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TRIISOBUTYL PHOSPHATE
Triisobutyl Phosphate ester flame retardants are human- made chemicals added to consumer and industrial products for the purpose of reducing flammability. Triisobutyl Phosphate ester flame retardants are composed of a group of chemicals with similar properties but slightly different structures. Triisobutyl Phosphate esters are typically liquids at room temperature; however, some are solids.
CAS No. : 126-71-6
EC No. : 204-798-3
Synonyms:
TRIISOBUTYL PHOSPHATE; TIBP; TiBP; 126-71-6; Tri-isobutylphosphate; Isobutyl phosphate; tri-isobutyl phosphate; tri iso bütil fosfat; triisobütil fosfat; triizobütil fosfat; tri izo bütil fosfat; tri iso butil fosfat; triisobutil fosfat; triizobutil fosfat; tri izo butil fosfat; triizobütil fofat; trızobutyl phoshate; trisobutyl phosphate; tri isobutyl phosphate; Phosphoric acid, tris(2-methylpropyl) ester; tris(2-methylpropyl) phosphate; UNII-6MKE1AR3GB; EINECS 204-798-3; NSC 62222; AI3-07850; Phosphoric acid triisobutyl ester; Phosphoric acid, triisobutyl ester; 2-methylpropyl di2-methylpropyl phosphate; EC 204-798-3; Phosphoricacidtriisobutylester; 4-01-00-01598 (Beilstein Handbook Reference); Isobutyl phosphate, (C4H9O)3PO; Triisobutyl phosphate 126-71-6; Phosphoric acid, triisobutyl ester (8CI); SC-18996; Phosphoric acid tris(2-methylpropyl) ester; Tri iso butyl phosphate; TIBP; Phosphoric acid triisobutylester; Triisobutyl phosphate; Tri-iso-butylphosphate; Triisobutylphosphate; Tri-iso-butyl-phosphate; isobutylphosphate; Triisobutylphosphat; TRIISOBUTYL PHOSPHATE; TRIS-ISOBUTYLPHOSPHATE; Triisobutyl Phosphate (TiBP); Phosphoric Acid Tris(2-Tris(2-methylpropyl) phosphate; PHOSPHORIC ACID TRIISOBUTYL ESTER; TRIISOBUTYL PHOSPHATE FOR SYNTHESIS
Triisobutyl Phosphate
About Triisobutyl phosphate
Triisobutyl phosphate is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 1 000 to < 10 000 per annum.
Triisobutyl phosphate is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.
Consumer Uses of Triisobutyl phosphate (TIBP)
Triisobutyl phosphate is used in the following products: coating products, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, adhesives and sealants, washing & cleaning products, lubricants and greases, finger paints and leather treatment products.
Other release to the environment of Triisobutyl phosphate is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.
Article service life of Triisobutyl phosphate (TIBP)
Other release to the environment of Triisobutyl phosphate is likely to occur from: outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials) and indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment). Triisobutyl phosphate can be found in complex articles, with no release intended: vehicles. Triisobutyl phosphate can be found in products with material based on: stone, plaster, cement, glass or ceramic (e.g. dishes, pots/pans, food storage containers, construction and isolation material) and plastic (e.g. food packaging and storage, toys, mobile phones).
Widespread uses by professional workers of Triisobutyl phosphate (TIBP)
Triisobutyl phosphate is used in the following products: adhesives and sealants, coating products, metal surface treatment products, non-metal-surface treatment products, pH regulators and water treatment products, hydraulic fluids, laboratory chemicals, lubricants and greases and metal working fluids.
Triisobutyl phosphate is used in the following areas: building & construction work and scientific research and development.
Triisobutyl phosphate is used for the manufacture of: machinery and vehicles.
Other release to the environment of Triisobutyl phosphate is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.
Formulation or re-packing of Triisobutyl phosphate (TIBP)
Triisobutyl phosphate is used in the following products: metal working fluids, adhesives and sealants, anti-freeze products, coating products, hydraulic fluids, lubricants and greases, washing & cleaning products, extraction agents and oil and gas exploration or production products.
Release to the environment of Triisobutyl phosphate can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures and formulation in materials.
Uses at industrial sites of Triisobutyl phosphate (TIBP)
Triisobutyl phosphate is used in the following products: lubricants and greases, hydraulic fluids, heat transfer fluids, metal working fluids, oil and gas exploration or production products and textile treatment products and dyes.
Triisobutyl phosphate is used in the following areas: mining and building & construction work.
