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Trihydroxidoaluminium also known as alumina trihydrate, is a white, odorless, and insoluble powder with the chemical formula Al(OH)3.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is often associated with its role as a non-halogen flame retardant and smoke suppressant, and for good reason, as Trihydroxidoaluminium is the largest selling fire retardant additive in the world.
Trihydroxidoaluminium, Al(OH)3, is found in nature as the mineral gibbsite (also known as hydrargillite) and its three much rarer polymorphs: bayerite, doyleite, and nordstrandite.
CAS Number: 21645-51-2
EC Number: 244-492-7
IUPAC Name: Trihydroxidoaluminium
Chemical Formula: AlH3O3
Other names: Dialume, Trihydroxyaluminum, Aluminum trihydroxide, Gibbsite (Al(OH)3), 14762-49-3, MFCD00003420, CHEBI:33130, NSC-664400, Amphojel, Alugel, Aluminum Hydroxide powder, Aluminum hydroxide Wet Gel, Alugelibye, Calmogastrin, Tricreamalate, Alumigel, Amphogel, Higilite, Hydrafil, Liquigel, Trisogel, Alusal, Apyral, Martinal A, Amorphous alumina, Apyral B, Di-Gel Liquid, Martinal A/S, Martinal F-A, Trihydrated alumina, Apyral 2, Apyral 4, Apyral 8, Alolt 8, Higilite H 31S, Higilite H 32, Higilite H 42, Apyral 15, Apyral 24, Apyral 25, Apyral 40, Apyral 60, Apyral 90, Aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3), Alolt 80, Alolt 90, Amberol ST 140F, Apyral 120, Apyral 120VAW, Hychol 705, Hydral 705, Hydral 710, Alcoa C 31, Alcoa C 33, Alcoa H 65, Hydrated aluminum oxide, AKP-DA, Alcoa 331, Alcoa 710, Alcoa AS 301, Alcoa A 325, Alcoa C 330, Alcoa C 331, Alcoa C 333, Alcoa C 385, Reheis F 1000, Aluminum oxide trihydrate, Aluminic acid (H3AlO3), British aluminum AF 260, C 4d, BACO AF 260, AC 714KC, Aluminiumhydroxid, HSDB 575, P 30BF, Alumina, tabular, Alumina, calcined, GHA 331, GHA 332, GHA 431, aluminum;trihydrate, C 31C, C 31F, trihydroxidoaluminium, Dialume (TN), EINECS 244-492-7, AC 450, AE 107, AF 260, C-31-F, ALterna GEL (TN), Ground ATH, 9 mum, Aluminum hydroxide, CP, C 31, C 33, CI 77002, H 46, Coarse ATH, 90 mum, Ground ATH, 11 mum, Ground ATH, 15 mum, Ground ATH, 19 mum, aluminium(3+) hydroxide, aluminium(III) hydroxide, C.I. 77002, Aluminum hydroxide (USP), Ground ATH, 3.6 mum, UNII-5QB0T2IUN0, A 3011, Aluminum hydroxide, 76.5%, Aluminum hydroxide, dried gel, Coarse ground ATH, 25 mum, Dried Aluminium Hydroxide Gel, Aluminium Hydroxide Nanopowder, CHEMBL1200706, Aluminum hydroxide, dried (USP), Aluminum hydroxide, reagent grade, Aluminum oxide (Al2O3), hydrate, BCP04783, HY-B1521, Aluminum Hydroxide - ALUGEL A211, Aluminum Hydroxide - ALUGEL A215, Aluminum Hydroxide - ALUGEL A503, Aluminum Hydroxide - ALUGEL A611, Aluminum Hydroxide - ALUGEL A621, Aluminum Hydroxide - ALUGEL A651, Aluminum Hydroxide - ALUGEL A661, Aluminum Hydroxide - ALUGEL A671, Aluminum Hydroxide - ALUGEL A681, NSC664400, s4826, Dried aluminum hydroxide gel (JP17), Aluminum hydroxide, dried [USP:JAN], Aluminum hydroxide, puriss., 76.5%, CCG-266013, Ground ATH, Low Viscosity Grade, 20 mum, Ground ATH, Low Viscosity Grade, 22 mum, Aluminium trihydroxide, Ground ATH, 4 mum, Aluminium trihydroxide, Ground ATH, 6 mum, Aluminum hydroxide Gel, colloidal suspension, Aluminium trihydroxide, Ground ATH, 11 mum, Aluminium trihydroxide, Ground ATH, 14 mum, Aluminium trihydroxide, Ground ATH, 25 mum, Aluminum hydroxide, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, CS-0013311, Ground ATH, Low Viscosity Grade, 7.5 mum, Ground ATH,Viscosity Optimized Grade, 9 mum, Aluminium trihydroxide, Ground ATH, 8.5 mum, Aluminium trihydroxide, Unground ATH, 55 mum, Aluminium trihydroxide, Unground ATH, 95 mum, D02416, EC 244-492-7, Ground ATH,Viscosity Optimized Grade, 11 mum, Ground ATH,Viscosity Optimized Grade, 15 mum, Ground and high whiteness Alumina Trihydrate (ATH), 10 mum, Ground and high whiteness Alumina Trihydrate (ATH), 14 mum, Ground and high whiteness Alumina Trihydrate (ATH), 20 mum, Ground and high whiteness Alumina Trihydrate (ATH), 6 mum, Aluminum oxide hydrated, technical, >=64% Al2O3 basis, powder, Unground and high whiteness Alumina Trihydrate (ATH), 75 mum, Dried Aluminum Hydroxide Gel
Trihydroxidoaluminium is derived from the mineral bauxite and is a common compound in nature.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is amphoteric,it has both basic and acidic properties.
