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Zinc Chloride ZnCl2 65% is described here as a concentrated aqueous solution containing nominally 65% zinc chloride by weight, supplied as a clear, colorless to pale-yellow inorganic salt solution.
Its principal established applications include preparation of metalworking fluxes, cellulose processing, chloride-based electrolytes, and impregnation solutions for chemical activation of carbonaceous materials.
Its distinctive functions arise from its concentrated zinc and chloride content, acidic solution chemistry, and interactions with oxygen-containing materials, while the liquid form permits controlled dosing without first dissolving solid zinc chloride.
CAS Number: 7646-85-7 for the zinc chloride component; 7732-18-5 for water
EC Number: 231-592-0 for the zinc chloride component; 231-791-2 for water
Molecular Formula: Not applicable to the solution as a whole; dissolved salt formula ZnCl2
Molecular Weight: Not applicable to the solution as a whole; zinc chloride formula weight 136.3 g/mol
Synonyms: Zinc chloride, Zinc(II) chloride, Zinc dichloride, Dichlorozinc, Zinc muriate, Butter of zinc, Zinc butter, Hydrochloric acid zinc salt (2:1), ZnCl2, Chlorure de zinc, Zinkchlorid, Zinkchloride, Cloruro di zinco, inc Chloride Solution 65%, 65% Zinc Chloride Solution, Zinc Chloride 65 wt%, Zinc Chloride 65% w/w, Zinc Chloride 65 Percent Solution, Zinc Chloride Aqueous Solution 65%, 65% Aqueous Zinc Chloride, Zinc Chloride, ZnCl2, ZnCl₂, Zinc Dichloride, Dichlorozinc, Zinc(II) Chloride, Zinc II Chloride, Zincous Chloride, Zinc Chloride (ZnCl2), Zinc Chloride Solution, Aqueous Zinc Chloride, Zinc Chloride Aqueous Solution, Zinc Chloride Liquor, Zinc Chloride Brine, Zinc Chloride Concentrate, Concentrated Zinc Chloride Solution, Zinc Chloride 65% Concentrate, Zinc Chloride 65% Liquid, Liquid Zinc Chloride 65%, Zinc Chloride Liquid, Zinc Butter, Butter of Zinc, Butter of Zinc Solution, Zincum Muriaticum, Zinkchloride, Zintrace, Zinc Chloride CAS 7646-85-7, CAS 7646-85-7 Zinc Chloride, EC 231-592-0 Zinc Chloride, EINECS 231-592-0 Zinc Chloride, UN 1840 Zinc Chloride Solution, UN1840 Zinc Chloride Solution, Industrial Grade Zinc Chloride 65%, Technical Grade Zinc Chloride 65%, Commercial Grade Zinc Chloride 65%, High Purity Zinc Chloride 65%, Battery Grade Zinc Chloride 65%, Galvanizing Grade Zinc Chloride 65%, Metal Treatment Grade Zinc Chloride 65%, Soldering Grade Zinc Chloride 65%, Flux Grade Zinc Chloride 65%, Chemical Grade Zinc Chloride 65%, Electroplating Grade Zinc Chloride 65%, Textile Grade Zinc Chloride 65%, Water Treatment Grade Zinc Chloride 65%, Wood Treatment Grade Zinc Chloride 65%, Process Grade Zinc Chloride 65%, Industrial Zinc Chloride Solution, Technical Zinc Chloride Solution, Galvanizing Zinc Chloride Solution, Flux Zinc Chloride Solution
APPLICATIONS
Hot-dip galvanizing flux preparation
Zinc Chloride ZnCl2 65% supplies dissolved zinc chloride for preparing aqueous preflux systems in hot-dip galvanizing.
These systems commonly combine zinc chloride with ammonium chloride to condition the cleaned steel surface before immersion in molten zinc.
The concentrated solution serves as a formulation feedstock rather than defining the complete composition of the working flux bath.
Zinc Chloride ZnCl2 65% can be metered into a flux system to establish or replenish its zinc chloride content.
The working bath requires control of total salt concentration, the relationship between zinc chloride and ammonium chloride, and contamination carried over from preceding operations.
These variables influence surface preparation and cannot be replaced by a single specification for the incoming concentrate.
Zinc Chloride ZnCl2 65%-derived preflux belongs to a process sequence that includes cleaning, rinsing, fluxing, and appropriate drying.
