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TETRACHLOROETHENE

Tetrachloroethene is a colourless liquid with a slightly ethereal odour.
Tetrachloroethene is marginally soluble in water and soluble in most organic solvents.
Tetrachloroethene is a chlorinate hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent and cooling liquid in electrical transformers.

CAS Number: 127-18-4
EC Number: 204-825-9
Molecular Formula: C2Cl4
Molecular Weight: 165.83

Synonyms: TETRACHLOROETHYLENE, Tetrachloroethene, 127-18-4, Perchloroethylene, Ethene, tetrachloro-, Perc, Perchlorethylene, Tetrachlorethylene, 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethylene, Ethylene tetrachloride, Carbon dichloride, Ankilostin, Didakene, Perclene, Tetracap, Tetraguer, Tetraleno, Tetralex, Tetropil, Perawin, Tetlen, Tetrachloraethen, PerSec, Carbon bichloride, PERK, Percloroetilene, Tetracloroetene, Fedal-UN, 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethene, Tetrachlooretheen, Czterochloroetylen, Percosolve, Perchlor, Perklone, Tetravec, Tetroguer, Nema, Perchloraethylen, per, Perchlorethylene, per, Perclene D, Dow-per, Dilatin PT, Perchloorethyleen, per, Antisol 1, Ethylene, tetrachloro-, Perchloroethene, Antisal 1, Rcra waste number U210, Nema, veterinary, NCI-C04580, ENT 1,860, Perclene TG, UN 1897, TJ904HH8SN, DTXSID2021319, CHEBI:17300, TETRACHLOROETHYLENE-1-13C, NSC-9777, Percosolv, Caswell No. 827, C2Cl4, MFCD00000834, Percloroetilene [Italian], Tetrachlooretheen [Dutch], Tetrachloraethen [German], Tetracloroetene [Italian], Czterochloroetylen [Polish], Tetrachloroethylene (IUPAC), 25135-99-3, CCRIS 579, HSDB 124, Perchloorethyleen, per [Dutch], Perchloraethylen, per [German], Perchlorethylene, per [French], Tetrachloroethene 100 microg/mL in Methanol, NSC 9777, EINECS 204-825-9, UN1897, Tetrachloroethylene [USP], RCRA waste no. U210, UNII-TJ904HH8SN, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 078501, BRN 1361721, Tetrachlorathen, AI3-01860, tetrachloro-ethene, tetrachloro-ethylene, Nema (VAN), WLN: GYGUYGG, Freon 1110, Tetrachlooretheen(DUTCH), Tetrachloraethen(GERMAN), Percloroetilene(ITALIAN), Tetracloroetene(ITALIAN), bmse000633, Czterochloroetylen(POLISH), EC 204-825-9, 1,2,2-Tetrachloroethylene, SCHEMBL23022, 4-01-00-00715 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), BIDD:ER0346, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-ethene, Perchloorethyleen, per(DUTCH), Perchloraethylen, per(GERMAN), Perchlorethylene, per(FRENCH), CHEMBL114062, DTXCID601319, TETRACHLOROETHYLENE [II], TETRACHLOROETHYLENE [MI], 1,1,2, 2-Tetrachloroethylene, Tetrachloroethylene, >=99.5%, NSC9777, TETRACHLOROETHYLENE [HSDB], Tetrachloroethylene, UV/IR-Grade, Ethene, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-, TETRACHLORETHYLENE [WHO-DD], TETRACHLOROETHYLENE [MART.], Tox21_201196, AKOS009031593, Tetrachloroethylene, analytical standard, Tetrachloroethylene, anhydrous, >=99%, NCGC00090944-01, NCGC00090944-02, NCGC00090944-03, NCGC00258748-01, CAS-127-18-4, InChI=1/C2Cl4/c3-1(4)2(5), Tetrachloroethylene [UN1897] [Poison], Tetrachloroethylene, for HPLC, >=99.9%, Tetrachloroethylene, ReagentPlus(R), 99%, Tetrachloroethylene, for synthesis, 99.0%, FT-0631739, FT-0674946, S0641, Tetrachloroethylene, ACS reagent, >=99.0%, EN300-19890, Tetrachloroethene 1000 microg/mL in Methanol, Tetrachloroethene 5000 microg/mL in Methanol, C06789, F 1110, 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethylene (ACD/Name 4.0), Tetrachloroethylene, SAJ first grade, >=98.0%, A805656, Q410772, Tetrachloroethylene, SAJ special grade, >=99.0%, J-524851, Tetrachloroethylene, UV HPLC spectroscopic, 99.9%, BRD-K68386748-001-01-2, TETRACHLOROETHYLENE (PERCHLOROETHYLENE) [IARC], F0001-0391, Tetrachloroethylene, Ultrapure, Spectrophotometric Grade

Tetrachloroethene is a colorless, volatile, nonflammable liquid with an ether-like odor.
The major part of Tetrachloroethene is produced by high temperature chlorinolysis of light hydrocarbons.

