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Titanium tetraisopropoxide is typically stored under nitrogen or argon to prevent premature hydrolysis.
Titanium tetraisopropoxides controlled reactivity, combined with its versatility, makes it one of the most widely used titanium alkoxides in research and industry.
Titanium tetraisopropoxide catalyst for the synthesis of acyclic epoxy alcohols and allylic epoxy alcohols.
CAS Number: 546-68-9
Molecular Formula: C12H28O4Ti
Molecular Weight: 284.22
EINECS Number: 208-909-6
Synonyms:Titanium(IV) isopropoxide, 546-68-9, Titanium isopropoxide, Titanium isopropylate, Titanium tetraisopropylate, Tilcom TIPT, Tetraisopropyl titanate, Isopropyl orthotitanate, Tetraisopropoxytitanium(IV), Tetraisopropoxytitanium, A 1 (titanate), Tetraisopropanolatotitanium, Orgatix TA 10, Tetrakis(isopropoxy)titanium, Isopropyl titanate(IV), Tyzor TPT, Tetraisopropoxide titanium, Titanium tetra-n-propoxide, Titanium tetrakis(1-methylethoxy)-, Titanium tetrakis(isopropoxide), Isopropyl alcohol titanium salt, Titanic acid tetraisopropyl ester, Isopropyl titanate(IV) ((C3H7O)4Ti), Titanium(4+) isopropoxide, Titanic acid isopropyl ester, Isopropyl alcohol titanium(4+) salt, Titanic(IV) acid tetraisopropyl ester, 2-Propanol titanium(4+) salt, Ti(OiPr)4, 76NX7K235Y, Isopropyl alcohol titanium(4+) salt, CHEBI:139496, Titanium isopropoxide (Ti(OC3H7)4), DTXSID5027196, Ti(IV) isopropoxide, RefChem:897207, DTXCID007196, Titanium tetraisopropanolate, Tetraisopropyl orthotitanate, Titanium tetraisopropoxide, Ti isopropylate, propan-2-olate;titanium(4+), Isopropyl titanate, C12H28O4Ti, TTIP, titanium(IV) propan-2-olate, 2-Propanol titanium(4+) salt (4:1), Titanium(IV) tetraisopropoxide, titanium(4+) tetrakis(propan-2-olate), titanium tetra(isopropoxide), Titanium isopropylate (VAN), TITANIUM (IV) ISOPROPOXIDE, HSDB 848, Tetrakis(isopropanolato)titanium, NSC-60576, EINECS 208-909-6, Titanium isopropoxide (Ti(OCH7)4), NSC 60576, UNII-76NX7K235Y, TIPT, tetraisopropoxy titanium, tetraisopropoxy-titanium, titaniumtetraisopropoxide, titaniumtetraisopropylate, titanium(IV)isopropoxide, tetra-isopropoxy titanium, titanium (IV)isopropoxide, tetra-iso-propoxy titanium, titanium tetra-isopropoxide, titanium-tetra-isopropoxide, EC 208-909-6, SCHEMBL7085, titanium (4+) isopropoxide, Titanium isopropoxide (TTIP), VERTEC XL 110, tetraisopropoxytitanium (IV), titanium(IV)tetraisopropoxide, titanium tetra (isopropoxide), titanium (IV)tetraisopropoxide, AKT872, titanium (IV) tetraisopropoxide, TITANIUM-(IV)-ISOPROPOXIDE, AKOS015892702, FT60923, TITANIUM TETRAISOPROPOXIDE [MI], TITANIUM TETRAISOPROPANOLATE [HSDB], T0133, Q2031021, Isopropyl titanate, Tetraisopropyl titanate, Tetraisopropyl orthotitanate, TTIP, ISOPROPYL TITANATE;ISOPROPYL TITANATE(IV);TITANIUM ISOPROPOXIDE;TITANIUM ISO-PROPYLATE;TITANIUM (IV) I-PROPOXIDE;TITANIUM(IV) ISOPROPOXIDE;TITANIUM (IV) TETRA-I-PROPOXIDE;TITANIUM(IV) TETRAISOPROPOXIDE
Titanium tetraisopropoxide is useful for diastereoselective reduction of alpha-fluoroketones.
Catalyzes the asymmetric allylation of ketones.
Reagent for the synthesis of cyclopropylamines from aryl and alkenyl nitriles.