Closely related are Trihydroxidoaluminium, AlO(OH), and aluminium oxide or alumina (Al2O3), the latter of which is also amphoteric.
Aluminum hydroxide together are the major components of the aluminium ore bauxite.
Trihydroxidoaluminium also forms a gelatinous precipitate in water.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is to be added to casting resins / surface casting this will create a more heat resistant object and increase the fire retardant properties of the cast material.
Aluminium trihydroxide, also known as alumina trihydrate is the most economic and widely used flame retardant and smoke suppressant in the plastics industry.
Trihydroxidoaluminium needs to be incorporated in high loading which can impair the mechanical and electrical properties of the polymer.
Aluminium trihydroxide is employed in acrylic rubbers and moulding, thermosetting resins, thermoplastic cable sheTrihydroxidoaluminiuming, PVC flooring etc.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is an inorganic salt used as an antacid.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is a basic compound that acts by neutralizing hydrochloric acid in gastric secretions.
Trihydroxidoaluminium increases in pH may inhibit the action of pepsin an increase in bicarbonate ions and prostaglandins may also confer cytoprotective effects.
Trihydroxidoaluminium used commercially is manufactured by the Bayer process which involves dissolving bauxite in sodium hydroxide at temperatures up to 270 °C (518 °F).
The waste solid, bauxite tailings, is removed and Trihydroxidoaluminium is precipitated from the remaining solution of sodium aluminate.
This Trihydroxidoaluminium can be converted to aluminium oxide or alumina by calcination.
Of the common fillers used in Plastics, Rubber, FRP, SMC, DMC moulding and other polymers only Trihydroxidoaluminium has flame retarding and smoke suppressing properties as well as being an economical resin extender.
Alumina Chemical & Castables is the leading developer & Processor of Trihydroxidoaluminium.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is the hydroxide salt form of aluminum designed for oral ingestion.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is used for the relief of heartburn, sour stomach, acid indigestion, stomach ulcers, peptic ulcer pain, and to promote the healing of peptic ulcers.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is sometimes used to treat, control, or manage high levels of phosphate in the body.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is also used with a low phosphate diet to prevent the formation of phosphate urinary stones. Trihydroxidoaluminium is also found in personal care products and industrial applications.
Aluminium hydroxide is the most stable form of aluminium.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is used as an antacid and included as an adjuvant in some vaccines.
Aluminum is the most abundant metal in the earth's crust and is always found combined with other elements such as oxygen, silicon, and fluorine. (L739, L740, L756)
Trihydroxidoaluminium is used in polyester resins however with increased attention being given to smoke & toxic fume emissions, Trihydroxidoaluminium has found large volume application in vinyl as a low smoke, non toxic replacement for antimony and in polyurethane, latex, neoprene foam system, Rubber, wire & Cable insulation, vinyl walls & flooring coverings and epoxies.
Trihydroxidoaluminium acts as a flame retardant and smoke suppressor because of its thermodynamic properties.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is endothermic dehydration cools the plastic & Rubber parts and dilute with water vapour those combustible gases that do escape.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is an inorganic white fine crystalline, non-hygroscopic powder.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is solubility in water and organic solvents is very low.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is the largest flame retardant (FR) used in diverse end applications.