Triisobutyl phosphate is used for the manufacture of: pulp, paper and paper products, textile, leather or fur, rubber products and plastic products.
Release to the environment of Triisobutyl phosphate can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, in the production of articles, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), of substances in closed systems with minimal release and as processing aid.
Manufacture of Triisobutyl phosphate (TIBP)
Release to the environment of Triisobutyl phosphate can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance.
Analysis Note
Assay (GC, area%): ≥ 99.0 % (a/a)
Density (d 20 °C/ 4 °C): 0.963 - 0.967
Identity (IR): passes test
Triisobutyl phosphate is a very strong solvent used for liquefying concrete, textile auxiliaries, paper coating compounds, etc.
TiBT (Triisobutyl phosphate) is a very strong, polar solvent. Triisobutyl phosphate is mainly used as an antifoaming agent in various aqueous systems where it has the ability to both destroy foam and act as a foam inhibitor. Triisobutyl phosphate is also used in the roduction of solutions of synthetic resins and natural rubber. In both ellulose-based plastics and synthetic resins, it is used as a flame-retarding plasticizer. Triisobutyl phosphate is employed as a pasting agent for pigment pastes. Due to the limited influence of temperature on the viscosity of Triisobutyl phosphate, it also serves as an important component in the manufacture of hydraulic fluids for aircraft. As a very strong wetting agent, Triisobutyl phosphate is used in the textile industry and in the field of adhesives.
Bussiness Unit of Triisobutyl phosphate (TIBP) : Rhein Chemie Additives
Areas of Applications of Triisobutyl phosphate (TIBP)
Antifoam tetile
Building industry
Concrete additives
Construction material
Glues and adhesives
Catalysis and Chemicals
Processing Chemical synthesis
Textile
Paper and board
Manufacturing of glues and adhesives
Textiles and fibres
Properties & Benefits of Triisobutyl phosphate (TIBP)
strong solvent
strong antifoaming agent
strong wetting agent
Synonyms of Triisobutyl phosphate (TIBP)
Phosphoric acid triisobutylester
Triisobutyl phosphate
Tri-iso-butylphosphate
Triisobutylphosphate
Triisobutyl phosphate, known commonly as TIBP, is an organophosphorus compound with the chemical formula (CH3CH2CH2CH2O)3PO. This colourless, odorless liquid finds some applications as an extractant and a plasticizer. It is an ester of phosphoric acid with n-butanol.
Production of Triisobutyl phosphate (TIBP)
Triisobutyl phosphate is manufactured by reaction of phosphoryl chloride with n-butanol.
POCl3 + 3 C4H9OH → PO(OC4H9)3 + 3 HCl
Production is estimated at 3,000–5,000 tonnes worldwide.
Use of Triisobutyl phosphate (TIBP)
Triisobutyl phosphate is a solvent and plasticizer for cellulose esters such as nitrocellulose and cellulose acetate. It forms stable hydrophobic complexes with some metals; these complexes are soluble in organic solvents as well as supercritical CO2. The major uses of Triisobutyl phosphate in industry are as a component of aircraft hydraulic fluid, brake fluid, and as a solvent for extraction and purification of rare-earth metals from their ores.
Triisobutyl phosphate finds its use as a solvent in inks, synthetic resins, gums, adhesives (namely for veneer plywood), and herbicide and fungicide concentrates.
As it has no odour, it is used as an anti-foaming agent in detergent solutions, and in various emulsions, paints, and adhesives. Triisobutyl phosphate is also found as a de-foamer in ethylene glycol-borax antifreeze solutions. In oil-based lubricants addition of Triisobutyl phosphate increases the oil film strength. Triisobutyl phosphate is used also in mercerizing liquids, where it improves their wetting properties. It can be used as a heat-exchange medium. Triisobutyl phosphate is used in some consumer products such as herbicides and water-thinned paints and tinting bases.
Nuclear chemistry of Triisobutyl phosphate (TIBP)
A 15–40% (usually about 30%) solution of Triisobutyl phosphate in kerosene or dodecane is used in the liquid–liquid extraction (solvent extraction) of uranium, plutonium, and thorium from spent uranium nuclear fuel rods dissolved in nitric acid, as part of a nuclear reprocessing process known as PUREX.
The shipment of 20 tons of Triisobutyl phosphate to North Korea from China in 2002, coinciding with the resumption of activity at Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center, was seen by the United States and the International Atomic Energy Agency as cause for concern; that amount was considered sufficient to extract enough material for perhaps three to five potential nuclear weapons.