Useful for racemic and/or enantioselective addition of nucleophiles to aldehydes, ketones and imines.
Catalytic intramolecular formal [3+2] cycloaddition.
Catalyst for the synthesis of cyclopropanols from esters and organomagnesium reagents
Titanium tetraisopropoxide appears as a water-white to pale-yellow liquid with an odor like isopropyl alcohol.
Titanium tetraisopropoxide is widely used as a catalyst and reagent in pharmaceutical manufacturing.
It is crucial in the production of titanium dioxide and as a precursor for other titanium-based compounds.
Titanium tetraisopropoxides catalytic properties are leveraged in various organic synthesis processes.
Titanium tetraisopropoxide is also important in hybrid organic–inorganic materials.
Titanium tetraisopropoxide is used to introduce inorganic titanium oxide domains into polymer matrices, improving thermal stability, mechanical strength, and UV resistance.
These hybrid systems are applied in coatings, adhesives, and advanced composite materials.
In semiconductor and microelectronics industries, titanium tetraisopropoxide functions as a precursor for dielectric and barrier layers.
TiO₂ films derived from TTIP are used in capacitors, sensors, and memory devices due to their high dielectric constant.
Precise deposition control is essential for device reliability, making TTIP a preferred precursor.
From a chemical reactivity standpoint, titanium tetraisopropoxide readily undergoes ligand exchange reactions with alcohols, carboxylic acids, and silanols.
Titanium tetraisopropoxide versatility allows it to be chemically tailored for specific processes and formulations.
Such adaptability explains why titanium tetraisopropoxide remains one of the most extensively studied and utilized titanium alkoxides in both academic research and industrial production.
Titanium tetraisopropoxide upon contact with water or humid air, it readily hydrolyzes to form titanium dioxide and isopropanol.
Titanium tetraisopropoxide acts as a highly reactive titanium(IV) precursor due to the labile titanium–oxygen bonds.
This high reactivity makes it an excellent source of titanium in sol–gel chemistry and metal–organic synthesis.
Its molecular structure allows controlled hydrolysis and condensation reactions, which are essential for forming uniform oxide networks.
In materials science, Titanium tetraisopropoxide is widely used as a precursor for producing titanium dioxide (TiO₂) thin films, powders, and nanostructures.
It is a key starting material in sol–gel processing, chemical vapor deposition, and atomic layer deposition.
These TiO₂ materials are critical in photocatalysis, sensors, optical coatings, and energy-related applications.
Industrially, Titanium tetraisopropoxide is used as a catalyst or catalyst precursor in polymerization and esterification reactions.
Titanium tetraisopropoxide promotes transesterification and condensation processes in the manufacture of polyesters, alkyd resins, and specialty polymers.
Its ability to coordinate with oxygen-containing functional groups enhances reaction rates and product uniformity.
Titanium tetraisopropoxide is also important in surface modification and coating technologies.
Titanium tetraisopropoxide is used to improve adhesion, corrosion resistance, and surface hardness of metals, ceramics, and glass.
Through controlled hydrolysis, it forms thin inorganic layers that strongly bond to substrates.
From a practical standpoint, titanium tetraisopropoxide must be handled under dry and inert conditions due to its moisture sensitivity.
Titanium tetraisopropoxide is a titanium coordination entity consisting of a titanium(IV) cation with four propan-2-olate anions as counterions.
Titanium tetraisopropoxide is an organometallic compound of titanium that belongs to the metal alkoxide family.
Titanium tetraisopropoxide is chemically represented as Ti(OiPr)₄ and appears as a colorless to pale yellow liquid with a strong sensitivity to moisture.
Melting point: 14–17 °C (lit.)
Boiling point: 232 °C (lit.)
Density: 0.96 g/mL at 20 °C (lit.)
Vapor pressure: 60.2 hPa at 25 °C
Refractive index: n20/D 1.464 (lit.)
Flash point: 72 °F
Storage temperature: flammables area
Solubility: soluble in anhydrous ethanol, ether, benzene, and chloroform
Form: liquid
Specific gravity: 0.955
Color: colorless to pale yellow
Water solubility: hydrolysis
Freezing point: 14.8 °C
Sensitive: moisture sensitive
Hydrolytic sensitivity: 7 (reacts slowly with moisture/water)
Merck: 14,9480
BRN: 3679474
Stability: stable, but decomposes in the presence of moisture; incompatible with aqueous solutions, strong acids, and strong oxidizing agents; flammable
InChIKey: VXUYXOFXAQZZMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: 0.05
Titanium tetraisopropoxide is also employed in thin-film fabrication techniques such as spin coating, dip coating, and spray pyrolysis.
