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Titanium dioxide, TiO2, is a white powder and has the greatest hiding power of all white pigments.
Titanium dioxide is noncombustible; however, it is a powder and, when suspended in air, may cause a dust explosion if an ignition source is present.
Titanium dioxide is not listed in the DOT Hazardous Materials Table, and the DOT does not consider it hazardous in transportation.
CAS: 13463-67-7
MF: O2Ti
MW: 79.87
EINECS: 236-675-5
Synonyms
TITANIC ANHYDRIDE;TITAN DIOXIDE;TITANIUM(+4)OXIDE;TITANIUM DIOXIDE, ANATASE;TITANIUM DIOXIDE, RUTILE;Titanium(IV) oxide, 98.0-100.5% TiO2;Titanium(IV) oxide, Aeroxide P25;Titanium(IV) oxide, anatase powder, 99%
The primary uses are as a white pigment in paints, paper, rubber, and plastics; in cosmetics; in welding rods; and in radioactive decontamination of the skin.
Titanium dioxide occurs in nature in the crystalline forms rutile, anatase, and brookite.
Rutile and anatase are manufactured in large quantities, which are primarily used as pigments, but also as catalysts and in ceramics.
Titanium dioxide (C.I. Pigment White 6) is of outstanding importance as a white pigment because of its scattering properties, its chemical stability, its biological inertness, and its lack of toxicity.
The pigment is frequently coated with colorless organic or inorganic compounds of low solubility to improve its weather resistance, lightfastness, and dispersibility.
Titanium dioxide is a titanium oxide with the formula TiO2.
A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.
Titanium dioxide has a role as a food colouring.
Two main physico-chemically distinct polymorphs of TiO2 are anatase and rutile.
Anatase has a higher photocatalytic activity than rutile but is thermodynamically less stable.
Titanium dioxide, also known as titanium(IV) oxide or titania /taɪˈteɪniə/, is the inorganic compound derived from titanium with the chemical formula TiO
When used as a pigment, Titanium dioxide is called titanium white, Pigment White 6 (PW6), or CI 77891.
Titanium dioxide is a white solid that is insoluble in water, although mineral forms can appear black.
As a pigment, Titanium dioxide has a wide range of applications, including paint, sunscreen, and food coloring. When used as a food coloring, it has E number E171.
World production in 2014 exceeded 9 million tonnes.
Titanium dioxide has been estimated that titanium dioxide is used in two-thirds of all pigments, and pigments based on the oxide have been valued at a price of $13.2 billion.
Titanium dioxide is a chemical found in different forms and at different scales, from micro- to nanometric.
Titanium dioxide has properties such as chemical resistance, thermal stability and photocatalytic potential, which enables pollutants to be broken down under the action of light rays.
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is used in a variety of personal care products, including sunscreens, pressed powders, and loose powders, as a UV filter or whitening agent.
In lotions and creams (dermal exposure), Titanium dioxide is not a risk for adverse health effects.
However, when titanium dioxide is inhalable—as it may be when in powder form—it is considered a possible carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer.
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles do not appear to confer any unique health hazards.
Titanium dioxide Chemical Properties
Melting point: 1840 °C
Boiling point : 2900 °C
density: 4.26 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
bulk density: 850kg/m3
refractive index: 2.61
Fp: 2500-3000°C
storage temp.: Store at +5°C to +30°C.
solubility: Practically insoluble in water. It does not dissolve in dilute mineral acids but dissolves slowly in hot concentrated sulfuric acid.
pka: 3.85
form: powder
color: White to slightly yellow
Specific Gravity: 4.26
Odor: at 100.00%. odorless
PH: 7-8 (100g/l, H2O, 20℃)(slurry)
Water Solubility: insoluble
Crystal Structure: Orthorhombic, Pcab
Merck: 14,9472
Exposure limits ACGIH: TWA 10 mg/m3
OSHA: TWA 15 mg/m3
NIOSH: IDLH 5000 mg/m3; TWA 2.4 mg/m3; TWA 0.3 mg/m3
Dielectric constant: 2.9（20℃）
Cosmetics Ingredients Functions: ANTIMICROBIAL OPACIFYING UV FILTER COLORANT UV ABSORBER
InChI: 1S/2O.Ti
InChIKey: GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Hardness, Mohs: 5.5 - 6.0
CAS DataBase Reference: 13463-67-7(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference: Titanium dioxide(13463-67-7)
IARC: 2B (Vol. 47, 93) 2010
EPA Substance Registry System: Titanium dioxide (13463-67-7)
The naturally occurring dioxide exists in three crystal forms: anatase, rutile and brookite. While rutile, the most common form, has an octahedral structure.
Anatase and brookite have very distorted octahedra of oxygen atoms surrounding each titanium atom.