The working principle is based on the thermal decomposition of Trihydroxidoaluminiuminto aluminium oxide and water.
The remaining metal oxide residue has a high internal surface where sooty particles, respectively polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, are absorbed, making Trihydroxidoaluminium also a smoke suppressant.
The oxide layer acts as a barrier protecting the polymer against further decomposition.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is commercially available in grain sizes ranging from 0.5 – 80 µm in median particle size (D50). In Halogen Free Flame Retardant (HFFR) wire and cables (W&C), one of the largest markets for Trihydroxidoaluminium, fine precipitated Trihydroxidoaluminium is used in sheTrihydroxidoaluminiuming and insulation.
In plasticised PVC fine precipitated Trihydroxidoaluminium is used as FR and smoke suppressant.
Coarser Trihydroxidoaluminium types produced by grinding are used in large volume in thermoset applications.
Cast resins and glass fibre reinforced products like BMC (Bulk Moulding Compounds) and SMC (Sheet Moulding Compounds) are processed in electrical and electronic appliances as well as in construction applications.
Trihydroxidoaluminium widely use in Paper Industries as a whitening agent in place of titanium dioxide.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is also use in Paints Industries.
Trihydroxidoaluminium can replace upto 25% of the Titanium dioxide pigment & therefore is an economical extender reducing production cost.
Trihydroxidoaluminium also finds use as a fire retardant filler for polymer applications.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is selected for these applications because it is colorless (like most polymers), inexpensive, and has good fire retardant properties.
Trihydroxidoaluminium decomposes at about 180 °C (356 °F), absorbing a considerable amount of heat in the process and giving off water vapour.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is very effective as a smoke suppressant in a wide range of polymers, most especially in polyesters, acrylics, ethylene vinyl acetate, epoxies, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and rubber.
Trihydroxidoaluminium disassociates enough in many glaze types to be useful as a source of Al2O3 to the melt (the finer the particle size the better).
Trihydroxidoaluminium stays in suspension better in glaze slurries and has better adhesive qualities also, using hydrated alumina in glazes and glasses can promote a fining operation by coalescing finely dispersed gas bubbles.
Trihydroxidoaluminium added to a glaze can also enhance the color of Cr-Al pinks.
Larger additions of fine material can impart matteness if the glaze is able to take it into solution (sourcing alumina from kaolin, feldspar and frits is obviously more practical since these decompose readily in glaze melts).
Trihydroxidoaluminium is used as an antacid in humans and animals (mainly cats and dogs).
Trihydroxidoaluminium is preferred over other alternatives such as sodium bicarbonate because Al(OH)3, being insoluble, does not increase the pH of stomach above 7 and hence, does not trigger secretion of excess acid by the stomach.
Trihydroxidoaluminium reacts with excess acid in the stomach, reducing the acidity of the stomach content, which may relieve the symptoms of ulcers, heartburn or dyspepsia.
Trihydroxidoaluminium can cause constipation, because the aluminium ions inhibit the contractions of smooth muscle cells in the gastrointestinal tract, slowing peristalsis and lengthening the time needed for stool to pass through the colon.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is formulated to minimize such effects through the inclusion of equal concentrations of magnesium hydroxide or magnesium carbonate, which have counterbalancing laxative effects.
Aluminium trihydrate (Trihydroxidoaluminium) is initially derived from bauxite ore, before being refined into a fine white powder.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is initially derived from bauxite ore, before being refined into a fine white powder.
Molar mass: 78.00 g/mol
Appearance: White amorphous powder
Density: 2.42 g/cm3, solid
Melting point: 300 °C (572 °F; 573 K)
Solubility in water: 0.0001 g/100 mL
Solubility product (Ksp): 3×10−34
Acidity (pKa): >7
Isoelectric point: 7.7
Boiling point: 2980℃[at 101 325 Pa]
vapor pressure: <0.1 hPa (20 °C)
storage temp.: Store at +5°C to +30°C.
solubility: 0.0015g/l
Color: White
Specific Gravity: 2.42
PH Range: >7
PH: 8-9 (100g/l, H2O, 20℃)(slurry)
Exposure limits ACGIH: TWA 1 mg/m3
Trihydroxidoaluminium is also used to control hyperphosphatemia (elevated phosphate, or phosphorus, levels in the blood) in people and animals suffering from kidney failure.
Trihydroxidoaluminium normally, the kidneys filter excess phosphate out from the blood, but kidney failure can cause phosphate to accumulate.