These methods allow deposition of transparent and uniform TiO₂ coatings on glass, silicon, and metal substrates.
Such films are widely used in optical devices, antireflective coatings, and protective layers.
In organic synthesis, titanium tetraisopropoxide acts as a Lewis acid catalyst or reagent.
Titanium tetraisopropoxide is used in selective oxidation reactions, esterifications, and rearrangement reactions.
Its strong affinity with oxygen atoms enables activation of carbonyl and hydroxyl groups, improving reaction efficiency and selectivity.
In biomedical and environmental applications, titanium tetraisopropoxide-derived TiO₂ materials are used for their biocompatibility and chemical stability.
They are applied in implant coatings, antibacterial surfaces, and water purification systems.
The precursor’s purity and reactivity are critical for achieving consistent and safe end-use materials.
From a regulatory and safety perspective, titanium tetraisopropoxide is classified as a hazardous and flammable substance due to its reactivity with moisture and alcohol release.
Proper handling includes use of inert atmospheres, explosion-proof equipment, and controlled waste disposal.
Despite these precautions, its unmatched versatility makes it a cornerstone reagent in modern materials chemistry and industrial processing.
Titanium tetraisopropoxide is especially valued for its role as a molecular-level titanium source, allowing atomic-scale control in synthesis processes.
Unlike inorganic titanium salts, it dissolves readily in many organic solvents, enabling homogeneous reaction systems.
This property is crucial for producing uniform materials without phase separation or large agglomerates.
In sol–gel chemistry, titanium tetraisopropoxide is often combined with stabilizing or chelating agents such as acetylacetone or diethanolamine.
These additives slow down its rapid hydrolysis, allowing better control over gel formation and network growth.
As a result, crack-free coatings and monolithic gels can be achieved after drying and calcination.
In energy-related applications, titanium tetraisopropoxide-derived TiO₂ is widely used in lithium-ion batteries, supercapacitors, and hydrogen production systems.
TiO₂ synthesized from TTIP serves as anode material, protective coating, or photocatalyst support.
Titanium tetraisopropoxides purity and tunable structure directly influence electrochemical performance and stability.
Titanium tetraisopropoxide plays a central role in advanced ceramic and oxide materials synthesis because it allows precise control over composition and microstructure.
In sol–gel routes, the hydrolysis and condensation rates of titanium tetraisopropoxide can be tuned using solvents, chelating agents, and pH control.
This enables the production of highly uniform TiO₂ gels, aerogels, and dense ceramic bodies after heat treatment.
In nanotechnology, titanium tetraisopropoxide is frequently used to synthesize TiO₂ nanoparticles with controlled size, phase, and morphology.
By adjusting reaction conditions, anatase, rutile, or brookite phases can be selectively obtained.
These nanomaterials are essential in photocatalytic degradation of pollutants, self-cleaning surfaces, and dye-sensitized solar cells.
Uses:
Titanium tetraisopropoxide contributes to the formation of inorganic–organic hybrid networks within coatings.
Titanium tetraisopropoxide improves scratch resistance and long-term performance of protective layers.
In glass and optical industries, titanium tetraisopropoxide is used to produce optical coatings with controlled refractive index.
TiO₂ layers derived from this precursor enhance light transmission, reflection control, and optical clarity.
These coatings are used in lenses, displays, and photovoltaic modules.
In adhesive and sealant formulations, titanium tetraisopropoxide acts as a crosslinking agent and adhesion promoter.
Titanium tetraisopropoxide improves bonding strength between dissimilar materials such as metal–polymer or glass–polymer interfaces.
This is especially valuable in high-performance structural adhesives.
In research laboratories, titanium tetraisopropoxide is routinely used as a model titanium alkoxide for studying hydrolysis, condensation, and metal–organic reaction mechanisms.
Titanium tetraisopropoxide is widely employed in academic research on sol–gel chemistry, surface science, and inorganic synthesis.
Its predictable reactivity makes it a standard reference compound in titanium chemistry.
Titanium tetraisopropoxide is used as a precursor for the preparation of titanium and barium-strontium-titanate thin films.
It is useful to make porous titanosilicates and potential ion-exchange materials for cleanup of radioactive wastes.