Hazards of Triisobutyl phosphate (TIBP)
In contact with concentrated nitric acid the Triisobutyl phosphate-kerosene solution forms hazardous and explosive red oil.
Triisobutyl phosphate is a toxic organophosphorous compound widely used in many industrial applications, including significant usage in nuclear processing. The industrial application of this chemical is responsible for occupational exposure and environmental pollution. In this study, (1)H NMR-based metabonomics has been applied to investigate the metabolic response to Triisobutyl phosphate exposure. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were given a Triisobutyl phosphate-dose of 15 mg/kg body weight, followed by 24hr urine collection, as was previously demonstrated for finding most of the intermediates of Triisobutyl phosphate. High-resolution (1)H NMR spectroscopy of urine samples in conjunction with statistical pattern recognition and compound identification allowed for the metabolic changes associated with Triisobutyl phosphate treatment to be identified. Discerning NMR spectral regions corresponding to three Triisobutyl phosphate metabolites, dibutyl phosphate (DBP), N-acetyl-(S-3-hydroxybutyl)-L-cysteine and N-acetyl-(S-3-oxobutyl)-L-cysteine, were identified in Triisobutyl phosphate-treated rats. In addition, the (1)H NMR spectra revealed Triisobutyl phosphate-induced variations of endogenous urinary metabolites including benzoate, urea, and trigonelline along with metabolites involved in the Krebs cycle including citrate, cis-aconitate, trans-aconitate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinate, and fumarate. These findings indicate that Triisobutyl phosphate induces a disturbance to the Krebs cycle energy metabolism and provides a biomarker signature of Triisobutyl phosphate exposure. ... /The/ three metabolites of Triisobutyl phosphate, dibutylphosphate, N-acetyl-(S-3-hydroxybutyl)-L-cysteine and N-acetyl-(S-3-oxobutyl)-L-cysteine, which are not present in the control groups, are the most important factors in separating the Triisobutyl phosphate and control groups (p<0.0023), while the endogenous compounds 2-oxoglutarate, benzoate, fumarate, trigonelline, and cis-aconetate were also important (p<0.01).
The rate of metabolism of Triisobutyl phosphate and the nature of the metabolites produced were determined in in vitro tests on rat liver homogenate. It was found that rat liver microsomal enzymes rapidly metabolized Triisobutyl phosphate in the presence of NADPH (within 30 min), but only slight metabolic breakdown (11%) occurred in the absence of added NADPH. Dibutyl(3-hydroxybutyl) phosphate was obtained as a metabolite in the first stage of the test. The extended incubation time in the second stage of the test yielded two further metabolites, butyl di(3-hydroxybutyl) phosphate and dibutyl hydrogen phosphate, which were produced from the primary metabolite dibutyl(3-hydroxybutyl) phosphate.
IDENTIFICATION: Triisobutyl phosphate is a colorless to pale yellow, odorless liquid. It is moderately soluble in water.
USE: Triisobutyl phosphate is mainly used as a flame-retardant component of aircraft hydraulic fluid. It is used as a solvent for extracting rare earth elements, such as uranium and plutonium. Triisobutyl phosphate is also used in the making of plastics and in cement casings for oil wells.
EXPOSURE: Exposure to Triisobutyl phosphate can be from ingestion, inhalation, or skin or eye contact. This exposure will most often happen from occupational use of hydraulic fluid. If Triisobutyl phosphate is released to the environment, it will bind tightly to dust particles in the air. Unbound Triisobutyl phosphate will break down in air. It will move slowly through soil because it will bind with soil particles. It may volatilize slowly from moist soil and water surfaces. It may build up in aquatic organisms. It will be broken down in water by microbes.
RISK: Studies of possible health effects in humans exposed to Triisobutyl phosphate are not available. Damage to the urinary bladder was observed in laboratory rats exposed to very high concentrations of Triisobutyl phosphate in their diet for up to 2 years. Some of the rats developed urinary bladder tumors. Triisobutyl phosphate was irritating when applied directly to the skin or eyes of laboratory animals. Other studies of laboratory animals given very high doses of Triisobutyl phosphate by mouth found no clear evidence for abortions, birth defects, impaired reproductive performance, or severe neurological effects. ACGIH (2013) determined that Triisobutyl phosphate is a Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans. The potential for Triisobutyl phosphate to cause cancer in humans has not been assessed by the EPA IRIS program, the International Agency for Research on Cancer, or the U.S. National Toxicology Program 13th Report on Carcinogens.