Tetrachloroethene has a limited number of uses and applications.
Tetrachloroethene is used as intermediate, as dry cleaning agent in the industrial and professional sector, as surface cleaning agent in industrial settings, as heat transfer medium in industrial settings, and in film cleaning and copying by professionals.

Tetrachloroethene is also used as a chemical intermediate in the production of fluorinated compounds and in industrial surface cleaning metal degreasing.
Occupational exposure to Tetrachloroethene is possible in the manufacturing facilities or the industrial facilities where it is used as an intermediate.

Tetrachloroethene is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C2Cl4.
Tetrachloroethene is a colorless, nonflammable liquid that has a sweet odor.

Tetrachloroethene is commonly used as a solvent in the dry cleaning industry, where it is effective at removing grease, oil, and stains from fabrics.
Tetrachloroethene is also utilized in metal degreasing and in the production of some chemicals.

Tetrachloroethene is a solvent, which is sometimes simply called "perchlo".
Tetrachloroethene was first synthesised in 1821 by Michael Faraday, by heating hexachloroethane until it decomposed into Tetrachloroethene and dichlorine (Cl₂).

This Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) is mainly used for dry cleaning fabrics and for degreasing metals.
Tetrachloroethene is on the IARC's list of group 2A carcinogens and may cause neurological, kidney and hepatic disorders.

Tetrachloroethene is a colourless liquid with a characteristic odour.
Tetrachloroethene is a colorless liquid widely used for dry cleaning of fabrics, hence Tetrachloroethene is sometimes called "dry-cleaning fluid".
Tetrachloroethene also has its uses as an effective automotive brake cleaner.

Tetrachloroethene has a mild sweet odor, similar to the smell of chloroform, detectable by most people at a concentration of 1 part per million (1 ppm).
Tetrachloroethene or “Perc” is a colorless, noncombustible, volatile organic compound (VOC) typically found in liquid form.

The compound turns into vapors at room temperature.
Tetrachloroethene is a colorless, nonflammable liquid solvent with a sweet, ether-like odor.

Tetrachloroethene is primarly used as a chemical intermediate in the product of several fluroinated compounds and is also utilized in end uses which include industrial and commercial cleaning, automotive aerosols, wool scouring and paper coatings.
Tetrachloroethene is used as a solvent in dry cleaning processes.

Tetrachloroethene is excellent cleaning properties, non-flammability, and ability to dissolve a wide range of stains make Tetrachloroethene an ideal choice for dry cleaning fabrics, including delicate garments and textiles.
Tetrachloroethene is widely used as a degreasing agent in metalworking industries.

Tetrachloroethene effectively removes oils, greases, and contaminants from metal surfaces, preparing them for subsequent processes such as painting, coating, or machining.
Tetrachloroethene serves as a key intermediate in the production of various chemicals.

Tetrachloroethene is used as a starting material in the synthesis of hydrofluorocarbons, refrigerants with no ozone depletion potential and lower global warming potential.
Tetrachloroethene is utilized in the production of vinyl chloride monomer (VCM), a key precursor for the manufacturing of polyvinyl chloride (PVC).

Through a series of chemical reactions, Tetrachloroethene is transformed into various intermediates that ultimately lead to the production of VCM.
Tetrachloroethene is employed for cleaning and surface treatment of metals, including precision components, automotive parts, and electronic equipment.

Tetrachloroethene helps remove contaminants, oils, and residues from metal surfaces to enhance their quality and performance.
Tetrachloroethene also is used as a chemical maskant applied to commercial and military aircraft skins to protect sensitive areas.

Tetrachloroethene is used as a solvent in the formulation of adhesives and sealants.
Tetrachloroethene aids in dissolving various ingredients, enabling proper mixing and application of these products in industries such as construction, automotive, and manufacturing.