Trihydroxidoaluminium salt, when ingested, binds to phosphate in the intestines and reduce the amount of phosphorus that can be absorbed.
Precipitated Trihydroxidoaluminium is included as an adjuvant in some vaccines (e.g. anthrax vaccine).
One of the well-known brands of Trihydroxidoaluminium adjuvant is Alhydrogel, made by Brenntag Biosector.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is sometimes called "alum", a term generally reserved for one of several sulfates.
Vaccine formulations containing Trihydroxidoaluminium stimulate the immune system by inducing the release of uric acid, an immunological danger signal.
Trihydroxidoaluminium strongly attracts certain types of monocytes which differentiate into dendritic cells.
Trihydroxidoaluminium appears to contribute to induction of a good Th2 response, so is useful for immunizing against pTrihydroxidoaluminiumogens that are blocked by antibodies however, it has little capacity to stimulate cellular (Th1) immune responses, important for protection against many pTrihydroxidoaluminiumogens, nor is it useful when the antigen is peptide-based.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is a feedstock for the manufacture of other aluminium compounds: calcined aluminas, aluminium sulfate, polyaluminium chloride, aluminium chloride, zeolites, sodium aluminate, activated alumina, and aluminium nitrate.
Freshly precipitated Trihydroxidoaluminium forms gels, which are the basis for the application of aluminium salts as flocculants in water purification.
Trihydroxidoaluminium gel crystallizes with time.
Trihydroxidoaluminium gels can be dehydrated (e.g. using water-miscible non-aqueous solvents like ethanol) to form an amorphous aluminium hydroxide powder, which is readily soluble in acids.
Heating converts it to activated Trihydroxidoaluminium, which are used as desiccants, adsorbent in gas purification, and catalyst supports.
The residue or bauxite tailings, which is mostly iron oxide, is highly caustic due to residual Trihydroxidoaluminium.
Trihydroxidoaluminium was historically stored in lagoons; this led to the Ajka alumina plant accident in 2010 in Hungary, where a dam bursting led to the drowning of nine people.
Trihydroxidoaluminium, white solid, is a typical amphoteric hydroxide that is insoluble in water but soluble in acid or alkali.
Trihydroxidoaluminium can be transformed into alumina after heated in the air for dehydration, which is important for alumina production.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is a widely used chemical product, and it is mainly used as plastic and polymer fillers, blanket flame retardant and binder, epoxy resin filler, toothpaste fillers, glass ingredients as well as paper color fillers and coatings.
Trihydroxidoaluminium can be also used to product sulfuric acid Aluminum, alum, aluminum fluoride and sodium aluminate, and to synthesize molecular sieve.
Trihydroxidoaluminium gel and drying gel of Trihydroxidoaluminium can be used in medicine as antacids to neutralize gastric acid and protect ulcer surface for the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcer disease and hyperacidity.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 1 000 000 to < 10 000 000 tonnes per annum.
Trihydroxidoaluminium used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.
Uses
Trihydroxidoaluminium is a commonly used flame retardant in plastics, rubbers, coatings, and other materials.
When exposed to heat, Trihydroxidoaluminium decomposes to release water vapor and carbon dioxide, which help to cool and dilute the flame, slowing down the combustion process and reducing the spread of fire.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is used as an antacid to treat heartburn, acid indigestion, and other gastrointestinal problems.
Trihydroxidoaluminium works by neutralizing excess stomach acid, thereby reducing symptoms.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is used as an adjuvant in some vaccines to enhance the immune response and improve vaccine effectiveness.
Trihydroxidoaluminium works by stimulating the immune system to produce a stronger response to the vaccine antigen.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is used in water treatment to remove impurities and improve water quality. It can be used as a coagulant to help remove suspended solids, turbidity, and color from water.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is used as a filler in ceramics and glass to improve their strength and other properties.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is used in the production of construction materials such as insulation, roofing, and wallboard as a flame retardant and filler.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is used in the production of aluminum chemicals, such as aluminum sulfate and polyaluminum chloride, which are used in water treatment, paper production, and other applications.
Trihydroxidoaluminium can be used as a topical treatment for skin conditions such as diaper rash and poison ivy.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is used in a wide range of industries, including pharmaceuticals, water treatment, and flame retardants.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is used as an antacid to neutralize excess stomach acid and as an adjuvant in vaccines to stimulate an immune response.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is used to prevent or slow down the spread of fire in plastics, fabrics, and building materials.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is an inorganic compound used to make a product less transparent.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is also used by formulators as a humectant, and to soften, smooth, and protect the skin it helps control product viscosity often found in facial masks and make-up preparations.