Titanium tetraisopropoxide is an active component of Sharpless epoxidation as well as involved in the synthesis of chiral epoxides.
In Kulinkovich reaction, Titanium tetraisopropoxide is involved as a catalyst in the preparation of cyclopropanes.
Catalyst especially for asymmetric induction in organic syntheses; in preparation of nanosized TiO2 complexing agent in sol-gel process.
Titanium tetraisopropoxide is widely used as a precursor for the synthesis of titanium dioxide in materials science and chemical engineering.
Titanium tetraisopropoxide is a key starting material in sol–gel processes, where it enables the production of TiO₂ powders, thin films, coatings, and nanostructures with controlled composition and morphology.
These TiO₂ materials are used in photocatalysis, pigments, sensors, and optical applications.
In thin-film and coating technologies, titanium tetraisopropoxide is used in spin coating, dip coating, spray pyrolysis, chemical vapor deposition, and atomic layer deposition.
Titanium tetraisopropoxide allows the formation of uniform, transparent, and adherent TiO₂ layers on glass, metals, ceramics, and semiconductor substrates.
Such coatings are applied in self-cleaning surfaces, anti-reflective coatings, and corrosion-resistant layers.
In the polymer and resin industry, titanium tetraisopropoxide is used as a catalyst or catalyst precursor in esterification, transesterification, and condensation reactions.
Titanium tetraisopropoxide plays an important role in the manufacture of polyesters, alkyd resins, and specialty polymers by accelerating reactions and improving product uniformity.
In organic synthesis, titanium tetraisopropoxide is used as a Lewis acid reagent or catalyst.
It facilitates selective oxidation reactions, rearrangements, and functional group transformations by coordinating with oxygen-containing groups.
This makes it valuable in fine chemical and pharmaceutical intermediate synthesis.
In energy and environmental applications, titanium tetraisopropoxide is used to produce TiO₂ materials for photocatalytic water and air purification, hydrogen generation, and energy storage systems.
TiO₂ derived from this precursor is used in lithium-ion batteries, dye-sensitized solar cells, and photocatalytic reactors.
In surface modification and adhesion technologies, titanium tetraisopropoxide is used to improve bonding between inorganic surfaces and organic coatings.
Titanium tetraisopropoxide acts as a coupling agent that enhances adhesion, hardness, and durability of coatings on metals, glass, and ceramics.
Titanium tetraisopropoxide is extensively used in advanced ceramics manufacturing to produce high-purity titanium-based ceramic components.
Titanium tetraisopropoxide enables precise control of stoichiometry and microstructure in technical ceramics used for electronics, structural parts, and thermal barriers.
Its molecular uniformity is particularly important for defect-free ceramic bodies.
In nanotechnology and nanofabrication, titanium tetraisopropoxide is used to prepare TiO₂ nanotubes, nanofibers, and mesoporous structures.
These nanomaterials are applied in catalysis, sensing, drug delivery, and photoactive systems.
The precursor allows fine tuning of particle size and surface area.
In the coatings and paints industry, titanium tetraisopropoxide is used as a reactive additive to improve film hardness, UV resistance, and weather durability.
Safety Profile:
Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air, especially in poorly ventilated areas.
In terms of health hazards, titanium tetraisopropoxide is corrosive and can cause severe irritation or burns upon contact with skin and eyes.
Direct contact may result in redness, blistering, and chemical burns due to its rapid reaction with moisture on biological tissues.
Eye exposure can lead to serious damage, including risk of permanent injury.
Inhalation exposure poses significant risks, as vapors and aerosols can irritate the respiratory tract.
Inhalation may cause coughing, shortness of breath, and inflammation of the lungs.
Prolonged or repeated exposure can aggravate existing respiratory conditions, making proper ventilation and respiratory protection essential.
Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.
Titanium tetraisopropoxide has a highly reactive and hazardous safety profile, primarily due to its strong sensitivity to moisture and air.
Titanium tetraisopropoxide reacts violently with water, releasing isopropanol and heat, which can lead to rapid hydrolysis, splashing, and pressure buildup.
For this reason, it must be handled under strictly dry and controlled conditions.
From a fire and explosion hazard perspective, titanium tetraisopropoxide is classified as flammable.
The isopropanol released during hydrolysis is highly flammable, and the compound itself can ignite if exposed to moisture, heat, or open flames.