In such distorted octahedral structures, two oxygen atoms are relatively closer to titanium than the other four oxygen atoms.
Anatase is more stable than the rutile form by about 8 to 12 kJ/mol (Cotton, F.A., Wilkinson, G., Murillo, C.A and M Bochmann. 1999.
Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, 6th ed, p. 697, New York: John Wiley & Sons) Other physical properties are: density 4.23g/cm3; Mohs hardness 5.8 g/cm3 ( anatase and brookite) and 6.2 g/cm3 ( rutile); index of refraction 2.488 (anatase), 2.583 (brookite) and 2.609 (rutile); melts at 1,843°C; insoluble in water and dilute acids; soluble in concentrated acids.
White, amorphous, odorless, and tasteless nonhygroscopic powder.
Although the average particle size of titanium dioxide powder is less than 1 mm, commercial titanium dioxide generally occurs as aggregated particles of approximately 100 mm diameter.
Titanium dioxide may occur in several different crystalline forms: rutile; anatase; and brookite.
Of these, rutile and anatase are the only forms of commercial importance.
Titanium dioxide is the more thermodynamically stable crystalline form, but anatase is the form most commonly used in pharmaceutical applications.
Structure
In all three of its main dioxides, titanium exhibits octahedral geometry, being bonded to six oxide anions.
The oxides in turn are bonded to three Ti centers.
The overall crystal structures of rutile and anatase are tetragonal in symmetry whereas brookite is orthorhombic.
The oxygen substructures are all slight distortions of close packing: in rutile, the oxide anions are arranged in distorted hexagonal close-packing, whereas they are close to cubic close-packing in anatase and to "double hexagonal close-packing" for brookite.
The rutile structure is widespread for other metal dioxides and difluorides, e.g. RuO2 and ZnF2.
Molten titanium dioxide has a local structure in which each Ti is coordinated to, on average, about 5 oxygen atoms.
This is distinct from the crystalline forms in which Ti coordinates to 6 oxygen atoms.
Physical properties
Metastable over long periods of time despite being less thermodynamically stable than rutile.
However, above 700°C, the irreversible and rapid monotropic conversion of anatase to rutile occurs.
Titanium dioxide exhibits a greater transparency in the near-UV than rutile.
With an absorption edge at 385 nm, anatase absorbs less light at the blue end of the visible spectrum and has a blue tone.
The naturally occurring dioxide exists in three crystal forms: anatase, rutile and brookite.
While rutile, the most common form, has an octahedral structure.
Anatase and brookite have very distorted octahedra of oxygen atoms surrounding each titanium atom.
In such distorted octahedral structures, two oxygen atoms are relatively closer to titanium than the other four oxygen atoms.
Anatase is more stable than the rutile form by about 8 to 12 kJ/mol (Cotton, F.A., Wilkinson, G., Murillo, C.A and M Bochmann. 1999.
Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, 6th ed, p. 697, New York: John Wiley & Sons) Other physical properties are: density 4.23g/cm3; Mohs hardness 5.8 g/cm3 ( anatase and brookite) and 6.2 g/cm3 ( rutile); index of refraction 2.488 (anatase), 2.583 (brookite) and 2.609 (rutile); melts at 1,843°C; insoluble in water and dilute acids; soluble in concentrated acids.
Uses
Titanium dioxide, also known as rutile, is one of the best-known compounds used as a paint pigment.
Of the 3.06 million metric tons of Ti02 used in 1992, 51 % was used in coatings, 19% in plastics, 14% in paper, and the balance of 8% in several different applications such as elastomers, ceramics, cosmetics, and foods.
Titanium dioxide is ideal for paints exposed to severe temperatures and marine climates because of its inertness and self-cleaning attributes.
Titanium dioxide is also used in manufacture of glassware, ceramics, enamels, welding rods, and floor coverings.
Titanium Dioxide is a white pigment that disperses in liquids and possesses great opacifying power.
the crystalline modifications of titanium dioxide are rutile and anatase, of which only anatase finds use as a color additive.
Airfloated ilmenite is used for titanium pigment manufacture.
Rutile sand is suitable for welding-rod-coating materials, as ceramic colorant, as source of titanium metal.
As color in the food industry.
Anatase titanium dioxide is used for welding-rod-coatings, acid resistant vitreous enamels, in specification paints, exterior white house paints, acetate rayon, white interior air-dry and baked enamels and lacquers, inks and plastics, for paper filling and coating, in water paints, tanners' leather finishes, shoe whiteners, and ceramics.
High opacity and tinting values are claimed for rutile-like pigments.
titanium dioxide (TiO2) is one of the 21 FDA-approved sunscreen chemicals with an approved usage level of 2 to 25 percent.
When applied, titanium dioxide remains on the skin’s surface, scattering uV light.