Trihydroxidoaluminium used for preparing waterproof fabrics, inks, glass, paper fillers, mordant, purifying agent, various aluminum salts, etc.
Trihydroxidoaluminium widely used for plastics, rubber, resin, paint, paint and so on.
Trihydroxidoaluminium used for supporting catalyst and separating the vapor liquid
Trihydroxidoaluminium used in the industries of petroleum, chemical, fertilizer, natural gas and environmental protection for increasing the gas or liquid distribution points and protecting the low-strength catalyst.
Trihydroxidoaluminium used as mordants and analysis reagents.
Trihydroxidoaluminium used as the thickener for ink and the raw materials for manufacturing aluminum salt, enamel, ceramics, glassware and lubricant also used for the preparation of various catalyst carrier.
Trihydroxidoaluminium gel can be used for the treatment of duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer and hyperacidity embolism. In addition, also used in waterproof fabrics, paper fillers, mordant and purifying agent.
Trihydroxidoaluminium used for printing inks, painting pigments, crayons and rubber packing.
Trihydroxidoaluminium uses in waterproof fabric, ink, glassware, paper packing, mordant, purifying agent and also used in aluminum salt, lubricant manufacture.
Trihydroxidoaluminium used for the gravimetric determination of potassium content
Trihydroxidoaluminium used as adsorbents, emulsifiers, ion exchangers, chromatographic analytes and mordants.
Trihydroxidoaluminium used for the preparation of refractory, glass and pottery, as well as precipitation pigment and waterproof fabric also used for the manufacture of aluminum salts.
Trihydroxidoaluminium has plenty of applications; some people believe that these uses are really endless.
Just to illustrate the broadness of the uses, we can say that Trihydroxidoaluminium is used as mordant in dyes, purifier for water, ingredient for cosmetics, and even in as an element for processes in photography.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is also applications of minor character in ceramics and construction but the most important field where Trihydroxidoaluminium is applied is medicine.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is use as an antacid and vaccine adjuvant, Trihydroxidoaluminium has also been used as a phosphate binder in patients with kidney disease and as a topical treatment for skin conditions such as diaper rash and poison ivy.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is used in the following products: cosmetics and personal care products, coating products, inks and toners, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, pharmaceuticals, adhesives and sealants, washing & cleaning products, lubricants and greases and polishes and waxes.
Release to the environment of Trihydroxidoaluminium can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures and formulation in materials.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.
On the stage of production of concrete Trihydroxidoaluminium is added to cement.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is also very useful because cement with Trihydroxidoaluminium addition dries rapidly if it is being exposed to heat.
Ceramics and glass of both industrial and home application is manufactured using Trihydroxidoaluminium.
The most useful feature of Trihydroxidoaluminium when it is added to glass consists in the fact that it makes glass heat-resistant.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is possible because, as have been already mentioned, Trihydroxidoaluminium is not flammable and has high melting point.
Trihydroxidoaluminium combined with polymers appears to be a very good fire retardant.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is most frequently used for the production of lipsticks, make-ups, and other products for skin care. It is used there because it is totally stable and non toxic for people.
Trihydroxidoaluminium manufacturers of cosmetics also use Trihydroxidoaluminium to produce cleansers for skin, suntan products, body lotions, and moisturizers.
Personal care products, for example, shampoos, toothpastes, deodorants and many others, also involve using of Trihydroxidoaluminium.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is able to neutralize acids, it serves as a natural antacid.
Trihydroxidoaluminium also has a very useful property as it stimulates the immune system of human.
Trihydroxidoaluminium, various vaccines, including those that are used to treat hepatitis B, hepatitis A, and tetanus, are prepared using Trihydroxidoaluminium.
Trihydroxidoaluminium can be also used for the treatment of kidney patients who have high level of phosphates in blood due to renal failure.
Trihydroxidoaluminium useful feature exists due to the ability of Trihydroxidoaluminium to bind with phosphates.
Trihydroxidoaluminium, phosphates are flushed out of the human body easily.
Trihydroxidoaluminium has many advantages including large-scale production, adequate raw materials, high product purity and good solubility in acid.
Trihydroxidoaluminium can be used as an important raw material for the preparation of aluminum salts, such as barium aluminate, aluminum sulfate and so on.