Tetrachloroethene is an excellent solvent for organic materials.
Tetrachloroethene is volatile, highly stable, and nonflammable, and thus being widely used in dry cleaning.

Tetrachloroethene can also be used to degrease metal parts in the automotive and other metalworking industries upon being mixed with other chlorocarbons.
Tetrachloroethene can also be used in neutrino detectors.

However, Tetrachloroethene should be noted that it is a potential carcinogen.
Tetrachloroethene is a clear, colorless, volatile, nonflammable liquid with an ethereal odor.

Tetrachloroethene is used as dry cleaning solvent, a degreasing solvent, a drying agent for metals, and in the manufacture of other chemicals.
Tetrachloroethene, is a chlorinated ethylene compound commonly used as a dry cleaning and degreasing solvent.

Tetrachloroethene shows IR transparency as it has no C–H bonds making it an ideal solvent for IR spectroscopy.
Tetrachloroethene is a man-made pollutant which is difficult to degrade.

Tetrachloroethene is a ground water contaminant which has adverse effect on human health due to its potential toxicity and carcinogenicity.
Some of the methods proposed for its degradation are Fenton oxidation treatment, reductive dehalogenation under methanogenic condition, and reduction using zero valent metal ions.

One of the methods reported for its synthesis is from ethylene dichloride and chlorine.
Tetrachloroethene a clear non-flammable heavy liquid, is the solvent choice for most dry cleaners and is also employed in industrial textile treatment, metal surface cleaning and catalyst regeneration for oil refinery applications.

In addition, Tetrachloroethene is a raw material for fluorinated hydrocarbons, fluorinated polymers and other fluorinated derivatives.
Tetrachloroethene is used in the textile industry and as a chemical intermediate or a heatexchange fluid; a widely used solvent with particular use as a dry cleaning agent; a degreaser; a fumigant, and medically as an anthelmintic.

Tetrachloroethene is a colorless liquid with a mild, chloroform-like odor.
Exposure to Tetrachloroethene may cause irritation eyes, skin, nose, throat, and respiratory system.

Tetrachloroethene may also cause liver damage and is a potential occupational carcinogen.
Workers may be harmed from exposure to Tetrachloroethene.

The level of exposure depends upon the dose, duration, and work being done.
Tetrachloroethene is used in many industries.

Tetrachloroethene’s used to dry clean fabrics, manufacture other chemicals, and degreasing metal parts.
Tetrachloroethene is a chlorocarbon with the molecular formula of C2Cl4.

Tetrachloroethene is a colourless liquid with a sweet odour that is most commonly used as a dry cleaning product of fabrics.
Tetrachloroethene is a non-flammable liquid, having no measurable flashpoint or flammable limits in air.

Tetrachloroethene is miscible with most organic solvents but only slightly miscible in water.
The liquid is heavier than water and the vapour is heavier than air.

Tetrachloroethene will not burn, but can decompose at high temperatures (greater than 600°F or 316°C) to form gases such as hydrogen chloride, chlorine and phosgene which are very corrosive.
Closed containers that are heated can explode due to the build-up of gases and vapours.

Tetrachloroethene is incompatible with metals that are chemically active (for example barium, lithium and beryllium) and oxidizers.
Tetrachloroethene is odour threshold ranges from 2 to about 70 ppm, so odour cannot be relied upon as a warning property.

After exposure some people may not smell Tetrachloroethene as well because they become accustomed to the odour.
Tetrachloroethene is a very versatile, volatile, very stable and non-flammable solvent for organic materials, which is used in various industries, especially in dry cleaning.

Tetrachloroethene is also used in the automotive and metallurgical industries as an excellent degreaser, as well as in the production of stain removers, degreasers and paint strippers.
Tetrachloroethene is also used as a multipurpose solvent because it is more inert and stable than many other chlorinated solvents.

Tetrachloroethene is safer than petroleum solvents because it has no flash point.
Tetrachloroethene, as mentioned above, is neither flammable nor does it have a measurable flash point, which indicates that at room temperature it has a lower evaporation rate than other solvents.

In addition, Tetrachloroethene does not affect the ozone layer, which is why the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has approved its use as a replacement for ozone-depleting solvents.
Tetrachloroethene is a colourless, volatile liquid, heavier than water and practically insoluble in water.

