be used in techniques like spectrophotometry to quantify gold or other metals in samples.
Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrate, like many gold compounds, is a strongly acidic and oxidizing substance, which means it should be handled with care.
It is toxic if ingested or inhaled and can cause irritation to the skin and eyes. Proper safety protocols, including the use of gloves, goggles, and working in well-ventilated areas, should be followed when handling the compound.
Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrate is a coordination complex composed of gold in the +3 oxidation state (Au³⁺), coordinated to four chloride ions (Cl⁻), forming a tetrahedral structure of AuCl₄⁻.
This complex ion exists in an aqueous solution where it is balanced by the proton (H⁺) from the acidic solution, resulting in the formula HAuCl₄·3H₂O.
The three water molecules are typically coordinated as crystallization waters and play an important role in maintaining the compound’s structure and solubility in water.
Gold(III) typically prefers the coordination geometry of square planar or tetrahedral, but in this case, the tetrahedral arrangement of chloride ions stabilizes the gold center, making it a useful intermediate for various chemical transformations.
Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrate can be synthesized in the laboratory by dissolving gold metal in a mixture of aqua regia, a strong acid mixture containing hydrochloric acid (HCl) and nitric acid (HNO₃).
This dissolution process results in the formation of AuCl₄⁻ ions, which combine with water molecules to crystallize into HAuCl₄·3H₂O.
Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrate is widely employed in the synthesis of gold nanoparticles, which are of great interest due to their unique optical, electrical, and catalytic properties.
Gold nanoparticles exhibit size-dependent properties, making them useful in applications that range from electronics to medicine.
Gold nanoparticles synthesized from HAuCl₄·3H₂O are commonly used as carriers for targeted drug delivery.
Their ability to attach to drugs and biological molecules, as well as penetrate biological membranes, makes them invaluable in nanomedicine.
Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrates are utilized as contrast agents in imaging technologies like X-ray and MRI, as well as in biosensors for detecting biomolecules at low concentrations.
Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrates absorb light in the near-infrared region, enabling them to convert light energy into heat.
This makes them useful in cancer therapy, where localized heating can destroy cancer cells while minimizing damage to surrounding tissues.
The unique properties of gold at the nanoscale make gold catalysts highly effective in a variety of reactions.
When synthesized from Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrate, gold nanoparticles are used as catalysts in processes like:
Gold nanoparticles are known for their ability to catalyze the oxidation of carbon monoxide (CO) to carbon dioxide (CO₂) at lower temperatures than traditional catalysts.
This has significant implications for air quality control and emission reduction.
Gold can catalyze selective hydrogenation reactions, which are vital in fine chemical production and the pharmaceutical industry.
Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrate are particularly useful for reactions where other metals may be ineffective or cause unwanted side reactions.
Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrate is often used in green chemistry due to its ability to operate under mild conditions with high selectivity and minimal by-products.
Gold catalysts also do not require harsh conditions, reducing the environmental footprint of industrial chemical processes.
Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrate conductivity and corrosion resistance make it ideal for use in the production of electronic components.
Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrate is used as a precursor for the deposition of gold thin films on substrates in applications such as:
In the production of semiconductor devices and circuits, gold thin films are used for electrical contacts, as gold is highly conductive and resistant to corrosion.
Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrates are used in the development of organic solar cells, where gold’s conductivity and stability play a critical role in the efficiency and longevity of the devices.
Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrate is often used in light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and other optoelectronic devices due to its stable optical properties and conductivity.
Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrate also plays a role in gold recovery, particularly in the cyanide-free leaching processes.
It is used to dissolve gold from ores and concentrate it in a soluble form, which is later reduced back to elemental gold.
This approach is considered more environmentally friendly compared to traditional cyanide leaching techniques, as cyanide is highly toxic and requires careful handling.
In the field of analytical chemistry, Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrate is sometimes used as a reagent to quantify gold in various samples or to help detect other substances in a solution.
The gold in HAuCl₄ can be easily detected and quantified using techniques like spectrophotometry, where gold’s distinct absorption properties can be measured.
Additionally, Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrate is employed in the colorimetric detection of other metals and ions in solution.
Melting point: 30°C
Density: 3.9 g/cm3 (20℃)
storage temp.: 2-8°C
solubility: 150g/l
form: Solid
color: Yellow
Water Solubility: Soluble in water. Insoluble in ether.
Sensitive: Light Sensitive & Hygroscopic
Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrate, or HAuCl₄·3H₂O, is an essential chemical compound that continues to show remarkable utility across various scientific and industrial applications.
Beyond its primary roles in catalysis, nanotechnology, and material science, this compound also has profound significance in fields like pharmaceutical research, surface chemistry, and environmental applications.
Let's delve into additional uses and characteristics, exploring its various facets in more depth.
The embryotoxicity of Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrate is weaker than the embryotoxicities of a number of other nanoparticles used infor biomedical applications.
In its crystalline form, the tri-hydrated version of this acid is typically produced when the solution is evaporated slowly, allowing three water molecules to be incorporated into the structure. The compound is then isolated as a yellow crystalline solid.