Trihydroxidoaluminium powder is commonly regarded as an ideal flame retardant filler for plastics, unsaturated polyester, rubber and other organic polymers because of its filling, flame retardant and smoke-eliminating functions and non-toxic property.
Flame retardant mechanism of Trihydroxidoaluminium is as follows: when the temperature exceeds 200 ℃, the Trihydroxidoaluminium begin to perform endothermic decomposition and release three crystal water, and its decomposition rate reaches the largest at 250℃.
Trihydroxidoaluminium thereby inhibiting the polymer temperature rise, reducing its decomposition rate and only producing water vapor, not generating toxic and harmful gases.
Trihydroxidoaluminium can transform into alumina, which has high thermal chemical stability, thermal strength, creep resistance and dielectric properties and low thermal expansion coefficient. Alumina is an important material for the synthesis of ceramics.
In the process of ceramic synthesis, we can control the phase formation of the composite by Trihydroxidoaluminium activation and crystallization process controlling.
Trihydroxidoaluminium exists in water mainly in form of Al(OH)4-, which can precipitate toxic heavy metals in sewage by coprecipitation method to achieve the effect of water purification after further filter.
Trihydroxidoaluminium has a high specific surface area, and can adsorb colloid, suspended solids, dyes and organic substances in sewage on its surface.
Trihydroxidoaluminium can neutralize gastric acid and is non-toxic, for which it is always used as the traditional medicine for the treatment of stomach.
The Trihydroxidoaluminium as adjuvant can also improve the immunogenicity of the vaccine, the action mechanism of which is as follows: Trihydroxidoaluminium adsorbs antigen on its surface to allow the antigen slow release so that it can play the role of extending efficacy.
Trihydroxidoaluminium, we can obtain various target products with diffrernt surface area, pore volume, pore structure and crystal structure by controlling the temperature, concentration and pH of the reactants, which can be effectively used as a catalyst carrier for the hydrogenation of unsaturated carbonyl compounds and the preparation of fullerenes and the like.
Trihydroxidoaluminium has high whiteness, ultrafine particle size as well as complete crystal form, and has a strong compatibility with brightening agent.
Trihydroxidoaluminium, as an additive coating and resin, can effectively improve the whiteness, opacity, smoothness and ink absorption of coated paper.
Trihydroxidoaluminium synthesized by hydrothermal method has the advantages of high purity, small particle size, uniform distribution, easily-controlling crystal form and simple operation therefore, this method is widely used in the process of synthesis of Trihydroxidoaluminium.
Sol-gel method is commonly used for the preparation of ultra-fine Trihydroxidoaluminium.
The most common sol-gel method for the preparation of Trihydroxidoaluminium is the hydrolysis of aluminum salts and alkoxides in water, the mechanism of which is divided into two steps: 1)-OR group is hydrolyzed to produce-OH; 2) Al3+ reacts with –OH to separate Trihydroxidoaluminium precipitation out.
Carbon fractionation is a method that is performed as follows: Introduce CO2 gas into sodium metaaluminate solution to make Trihydroxidoaluminium precipitate down and control the size and morphology of products by adjusting the pH value and CO2 concentration.
Trihydroxidoaluminium, microemulsion is typically composed of surfactants, cosurfactants, solvents and water (or aqueous solution).
Trihydroxidoaluminium, microemulsion has many excellent properties such as ultra-low interfacial tension and high solubilization capacity.
The preparation of nano-materials by microemulsion technology can precisely control the crystal growth process of nano-materials, and the micro-emulsion ball can encapsulate the crystal particles to effectively prevent the agglomeration of nano-particles.
Production method
97% of the bauxite ores produced worldwide each year are treated with Bayer method to obtain Trihydroxidoaluminium.
Trihydroxidoaluminium has a density of 2.42 g/cm3, a melting point of 300°C, and a Mohs hardness of 2.5-3.5.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is insoluble in water and organic solvents, but it can dissolve in strong acids and bases.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is a weak base and can act as a buffer in solution.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is typically produced by the Bayer process, which involves extracting aluminum from bauxite ore through a series of chemical reactions.
The resulting Trihydroxidoaluminium is then calcined (heated) to remove water and produce alumina, a precursor to aluminum metal.
Sodium aluminate solution and the aluminum sulfate solution are neutralized to pH 6.5 to produce Trihydroxidoaluminium precipitate.
The obtained precipitate is washed with water, filtered and dried at 70-80℃ for 12 hours, and then crushed to prepare the Trihydroxidoaluminium product.