Triisobutyl phosphate is an indirect food additive for use only as a component of adhesives.
Two-cell mouse embryos were exposed in vitro to Triisobutyl phosphate, x rays, or a combination of both. In-vitro development of the embryos was followed microscopically (cleavage to four- and eight-cell embryos, formation of morulae and blastocysts, and hatching of blastocysts). Effects on proliferation were estimated by counting the number of cells per embryo early (48 h p.c. = 48 hours post conceptionem) and late (144 h p.c.) in the preimplantation period. Cytogenetic damage was studied using micronucleus formation as the end point. Triisobutyl phosphate did not reveal toxic effects up to a concentration of about 5 microM after an exposure time of 18 h. At a concentration of about 15 microM, 50% of late preimplantation embryos showed effects on morphological development and on cell proliferation, and at about 40 microM, 90% of the embryos were affected. Triisobutyl phosphate did not induce micronuclei. Small effects by x irradiation were observed between 0.25 Gy and 0.5 Gy, depending on the end point measured in the late preimplantation stage. Fifty percent of the embryos were affected by a dose slightly higher than 1 Gy, and 90% after about 4 Gy. No enhancement in risk was found after combined treatment of the embryos with Triisobutyl phosphate and x rays.
IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Triisobutyl phosphate is a colorless to pale-yellow odorless liquid. It is used as a plasticizer for cellulose esters, lacquers, plastics, and vinyl resins. Used in fire-resistant aircraft hydraulic fluids. Other uses include heat-exchange medium, solvent extraction of metal ions from solution of reactor products, solvent for nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate, pigment grinding assistant, antifoaming agent, dielectric.
HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Breathing vapors of Triisobutyl phosphate causes irritation of mucous membranes and if inhalation is prolonged there can be general poisoning with paralysis. In contact with skin Triisobutyl phosphate can cause irritation. Triisobutyl phosphate may cause irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat. It may also cause nausea and headache. In a series of 42 patients with furniture related dermatitis, a positive patch test reaction was seen in 1 patient. In vitro it acts as androgen receptor, and glucocorticoid receptor antagonist.
ANIMAL STUDIES: Triisobutyl phosphate was not acutely toxic by dermal exposure in the rabbit and in the guinea pig. Application to either intact or abraded skin of rabbits and guinea pigs produced irritation with edema and erythema. The instillation of Triisobutyl phosphate in the conjunctival sac of rabbits gave rise to mild irritation. Rats subjected to multiple intragastric administrations of Triisobutyl phosphate showed hyperemia of internal organs and brain. Triisobutyl phosphate was not neurotoxic to rats, but induced paralysis in mice. Triisobutyl phosphate did not cause organophosphorus compound-induced delayed neurotoxicity (OPIDN) in the adult hen. Triisobutyl phosphate produced tumors of the bladder urothelium in rats at high doses, with greater effects in males than in females. It does not produce tumors in mice. The chemical was not teratogenic in rats. In the rabbit, maternal and embryo toxicity were suggested at 400 mg/kg/day with no observations of fetotoxicity or teratogenicity in any dosage group. No mutagenic activity was identified after treatment with Triisobutyl phosphate: when tested in the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) mutation assay in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, both with and without metabolic activation and when testing in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, or TA1537 with or without metabolic activations. Triisobutyl phosphate did not induce chromosomal damage in rat bone marrow cells.
ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Rainbow trout treated with Triisobutyl phosphate had severe balance disturbances, which included highly atypical movements like darting, coiling swimming, and backward somersaults. At higher concentrations the fish were immobilized, lying on their sides at the bottom of the water, and some of them died.
Triisobutyl phosphate's production and use as an extraction agent for rare earths, uranium, plutonium, and metal ions; heat-exchange medium, solvent, plasticizer, pigment grinding assistant, antifoam agent and dielectric may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 1.13X10-3 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates Triisobutyl phosphate will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase Triisobutyl phosphate will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 4.4 hours. Triisobutyl phosphate does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, Triisobutyl phosphate is expected to have slight mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 2400. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.4X10-6 atm-cu m/mole. However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization. Triisobutyl phosphate is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 3% of the theoretical BOD was reached in 2 weeks, while another test using activated sludge inoculum showed 56-96% biodegradation, indicating that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process. If released into water, Triisobutyl phosphate is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Aqueous biodegradation test results for Triisobutyl phosphate varied from negligible biodegradation to 30-100% biodegradation. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 40 and 300 days, respectively. BCFs of 5.5-20 in carp, 30-35 in killifish and 6-11 in goldfish suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low to moderate. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process based on estimated hydrolysis half-lives of 9.9 to 11.5 years(pH 5 to 9). Occupational exposure to Triisobutyl phosphate may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where Triisobutyl phosphate is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to Triisobutyl phosphate via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with this compound and other products containing Triisobutyl phosphate.