Tetrachloroethene has an odor similar to ether or chloroform and is sensitive to light and UV radiation, so it decomposes when it remains under direct exposure for prolonged periods.
Tetrachloroethene can be mixed with a wide variety of organic solvents such as ether, ethyl alcohol, benzene, chloroform and others.

Tetrachloroethene has the ability to dissolve fats, oils and resins.
The vapour Tetrachloroethene produces is not visible and is heavier than air, so it spreads at ground level.

Tetrachloroethene cold oxidation process is quite slow and it does not corrode ordinary metals, in fact, it has the ability to remove grease from metals such as aluminium and magnesium.
However, Tetrachloroethene cannot be used on metals such as zinc, lithium, barium and beryllium, which in Tetrachloroethene liquid form attacks some varieties of plastics and rubbers.

Tetrachloroethene is known for its persistence in the environment, meaning it does not break down easily.
This characteristic can contribute to Tetrachloroethene accumulation in air, soil, and water.

While Tetrachloroethene has low potential for bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms, Tetrachloroethene can still be present in the environment for an extended period.
Tetrachloroethenee is nonflammable, which makes it a safe solvent in terms of fire hazards.

However, Tetrachloroethene can decompose at high temperatures, and in the presence of certain materials, Tetrachloroethene may contribute to fire or explosion risks.
In the past, Tetrachloroethene was used for medical purposes, including as an anesthetic.

However, due to its potential health risks, Tetrachloroethene has largely been replaced by safer alternatives for medical applications.
Some countries and regions have implemented or are considering phase-outs or restrictions on the use of Tetrachloroethene due to environmental and health concerns.

This has led to increased exploration of alternative solvents in various industries.
Tetrachloroethene is generally not used in household products, and it's not a common ingredient in consumer goods.

However, residues from Tetrachloroethene industrial use, especially in dry cleaning, can sometimes be detected on clothing.
The International Agency for Research on Cancer, a part of the World Health Organization, has classified Tetrachloroethene as a Group 1 carcinogen to humans.

Proper disposal of waste containing Tetrachloroethene is crucial to prevent environmental contamination.
Industries using this solvent must adhere to waste disposal regulations to minimize its impact on the environment.

Tetrachloroethene is a chlorinated solvent that is used extensively by dry cleaning plants.
Other applications include vapor degreasing, and use as a chemical intermediate and processing solvent.

Tetrachloroethene is a man-made chemical that can be a liquid or a gas.
At room temperature, Tetrachloroethene is a colorless liquid.

Tetrachloroethene is a versatile, chlorinated solvent used in many industries and extensively by dry cleaning facilities.
Axiall Corporation produces Tetrachloroethene at the Lake Charles, Louisiana plant.

With over 60 years of responsible production and handling experience, Axiall manufactures Tetrachloroethene with environmental and public safety consideration.
Axiall personnel are experienced in handling and shipping Tetrachloroethene, and our engineers, scientists, and sales personnel can provide technical assistance to users.

Tetrachloroethene is a non-flammable, multipurpose solvent that is relatively inert and inherently more stable than other chlorinated solvents.
Tetrachloroethene stability is further enhanced by Axiall’s stabilizer system.

Tetrachloroethene has no flash or fire point, lending it important safety strengths over petroleum distillates.
As a result, combined with its other desirable chemical and physical properties, Tetrachloroethene offers many advantages over other solvents.

Tetrachloroethene is the ideal solvent for this job, as Tetrachloroethene is non-flammable and offers a fast, powerful and gentle cleaning action with a minimum of effort.
In addition, Tetrachloroethene does not cause damage, discoloration or wear on textiles made of natural and synthetic fibers, can be used in conjunction with any detergent and has a powerful stain-removing action.

Industries such as aerospace, automotive and appliance production use Tetrachloroethene in vapor degreasing processes of metal parts and pieces because it can be used efficiently in situations that require a higher boiling point than water.
Precisely because of its high boiling point, Tetrachloroethene is able to condense a greater amount of steam on the metal than any other solvent, allowing for more efficient washing.

One of the advantages of Tetrachloroethene is that it holds its action longer, removes higher melting points and waxes more easily, and is very effective in cleaning light gauge parts that are heated to temperatures above the boiling point of other solvents before completing the cleaning process.
Tetrachloroethene is also used effectively for cleaning welded joints and tiny holes.
Tetrachloroethene is a chlorocarbon with a chemical structure consisting of carbon and chlorine atoms.