Gold nanoparticles, synthesized from HAuCl₄·3H₂O, have been explored for their adsorption capabilities in removing heavy metals from contaminated water.
The large surface area of the nanoparticles allows them to adsorb toxic substances, such as lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and arsenic (As), thereby playing a role in environmental clean-up efforts.
Traditionally, gold extraction uses cyanide as a reagent to dissolve gold from ore.
However, cyanide is highly toxic to humans and wildlife.
Researchers have explored Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrate as an alternative to cyanide in leaching processes, demonstrating its role in cyanide-free gold recovery.
This method has the potential to reduce environmental impact while providing a safer approach to gold extraction in mining operations.
In the realm of green chemistry, gold catalysis from HAuCl₄·3H₂O offers numerous advantages over traditional catalysts.
Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrates are non-toxic, operate under mild conditions, and are highly selective in chemical transformations.
This makes them ideal for sustainable chemical processes, reducing the need for harmful reagents and harsh reaction conditions that would otherwise generate pollutants.
As a precursor for gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrate has gained significant attention in nanomaterials research.
The ability of gold to form nanoparticles of varying sizes and shapes—ranging from spheres, rods, and triangular plates to cubic structures—is leveraged for many cutting-edge applications.
Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrate exhibit a phenomenon known as surface plasmon resonance, where the free electrons on the nanoparticle surface resonate with incident light at specific wavelengths.
This characteristic allows gold nanoparticles to be used in biosensors, disease diagnostics, and immunoassays.
By altering the size or shape of the nanoparticles, the SPR properties can be finely tuned for specific detection wavelengths, making them highly effective in sensitive detection techniques.
Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrate derived from Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrate have found extensive use in cancer therapies, particularly in photothermal therapy (PTT).
In this process, gold nanoparticles are directed to tumor sites, where they absorb light and convert it into heat, effectively destroying cancer cells.
The versatility of gold in drug delivery systems is also well-exploited, as its surface can be modified to attach to various biomolecules, enabling the targeted delivery of pharmaceuticals to specific tissues.
Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrate is used in surface modification and the fabrication of advanced materials:
Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrate thin films produced from HAuCl₄·3H₂O are commonly used to coat various surfaces, including silicon, glass, and polymers, to enhance their electrical and optical properties.
In surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy, for instance, gold-coated surfaces serve as platforms for biosensors, facilitating the detection of biochemical interactions.
The process of electroplating involves the deposition of gold onto conductive materials from solutions containing HAuCl₄·3H₂O.
Gold electroplating is particularly used in electronic components, including connectors, wires, circuit boards, and microsensors, due to its excellent conductivity and corrosion resistance.
This gold coating provides durability and ensures the long-lasting functionality of electronic devices, especially in high-performance environments.
The unique catalytic properties of gold make it an attractive metal for a wide variety of reactions.
For example, HAuCl₄·3H₂O is used to synthesize gold nanoparticles that act as heterogeneous catalysts in reactions like oxidation, hydrogenation, and C-C coupling reactions.
These nanoparticles enable reactions to take place under mild conditions, offering a greener alternative to more toxic or expensive catalysts.
Some gold complexes are known to exhibit anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities.
Tetrachloroauric(III) acid and its derivatives are being tested for their ability to inhibit inflammation, offering a potential alternative to conventional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
The antibacterial properties of gold are also being harnessed in the development of gold-based wound dressings and biocompatible coatings for medical implants.
Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrate, are being explored as anticancer agents.
The gold ion's ability to disrupt cellular functions, including its interaction with DNA, has been investigated for its potential to treat various types of cancer.
Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrates may inhibit cancer cell growth by interfering with cell signaling pathways, thereby serving as the basis for novel chemotherapeutic drugs.
Advances in nanotechnology could lead to the use of gold nanoparticles and nanoclusters synthesized from HAuCl₄·3H₂O in cutting-edge electronic devices, such as quantum computers and photonic circuits.
These applications could leverage gold's unique optical properties and its ability to conduct electricity with minimal heat dissipation.
The future of HAuCl₄·3H₂O in environmental monitoring looks promising. Gold nanoparticles could be used to develop sensors for the rapid detection of toxic pollutants in the air and water.
Such sensors would play a crucial role in ensuring the health of ecosystems and human populations.
Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrate could play a pivotal role in the development of sustainable energy technologies.
Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrates are increasingly being used in hydrogenation reactions for biofuels and fuel cells, making it an essential component in the transition toward clean energy solutions.
Uses Of Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrate:
Commonly used as a precursor for the preparation of gold (Au) nanoparticles.
Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrate is used for the preparation of gold standard solutions; graphite-furnace AAS.
Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrate is used for microanalysis of rubidium, cesium and in the determination of alkaloids.
Usually used as a harbinger for the preparation of gold (Au) nanoparticles.
Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrate is used in the control rods of nuclear reactors and in the manufacturing of electric light filaments.
Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrate is commonly used as a precursor to synthesize gold nanoparticles (AuNPs).
These nanoparticles are important for biosensing, drug delivery, imaging, and catalysis.
Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrates are used in cancer therapies such as photothermal therapy, where the particles absorb light and generate heat to target and destroy tumor cells.
Additionally, gold nanoparticles can be used for targeted drug delivery, improving the precision of treatment.
Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrate synthesized from HAuCl₄·3H₂O serve as catalysts for a variety of chemical reactions, including oxidation, hydrogenation, and C-C coupling reactions, making them valuable for more sustainable chemical processes.
Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrates are used in catalytic reactions because of their high surface area and reactivity.
Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrates ability to promote reactions under mild conditions makes it an attractive option for industrial processes.
Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrate is used in the process of gold electroplating, where gold is deposited onto electronic components, such as wires, connectors, and circuit boards, to enhance their conductivity, durability, and corrosion resistance.
It is also used for producing gold-coated surfaces that are employed in sensors, optics, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) applications.
Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrate created from HAuCl₄·3H₂O can be used for adsorbing and removing toxic heavy metals like lead and mercury from contaminated water.
Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrate can also be used as an alternative to cyanide in gold extraction processes, offering a greener, less toxic method for gold recovery from ores.
Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrates derived from HAuCl₄·3H₂O are being explored for their potential as anticancer agents due to their ability to interact with DNA and inhibit cancer cell growth.
Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrate have been found to possess anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties, making them useful in developing wound healing agents and biocompatible coatings for medical implants.
Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrates and other gold-based materials synthesized from HAuCl₄·3H₂O are increasingly used in sensors for detecting pollutants in the environment, including toxic chemicals and heavy metals.
Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrate is used in the synthesis of gold nanoclusters, which are clusters of gold atoms typically smaller than nanoparticles and can exhibit unique electronic properties.
These nanoclusters have applications in quantum computing, optical devices, and advanced sensors.
Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrates derived from HAuCl₄·3H₂O can be functionalized with various organic and inorganic compounds to create hybrid materials with enhanced properties for catalysis and drug delivery.
In the field of renewable energy, HAuCl₄·3H₂O is used in the fabrication of nanostructured solar cells.
Gold nanoparticles play a role in enhancing the efficiency of solar energy conversion by improving light absorption and charge transport in solar cells.
Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrates derived from HAuCl₄·3H₂O are also used in plasmonic photovoltaics, where they enhance light trapping and increase the absorption of visible light, leading to better power conversion efficiencies.
In the field of diagnostics, gold nanoparticles synthesized from HAuCl₄·3H₂O are widely used in immunoassays and lateral flow tests (such as pregnancy tests).
Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrates are conjugated with antibodies to detect specific analytes through the formation of visible color changes.
Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrates are employed in biosensors for detecting various diseases by interacting with biomolecules such as DNA, proteins, and antigens.
The high surface area and unique optical properties of gold enable sensitive detection.
Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrate is often used to produce gold-based electrocatalysts that are essential for fuel cells, particularly in hydrogen oxidation and oxygen reduction reactions.
These catalysts enhance the performance of direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) and hydrogen fuel cells, enabling more efficient energy conversion.
Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrate have been explored in the development of supercapacitors and batteries due to their excellent conductivity and stability, making them ideal for high-capacity energy storage devices.
Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrate can be used in plasma deposition techniques to create thin gold films for applications in optics, electronics, and decorative coatings.
These films are used in reflective coatings, antireflective coatings, and optical filters.
Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrate produced from HAuCl₄·3H₂O are utilized in plasma treatment processes to modify surfaces for adhesion and coating.
These processes improve the mechanical properties of materials used in the automotive, aerospace, and medical device industries.
Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrate has been traditionally used in chemical analysis and quantification of gold in ores and other samples.
Its ability to form stable complexes with gold ions makes it valuable for precipitation reactions and colorimetric assays in analytical chemistry.
In analytical laboratories, it is also used in gravimetric analysis to determine the concentration of gold in various samples by precipitating it as gold chloride and weighing the resulting product.
The properties of gold nanoparticles, produced from HAuCl₄·3H₂O, are exploited in the aerospace industry for the development of spacecraft coatings.
These coatings enhance the durability of spacecraft exposed to harsh conditions such as extreme temperatures and radiation in outer space.
Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrate is used to produce reflective surfaces in space telescopes and satellites, enhancing their ability to reflect infrared radiation and protect sensitive instruments.
Safety Profile Of Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrate:
The compound is highly acidic and can cause severe burns to the skin and eyes.
Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrate is essential to use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), including gloves, goggles, and lab coats, when working with it.
As a gold compound, it poses limited toxicity to humans but can still be hazardous if ingested or inhaled.
Prolonged exposure can lead to toxicity or allergic reactions, so proper ventilation and containment should be maintained during its use.
Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid Trihydrates like HAuCl₄·3H₂O are hazardous to the environment, particularly aquatic life, and should be disposed of according to local environmental guidelines.