Triisobutyl phosphate was judged to biodegrade with acclimation in two aerobic screening tests using acclimated sludge and sewage as inoculum(1-2). In one of these tests, 30.4 and 90.8% of theoretical CO2 was evolved in 7 and 28 days, respectively, after 14 days acclimation. In a simulated semi-continuous activated sludge biological treatment test, 96% and 56% degradation occurred in 13 and 21 weeks at respective feed rates of 3 and 13 ppm. After a 2 day lag, 13% and 100% of Triisobutyl phosphate present degraded in a river die-away test (Mississippi River water) in 4 and 7 days, respectively. Triisobutyl phosphate, present at 100 mg/L, reached 3% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test. While 0-13% of theoretical CO2 was evolved when trench leachate from Maxey Flats, KY containing Triisobutyl phosphate was incubated with sewage for 24 days, this percentage increased to 38% when a source of nitrogen was added to the test solution. Triisobutyl phosphate was judged to be difficult to biodegrade in seawater and river water based on the results of the 3-day cultivation method by four Japanese institutes(5-6). In a study of contamination of the lower Weser River, Germany, it was found that in the high water periods in the cold months (flow rate >400 cu m/s, avg temp 6.9 °C) biodegradation of Triisobutyl phosphate was negligible, while during low flow periods in warmer months (flow <300 cu m/s, avg temp 14.9 °C) biological degradation was 30-50% over a 4-7 day period.
According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere, Triisobutyl phosphate, which has a vapor pressure of 1.13X10-3 mm Hg at 25 °C, is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase Triisobutyl phosphate is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 4.4 hours, calculated from its rate constant of 7.9X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C that was derived using a structure estimation method. Triisobutyl phosphate does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight.
The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of Triisobutyl phosphate with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 7.9X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C using a structure estimation method. This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 4.4 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm. Triisobutyl phosphate is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to estimated hydrolysis half-lives of 9.9 to 11.5 years at pH 9 to 5. Triisobutyl phosphate does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight.
The Henry's Law constant for Triisobutyl phosphate is estimated as 1.4X10-6 atm-cu m/mole derived from its vapor pressure, 1.13X10-3 mm Hg, and water solubility, 280 mg/L. This Henry's Law constant indicates that Triisobutyl phosphate is expected to volatilize from water surfaces. Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec) is estimated as 40 days. The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec) is estimated as 300 days. Triisobutyl phosphate's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur. Triisobutyl phosphate is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure.
NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 109,402 workers (19,015 of these are female) were potentially exposed to Triisobutyl phosphate in the US. Occupational exposure to Triisobutyl phosphate may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where Triisobutyl phosphate is produced or used. Triisobutyl phosphate was detected in 12 indoor air samples collected from the dismantling hall of a electronic products recycling plant with a concentration of 9-18 ng/cu m. Potentially 43,000 aircraft mechanics and another 300 aircraft industry employees are exposed to aircraft hydraulic fluid containing Triisobutyl phosphate. In addition, 500 Triisobutyl phosphate manufacturing, processing, and distribution workers are potentially exposed to Triisobutyl phosphate during handling, transfer, and packaging of products, equipment cleaning and repair, and cleaning up spills. Triisobutyl phosphate was detected in 3 offices at 4.5-8.1 ng/cu m; in 2 furniture stores at 14-17 ng/cu m and in 3 electronic stores at 1.7-17 ng/cu m; all samples were collected in and around Zurich, Switzerland. Triisobutyl phosphate was detected in three offices, three health care rooms, three workshops and four stores at 3-7, 1-2, 1-24 and 5-172 ng/cu m, respectively. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to Triisobutyl phosphate via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with this compound and other products containing Triisobutyl phosphate.
In EPA's National Human Monitoring Program's National Human Adipose Tissue Survey, broad scan survey for 1982, Triisobutyl phosphate was detected at 120 ng/g in 1 of 46 composite samples analyzed. The sample came from the 0-14 age group of the east north central census region. Triisobutyl phosphate was detected at 10 ppb in plaque from the aorta of one of two autopsied heart attack victims.