A12O3+2NaOH→2NaAO2+H2O
Al2O3+3H2SO4→A12(SO4)3+3H2O
6NaAIO2+A12(SO4)3+12H2O→8Al(OH)3↓+3Na2SO4
Recycled aluminum chloride is dissolved in water, decolorized with activated carbon and filtered to remove impurities, and then react with sodium carbonate to produce raw Trihydroxidoaluminium.
The raw products are filtered, washed and dried to obtain the final Trihydroxidoaluminium products.
2A1C13+3Na2CO3+3H2O→2AI(OH)3↓+6NaCl+3CO2↑
Properties of Trihydroxidoaluminium
The purified Trihydroxidoaluminium has form of bulky powder of white color or granules with density nearly 2.42 g per mL. Trihydroxidoaluminium won’t dissolve in water, but will dissolve only in bases and acids.
Trihydroxidoaluminium to act as an amphoteric substance in water.
Trihydroxidoaluminium will act as an acid. And if a strong acid is present, it will act as a strong base.
Trihydroxidoaluminium should be handled with caution because its exposure can cause irritation however, only minor and residual injuries will be present.
As for flammability, Trihydroxidoaluminium is not flammable and will not burn.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is not reactive, therefore, it is stable in both fire and water conditions.
Pharmaceutical Applications
Trihydroxidoaluminium (Al(OH)3) has several medical applications.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is used as an antacid for treating heartburn as well as acid indigestion (reflux oesophagitis).
Trihydroxidoaluminium is also known to have healing properties of peptic ulcers.
In patients suffering from kidney failure, who show elevated serum phosphate levels (hyperphosphataemia), Trihydroxidoaluminium is used as a phosphate binder.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is an amphoteric compound , which means it can react as a base or as an acid.
Trihydroxidoaluminium as an anti-acid, Trihydroxidoaluminium reacts with any excess stomach acid (mainly HCl) with the formation of AlCl3 and water.
Al(OH)3 + 3HCl → AlCl3 + 3H2O
Al(OH)3 is known to cause constipation, so formulations of anti-acids often include a combination with Mg2+ antacids.
Release to the environment of Trihydroxidoaluminium can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures, formulation in materials, manufacturing of the substance, in the production of articles and as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates).
Other release to the environment of Trihydroxidoaluminium is likely to occur from: indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate, outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate, indoor use and outdoor use.
Trihydroxidoaluminium can be found in complex articles, with no release intended: electrical batteries and accumulators, vehicles and machinery, mechanical appliances and electrical/electronic products.
Trihydroxidoaluminium can be found in products with material based on: paper (e.g. tissues, feminine hygiene products, nappies, books, magazines, wallpaper), fabrics, textiles and apparel (e.g. clothing, mattress, curtains or carpets, textile toys), rubber (e.g. tyres, shoes, toys) and leTrihydroxidoaluminiumer (e.g. gloves, shoes, purses, furniture).
Widespread uses
Trihydroxidoaluminium is used in the following products: inks and toners, coating products, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, washing & cleaning products, adhesives and sealants, cosmetics and personal care products, lubricants and greases and polishes and waxes.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is used in the following areas: building & construction work, printing and recorded media reproduction, formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging and agriculture, forestry and fishing.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is used for the manufacture of: textile, leTrihydroxidoaluminiumer or fur and wood and wood products.
Other release to the environment of Trihydroxidoaluminium is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is used in the following products: coating products, polymers, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, leTrihydroxidoaluminiumer treatment products, pH regulators and water treatment products and water treatment chemicals.
Trihydroxidoaluminium has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).
Release to the environment of Trihydroxidoaluminium can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures, formulation in materials, in the production of articles, manufacturing of the substance and as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates).
Other release to the environment of Trihydroxidoaluminium is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use, outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials) and indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leTrihydroxidoaluminiumer products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment).
Trihydroxidoaluminiumis used in the following products: coating products, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, polymers and washing & cleaning products.
Trihydroxidoaluminium has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).
Trihydroxidoaluminium is used in the following areas: mining, building & construction work and formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, furniture, plastic products and rubber products.
Release to the environment of Trihydroxidoaluminium can occur from industrial use: in the production of articles, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), formulation of mixtures, manufacturing of the Trihydroxidoaluminium and in processing aids at industrial sites.
Other release to the environment of Trihydroxidoaluminiumis likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use, indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leTrihydroxidoaluminiumer products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment) and outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials).