Tetrachloroethene is molecular weight is approximately 165.83 g/mol.
Tetrachloroethene has a high density and low volatility, which makes it suitable for certain industrial applications.

Tetrachloroethene effectively removes dirt, grease, and stains from textiles without causing damage to the fabric.
Tetrachloroethene is employed as a degreasing agent for metal surfaces in industrial processes.

Tetrachloroethene is used in the production of certain chemicals, including fluorocarbons and hydrofluorocarbons.
Prolonged exposure to Tetrachloroethene vapors may cause dizziness, headaches, nausea, and in severe cases, damage to the liver, kidneys, and nervous system.
Tetrachloroethene can contribute to air pollution, and its release into the environment can have adverse effects on air quality.

Due to Tetrachloroethene potential health and environmental risks, regulatory agencies in various countries have established guidelines and regulations for the use and handling of Tetrachloroethene.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the United States have set exposure limits and guidelines for workplaces using Tetrachloroethene.

In response to environmental and health concerns, there has been a push to find alternative solvents for applications like dry cleaning.
Some alternatives include hydrocarbons, liquid carbon dioxide, and silicone-based solvents.

Uses of Tetrachloroethene:
Tetrachloroethene is widely used as a solvent in the dry cleaning process.
Tetrachloroethene is a volatile, chlorinated organic hydrocarbon that is widely used as a solvent in the dry-cleaning and textile-processing industries and as an agent for degreasing metal parts.
Tetrachloroethene is an environmental contaminant that has been detected in the air, groundwater, surface waters, and soil (NRC, 2010).

Tetrachloroethene is an excellent nonpolar solvent for organic materials.
Otherwise, Tetrachloroethene is volatile, highly stable and nonflammable, and has low toxicity.

For these reasons, Tetrachloroethene has been widely used in dry cleaning worldwide since the 1930s.
The chemist Sylvia Stoesser (1901–1991) suggested Tetrachloroethene to be used in dry cleaning as an alternative to highly flammable dry cleaning solvents such as naphtha.

Tetrachloroethene is also used to degrease metal parts in the automotive and other metalworking industries, usually as a mixture with other chlorocarbons.
Tetrachloroethene appears in a few consumer products including paint strippers, aerosol preparations and spot removers.

Tetrachloroethene is used as a solvent, indrycleaning, and in metal degreasing.
Tetrachloroethene is a common industrial solvent that is often found as a contaminant in groundwater.

Tetrachloroethene is also a suspected carcinogen to humans and is difficult to degrade biologically as it has no natural source.
Tetrachloroethene is utilized in the production of certain adhesives and sealants.

Tetrachloroethene can contribute to the formulation of products with specific bonding properties.
Tetrachloroethene is used in some dry cleaning machines as a coolant.

The circulation of the solvent through the machine's refrigeration system helps maintain low temperatures, which is crucial for the proper functioning of the dry cleaning process.
Tetrachloroethene has been used for cleaning and degreasing brake parts and other components.

However, due to environmental and health concerns, alternative solvents and cleaning methods are increasingly being adopted in this industry.
Tetrachloroethene may find applications in laboratories for specific chemical processes and experiments.

However, due to Tetrachloroethene potential health risks, laboratories often carefully consider the use of alternatives when feasible.
Tetrachloroethene was used as an inhalation anesthetic.

However, Tetrachloroethene is use in this medical context has largely been phased out in favor of safer alternatives.
Tetrachloroethene is used in some extraction processes, such as the production of vegetable oils and fats.

Tetrachloroethene can act as a solvent to extract and separate certain components.
Tetrachloroethene has been employed in the purification process of carbon nanotubes, a nanomaterial with various industrial applications.

Tetrachloroethene has been used as an ingredient in a range of common products such as water repellants, paint removers, printing inks, glues, sealants, polishes and lubricants because of its durability and ability to adhere tso plastics, metal, rubber and leather.
Tetrachloroethene is a solvent commonly used in dry cleaning operations.

When applied to a material or fabric, perc helps dissolve greases, oils and waxes without damaging the fabric.
Tetrachloroethene is the predominant solvent used in the dry cleaning industry because Tetrachloroethene is non-flammable, stable but highly volatile.

Tetrachloroethene is safe to use on most textiles, fibres and dyes without causing damage to the garment.
Tetrachloroethene is highly effective at removing oils, greases and fats from textiles due its high boiling point and volatile nature.