Titanium dioxide is often used in conjunction with other sunscreen chemicals to boost the product’s SPF value, thus reducing the risk of irritation or allergies attributed to excessive usage of chemical sunscreens.
Titanium dioxide's incorporation into sunscreen formulations, makeup bases, and daytime moisturizers depends on the particular size of titanium dioxide employed.
The smaller the particle size, the more unobtrusive Tio2’s application. Large particles, on the other hand, leave a whitish wash or look on the skin.
Some companies list “micro” or “ultra” when referring to the size of the titanium dioxide particle.
According to some sources, titanium dioxide could be the ideal uVA/uVB protection component given its chemical, cosmetic, and physical characteristics.
Titanium dioxide is also used to provide a white color to cosmetic preparations.
Titanium dioxide is an extreme white and bright compound with high index of refraction.
In paints it is a white pigment and an opacifying agent.
Titanium dioxide is in house paints, water paints, lacquers, enamels, paper filling and coating, rubber, plastics, printing ink, synthetic fabrics, floor coverings, and shoe whiteners.
Also, Titanium dioxide is used in colorants for ceramics and coatings for welding rods.
A rutile form of the dioxide is used in synthetic gem stones.
Pharmaceutical Applications
Titanium dioxide is widely used in confectionery, cosmetics, and foods, in the plastics industry, and in topical and oral pharmaceutical formulations as a white pigment.
Owing to its high refractive index, titanium dioxide has lightscattering properties that may be exploited in its use as a white pigment and opacifier.
The range of light that is scattered can be altered by varying the particle size of the titanium dioxide powder.
For example, titanium dioxide with an average particle size of 230nm scatters visible light, while titanium dioxide with an average particle size of 60nm scatters ultraviolet light and reflects visible light.
In pharmaceutical formulations, titanium dioxide is used as a white pigment in film-coating suspensions, sugar-coated tablets, and gelatin capsules.
Titanium dioxide may also be admixed with other pigments.
Titanium dioxide is also used in dermatological preparations and cosmetics, such as sunscreens.
Production Methods
Titanium dioxide occurs naturally as the minerals rutile (tetragonal structure), anatase (tetragonal structure), and brookite (orthorhombic structure).
Titanium dioxide may be prepared commercially by either the sulfate or chloride process.
In the sulfate process a titanium containing ore, such as ilemenite, is digested in sulfuric acid.
This step is followed by dissolving the sulfates in water, then precipitating the hydrous titanium dioxide using hydrolysis.
Finally, the product is calcinated at high temperature.
In the chloride process, the dry ore is chlorinated at high temperature to form titanium tetrachloride, which is subsequently oxidized to form titanium dioxide.
Production Methods
There are two major processes for the manufacture of titanium dioxide pigments, namely sulfate route and chloride route.
In the sulfate process, the ore limonite, FeOTiO2, is dissolved in sulfuric acid and the resultant solution is hydrolyzed by boiling to produce a hydrated oxide, while the iron remains in solution.
The precipitated titanium hydrate is washed and leached free of soluble impurities.
Controlled calcinations at about 1000°C produce pigmentary titanium dioxide of the correct crystal size distribution; this material is then subjected to a finishing coating treatment and milling.
The chloride process uses gaseous chlorination of mineral rutile, followed by distillation and finally a vapor phase oxidation of the titanium tetrachloride.
Preparation
Titanium dioxide is mined from natural deposits.
Titanium dioxide also is produced from other titanium minerals or prepared in the laboratory.
Pigment-grade dioxide is produced from the minerals, rutile and ilmenite.
Rutile is converted to pigment grade rutile by chlorination to give titanium tetrachloride, TiCl4.
Anhydrous tetrachloride is converted back to purified rutile form by vapor phase oxidation.
Anatase form is obtained by hydrolytic precipitation of titanium(IV) sulfate on heating.
The mineral ilmenite is treated with concentrated sulfuric acid.
Heating the sulfate solution precipitates hydrous titanium oxide.
The precipitate is calcined to expel all water.
Titanium dioxide also can be prepared by heating Ti metal in air or oxygen at elevated temperatures.
Production
The largest TiO2 pigment processors are Chemours, Venator, Kronos [de], and Tronox.
Major paint and coating company end users for pigment grade titanium dioxide include Akzo Nobel, PPG Industries, Sherwin Williams, BASF, and Kansai Paints.
Global TiO2 pigment demand for 2010 was 5.3 Mt with annual growth expected to be about 3–4%.
The production method depends on the feedstock.
In addition to ores, other feedstocks include upgraded slag.
Both the chloride process and the sulfate process (both described below) produce titanium dioxide pigment in the rutile crystal form, but the sulfate process can be adjusted to produce the anatase form.
Anatase, being softer, is used in fiber and paper applications.
The sulfate process is run as a batch process; the chloride process is run as a continuous process.