Trihydroxidoaluminium is generally considered to be safe for human health and the environment, although it can be harmful if ingested or inhaled in large quantities.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is not considered a hazardous waste and can be disposed of in landfills or recycled.
While Trihydroxidoaluminium is generally considered safe for use in various applications, excessive exposure to aluminum and its compounds can be harmful.
Inhalation of Trihydroxidoaluminium dust or fumes can cause respiratory irritation, while ingestion of large amounts can lead to gastrointestinal disturbances such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
Prolonged exposure to high levels of Trihydroxidoaluminium may also cause neurological effects, such as impaired motor function and cognitive decline.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is regulated by various organizations to ensure its safe use.
Trihydroxidoaluminium the applications mentioned earlier, Trihydroxidoaluminium has other uses as well.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is used in the production of aluminum chemicals, ceramics, and glass.
Trihydroxidoaluminium can also be used as a filler or pigment in paints, coatings, and plastics to improve their properties.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is found in nature as the mineral gibbsite, which is a common constituent of bauxite ore.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is also found in some mineral springs and volcanic regions.
Small amounts of Trihydroxidoaluminium are present in some foods and drinking water.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is compatible with a wide range of materials, including plastics, rubbers, coatings, and adhesives.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is often used as a filler or reinforcing agent in these materials to improve their mechanical properties and fire resistance.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is produced on a large scale worldwide, with China being the largest producer.
Trihydroxidoaluminium can be recycled through a process known as the Bayer process, which is also used to produce aluminum metal from bauxite ore.
In this process, the Trihydroxidoaluminium is dissolved in a strong alkali solution and precipitated as alumina, which can then be used to produce new aluminum products.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is an effective flame retardant due to its ability to release water and carbon dioxide when exposed to heat.
Trihydroxidoaluminium reaction can help to cool and dilute the flame, slowing down the combustion process and reducing the spread of fire.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is commonly used as a flame retardant in building materials such as insulation, roofing, and wallboard also be used as a filler in concrete and other construction materials to improve their properties.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is considered safe for use in food packaging and processing.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is often used as a coating on food packaging materials to improve their barrier properties and prevent contamination.
Trihydroxidoaluminium can interact with other substances in certain applications, such as in the presence of acids or alkaline solutions.
Trihydroxidoaluminium to dissolve or form other compounds, which can affect its properties and performance.
Chemical Properties
Trihydroxidoaluminium is an electrical insulator, which means it doesn’t conduct electricity, and it also has relatively high thermal conductivity.
Trihydroxidoaluminium, in its crystalline form, corundum, its hardness makes it suitable as an abrasive.
The high melting point of Trihydroxidoaluminium makes it a good refractory material for lining high-temperature appliances like kilns, furnaces, incinerators, reactors of various sorts, and crucibles.
The chemical formula for Trihydroxidoaluminium is Al(OH)₃.
Trihydroxidoaluminium, Al(OH)3, also known as Trihydroxidoaluminium, aluminum trihydrate, aluminum hydrate, hydrated alumina, and hydrated aluminum oxide, is a white to whitish-yellow water-insoluble powder with a specific gravity of 2.42. Trihydroxidoaluminium is used as a baseforpigments, as a water repellent in textile coatings, and as an antacid in medicine.
Trihydroxidoaluminium is soluble in hydrochloric or sulfuric acids or in sodiumhydroxide.
Safety
Trihydroxidoaluminium adjuvant is intended for use in parenteral vaccines and is generally regarded as nontoxic.
Trihydroxidoaluminium may cause mild irritation, dryness, and dermatitis on skin contact.
Trihydroxidoaluminium adjuvant may also cause redness, conjunctivitis, and short-term mild irritation.
Trihydroxidoaluminium and other flame retardants, there is growing interest in developing alternative materials that are more environmentally friendly and less toxic.
Some potential alternatives include phosphorus-based compounds, natural materials such as wool and cotton, and intumescent coatings that expand when exposed to heat.
Metabolism
Trihydroxidoaluminium or oxide is slowly solubilised in the stomach and reacts with hydrochloric acid to form aluminium chloride and water.
Trihydroxidoaluminium, dihydroxyaluminium sodium carbonate and aluminium carbonate form carbon dioxide, and aluminium phosphate forms phosphoric acid.
Trihydroxidoaluminium formed is absorbed and is rapidly excreted by the kidneys in patients with normal renal function.
Trihydroxidoaluminium antacids also combine with dietary phosphate in the intestine forming insoluble, nonabsorbable aluminium phosphate which is excreted in the faeces.