A wide array of industries use Tetrachloroethene because it is excellent at degreasing metal parts during the production of products.
Tetrachloroethene can also be used in extracting fats, dissolving rubber, paint removal, water repellent, brake cleaning and a carrier solvent.

Tetrachloroethene was also historically used as a chemical intermediate in the manufacture of hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) 134a.
Tetrachloroethene is mainly used for dry cleaning.

Tetrachloroethene has also been used as a general anesthetic, a substance used to numb people or take sensation away during surgery.
Tetrachloroethene is used mainly as an ingredient in the production of other chemicals, as a metal degreaser in the automotive and other metal working industries and as a solvent in dry cleaning.

Tetrachloroethene appears in a few consumer products, such as paint strippers and spot removers.
In addition Tetrachloroethene is also used in the manufacture of refrigerants, such as HCFC-134a.

Tetrachloroethene is used as a solvent in dry cleaning processes.
Tetrachloroethene is excellent cleaning properties, non-flammability, and ability to dissolve a wide range of stains make it an ideal choice for dry cleaning fabrics, including delicate garments and textiles.

Tetrachloroethene is widely used as a degreasing agent in metalworking industries.
Tetrachloroethene effectively removes oils, greases, and contaminants from metal surfaces, preparing them for subsequent processes such as painting, coating, or machining.

Tetrachloroethene serves as a key intermediate in the production of various chemicals.
Tetrachloroethene is used as a starting material in the synthesis of hydrofluorocarbons, refrigerants with no ozone depletion potential and lower global warming potential.

Tetrachloroethene is utilized in the production of vinyl chloride monomer (VCM), a key precursor for the manufacturing of polyvinyl chloride (PVC).
Through a series of chemical reactions, Tetrachloroethene is transformed into various intermediates that ultimately lead to the production of VCM.

Tetrachloroethene is employed for cleaning and surface treatment of metals, including precision components, automotive parts, and electronic equipment.
Tetrachloroethene helps remove contaminants, oils, and residues from metal surfaces to enhance their quality and performance.

Tetrachloroethene also is used as a chemical maskant applied to commercial and military aircraft skins to protect sensitive areas.
Tetrachloroethene is used as a solvent in the formulation of adhesives and sealants.

Tetrachloroethene aids in dissolving various ingredients, enabling proper mixing and application of these products in industries such as construction, automotive, and manufacturing.
One of the most widely used methods for industrial production of Tetrachloroethene is the oxyhydrochlorination of chlorinated hydrocarbons at high temperature.

In a catalytic fluidized bed reactor, vaporized chlorinated organics are mixed with hydrochloric acid and oxygen, so that chlorination and thermal cracking reactions occur to produce a mixture of trichloroethylene and Tetrachloroethene.
In modern industry, Tetrachloroethene is used for the chemical processing of fabrics, silicones and rubber, as well as an extractant solvent in printing inks and paint strippers.

Tetrachloroethene is also used to reduce the flammability of a mixture, since when added to mixtures in the right quantities it increases their flash point.
In petroleum refineries, Tetrachloroethene is used as a source of hydrochloric acid for catalyst regeneration processes, both in the catalytic reformer and in isomerization operations.

Tetrachloroethene is most commonly known for its use as a solvent in dry cleaning.
Tetrachloroethene is highly effective at dissolving grease, oils, and stains from fabrics without causing damage to the material.

Tetrachloroethene is used as a degreasing agent in metalworking processes.
Tetrachloroethene helps remove oils and contaminants from metal surfaces, making it useful in industries such as metal fabrication and electronics manufacturing.

Tetrachloroethene serves as a feedstock in the production of various chemicals.
Tetrachloroethene is used in the synthesis of other compounds, including certain chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), which were historically used as refrigerants.

In addition to dry cleaning, Tetrachloroethene can be used in textile processing for tasks such as scouring and finishing fabrics.
In consumer products, Tetrachloroethene can be found in some spot removers and stain treatments designed for home use.

For several decades, Tetrachloroethene has been used for the production of fluorinated compounds such as refrigerants, refrigerant mixtures, among others, thanks to its stability, dielectric properties, low viscosity and low surface tension.
In addition, Tetrachloroethene has a favorable environmental profile.

Although Tetrachloroethene, as mentioned, is widely used in various industries in applications such as dry cleaning and degreasing, it is rare to find information on injuries to operators from its handling.
Tetrachloroethene is considered to have moderate to low toxicity, however, there are some risks to people exposed to this compound.

Applications of Tetrachloroethene:
Tetrachloroethene is also commonly abbreviated to PER or PERC.
Tetrachloroethene is a volatile, chlorinated organic hydrocarbon that is widely used as a solvent in the dry-cleaning and textile-processing industries and as an agent for degreasing metal parts.
Tetrachloroethene is an environmental contaminant that has been detected in the air, groundwater, surface waters, and soil (NRC, 2010).

Tetrachloroethene is used as a solvent, indrycleaning, and in metal degreasing.
Tetrachloroethene is a common industrial solvent that is often found as a contaminant in groundwater.

Tetrachloroethene is also a suspected carcinogen to humans and is difficult to degrade biologically as it has no natural source.
Tetrachloroethene is a contaminant of emerging concern (CECs).

Tetrachloroethene is an excellent solvent for organic materials.
Otherwise Tetrachloroethene is volatile, highly stable and nonflammable, and has low toxicity.
For these reasons, Tetrachloroethene is widely used in dry cleaning.

Historical applications:
Tetrachloroethene was once extensively used as an intermediate in the manufacture of HFC-134a and related refrigerants.
In the early 20th century, Tetrachloroethene was used for the treatment of hookworm infestation.

History and production of Tetrachloroethene:
French chemist Henri Victor Regnault first synthesized Tetrachloroethene in 1839 by thermal decomposition of hexachloroethane following Michael Faraday's 1820 synthesis of protochloride of carbon (carbon tetrachloride).
C2Cl6 → C2Cl4 + Cl2

Faraday was previously falsely credited for the synthesis of Tetrachloroethene, which in reality, was carbon tetrachloride.
While trying to make Faraday's "protochloride of carbon", Regnault found that his compound was different from Faraday's.
Victor Regnault stated "According to Faraday, the chloride of carbon boiled around 70 °C (158 °F) to 77 °C (171 °F) degrees Celsius but mine did not begin to boil until 120 °C (248 °F) ".

A few years after its discovery, in the 1840s, Tetrachloroethene was named Chlorethose by Auguste Laurent.
The -ose ending was explained as the fourfold replacement of the hydrogens in ethylene.

If only one atom of hydrogen was replaced, the word would end with -ase.
By Laurent's logic, vinyl chloride would be named Chlorethase.

Tetrachloroethene can be made by passing chloroform vapour through a red-hot tube, the side products include hexachlorobenzene and hexachloroethane, as reported in 1886.

Most Tetrachloroethene is produced by high-temperature chlorinolysis of light hydrocarbons.
The method is related to Faraday's method since hexachloroethane is generated and thermally decomposes.
Side products include carbon tetrachloride, hydrogen chloride, and hexachlorobutadiene.

Several other methods have been developed.

When 1,2-dichloroethane is heated to 400 °C with chlorine, Tetrachloroethene is produced by the chemical reaction:
ClCH2CH2Cl + 3 Cl2 → Cl2C=CCl2 + 4 HCl

This reaction can be catalyzed by a mixture of potassium chloride and aluminium chloride or by activated carbon.
Trichloroethylene is a major byproduct, which is separated by distillation.

Worldwide production was about 1 million metric tons (980,000 long tons; 1,100,000 short tons) in 1985.

Although in very small amounts, Tetrachloroethene occurs naturally in volcanoes along with trichloroethylene.

Handling And Storage of Tetrachloroethene:

Advice on safe handling:
Work under hood.

Hygiene measures:
Immediately change contaminated clothing.
Wash hands and face after working with substance.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:

Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Keep in a well-ventilated place.

Stability And Reactivity of Tetrachloroethene:

Reactivity:
No data available

Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .

Conditions to avoid:
no information available

Safety Profile of Tetrachloroethene:
Tetrachloroethene is a nonflammable colorless liquid with a sharp sweet odor.
Tetrachloroethene is widely used for dry-cleaning fabrics and metal degreasing operations.

Effects resulting from acute (short term) high-level inhalation exposure of humans to Tetrachloroethene include irritation of the upper respiratory tract and eyes, kidney dysfunction, and neurological effects such as reversible mood and behavioral changes, impairment of coordination, dizziness, headache, sleepiness, and unconsciousness.

The primary effects from chronic (long term) inhalation exposure are neurological, including impaired cognitive and motor neurobehavioral performance.
Tetrachloroethene exposure may also cause adverse effects in the kidney, liver, immune system and hematologic system, and on development and reproduction.
Studies of people exposed in the workplace have found associations with several types of cancer including bladder cancer, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, multiple myeloma.

First Aid Measures of Tetrachloroethene:

General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.

If inhaled:

After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Call in physician.

In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:

After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.

If swallowed:

After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.

Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available

Fire Fighting Measures of Tetrachloroethene:

Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder

Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.

Further information:
Suppress (knock down) gases/vapors/mists with a water spray jet.

Accidental Release Measures of Tetrachloroethene:

Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Take up with liquid-absorbent material.
Dispose of properly.

Exposure Controls/Personal Protection of Tetrachloroethene:

Personal protective equipment:

Eye/face protection:
Use Safety glasses.

Skin protection:

Full contact:
Material: Viton®
Minimum layer thickness: 0,7 mm
Break through time: 480 min

Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,4 mm
Break through time: 240 min

Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

Identifiers of Tetrachloroethene:
CAS Number: 127-18-4
Beilstein Reference: 1304635
ChEBI: CHEBI:17300
ChEMBL: ChEMBL114062
ChemSpider: 13837281
ECHA InfoCard: 100.004.388
EC Number: 204-825-9
Gmelin Reference: 101142
KEGG: C06789
PubChem CID: 31373
RTECS number: KX3850000
UNII: TJ904HH8SN
UN number: 1897
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID2021319
InChI: InChI=1S/C2Cl4/c3-1(4)2(5)6
Key: CYTYCFOTNPOANT-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1/C2Cl4/c3-1(4)2(5)6
Key: CYTYCFOTNPOANT-UHFFFAOYAO
SMILES: ClC(Cl)=C(Cl)Cl

Properties of Tetrachloroethene:
Melting point: -22 °C (lit.)
Boiling point: 121 °C (lit.)
Density: 1.623 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
vapor density: 5.83 (vs air)
vapor pressure: 13 mm Hg ( 20 °C)
refractive index: n20/D 1.505(lit.)
Flash point: 120-121°C
storage temp.: Store at +2°C to +25°C.
solubility: water: soluble0.15g/L at 25°C
form: Liquid
color: APHA: ≤10
Odor: chloroform-like odor
Odor Threshold: 0.77ppm
Evaporation Rate: 0.33
Water Solubility: Miscible with alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene and hexane. Slightly miscible with water.
FreezingPoint: -22.0℃
LogP: 2.53 at 20℃

Molecular weight : 165,83 g/mol
Appearance Form: liquid, clear
Color: colorless
Odor: No data available
Odor Threshold: No data available
pH: No data available
Melting point/freezing point
Melting point/range: -22 °C - lit.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 121 °C - lit.

Flash point: No data available
Evaporation rate: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Vapor pressure: 25,3 hPa at 25,0 °C 17,3 hPa at 20,0 °C
Vapor density: No data available
Density: 1,623 g/cm3 at 25 °C - lit.
Relative density: No data available

Water solubility 0,15 g/l at 25 °C
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water
log Pow: 2,53 at 23 °C
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: 0,844 mPa.s at 25 °C

Properties of Tetrachloroethene:
Chemical formula: C2Cl4
Molar mass: 165.82 g/mol
Appearance: Clear, very refractive, colorless liquid
Odor: Mild, sharp and sweetish
Density: 1.622 g/cm3
Melting point: −22.0 to −22.7 °C (−7.6 to −8.9 °F; 251.2 to 250.5 K)
Boiling point: 121.1 °C (250.0 °F; 394.2 K)
Solubility in water: 0.15 g/L (25 °C)
Vapor pressure: 14 mmHg (20 °C)
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): −81.6·10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD): 1.505
Viscosity: 0.89 cP at 25 °C

Related compounds of Tetrachloroethene:
Trichloroethylene
Dichloroethylene
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
Carbon tetrachloride

Related analogous organohalides:
Tetrafluoroethylene
Tetrabromoethylene
Tetraiodoethylene

Names of Tetrachloroethene:

Preferred IUPAC name:
Tetrachloroethene

Other names:
Carbon dichloride (Carboneum Dichloratum)
Dicarbon tetrachloride
PCE
Perc
Perchloroethene
Perchloroethylene; Chlorethose