Water carried into the molten zinc bath can cause spattering and affect coating formation.
The practical result therefore depends on the condition of the workpiece and the full pretreatment sequence as well as the flux chemistry.
Soldering and tinning flux formulations
Zinc Chloride ZnCl2 65% provides a concentrated liquid ingredient for active, corrosive soldering-flux formulations.
The chloride-containing acidic system assists removal of interfering oxide films and exposes metal surfaces to the solder.
This action matters because an oxide-covered surface can prevent effective wetting even when the solder itself has melted.
Zinc Chloride ZnCl2 65%-based flux chemistry must match the substrate and joining operation.
Other ingredients can modify activity, spreading, and behavior at the heated interface.
The stock solution should therefore be distinguished from a finished flux qualified for a particular metal and solder alloy.
Zinc Chloride ZnCl2 65% can leave chloride-containing residues after a joining process.
These residues require removal through an established cleaning procedure where continued corrosion or electrical contamination would be unacceptable.
The oxide-removal benefit consequently comes with a material-specific limitation on residue management and finished-assembly compatibility.
Vulcanized fibre manufacture
Zinc Chloride ZnCl2 65% is relevant to concentrated zinc chloride treatment systems employed in vulcanized fibre manufacture.
The solution interacts with cellulose in paper, causing swelling and partial gelatinization that assists consolidation of adjacent layers.
Subsequent removal of zinc chloride and controlled drying produce the cellulose-based material.
Zinc Chloride ZnCl2 65% functions as a processing medium rather than a permanent bulk ingredient intended to remain in the finished fibre.
Treatment must balance adequate interlayer consolidation against excessive disruption of the cellulose structure.
The final mechanical and electrical behavior belongs to the washed and finished material, not to the zinc chloride solution.
Zinc Chloride ZnCl2 65% treatment depends on cellulose type, exposure conditions, and the actual concentration maintained in the process.
A nominal concentration does not establish identical swelling or dissolution behavior for every paper substrate.
This distinction is particularly important because fibre consolidation requires controlled modification rather than indiscriminate destruction of the original structure.
Cellulose swelling and partial amorphization
Zinc Chloride ZnCl2 65% has been investigated specifically as a cellulose pretreatment medium.
Published research describes treatment with 65% by weight aqueous zinc chloride that swells fibres and partially reduces their crystalline organization.
This provides a direct application relevant to the stated concentration rather than an inference from the properties of anhydrous zinc chloride.
Zinc Chloride ZnCl2 65% can alter cellulose accessibility through interactions within the fibre structure.
The treatment affects the balance between ordered and less ordered regions of the material.
Such modification can influence subsequent processing, but the resulting behavior depends on the cellulose and the treatment sequence.
Zinc Chloride ZnCl2 65% should not be described as a universal room-temperature cellulose solvent.
Research distinguishes pronounced swelling at this concentration from complete dissolution under other solvent compositions or operating conditions.
The distinction between swelling, partial dissolution, and complete dissolution prevents overstatement of its processing capability.
Regenerated cellulose and functional-material research
Zinc Chloride ZnCl2 65% can serve as a starting concentrate for preparing zinc chloride–water media investigated in regenerated-cellulose processing.
The required solvent composition may differ from the supplied concentration and must be established for the selected cellulose.
Temperature and polymer loading also influence whether a workable solution develops.
Zinc Chloride ZnCl2 65%-derived media belong to a broader family of concentrated hydrated zinc chloride solvents.
Studies of bacterial cellulose demonstrate dissolution and subsequent wet spinning under particular zinc chloride–water compositions.
Those results concern the defined experimental medium and do not establish that unchanged 65% stock solution reproduces the same outcome.
Zinc Chloride ZnCl2 65% also relates to research on paper-derived cellulose materials.
Published work has examined cellulose behavior in 65% solution at elevated temperature.
These investigations demonstrate the importance of exposure time and temperature when connecting a concentrate specification to a particular material-processing result.
Chloride-based zinc electrodeposition
Zinc Chloride ZnCl2 65% supplies zinc and chloride for preparation of aqueous electrodeposition electrolytes.
After adjustment to the required composition, dissolved zinc species can undergo electrochemical reduction at the cathode.
The concentrated feedstock is therefore a source of electrolyte components rather than a complete plating bath.
Zinc Chloride ZnCl2 65%-derived plating solutions require control of operating concentration, acidity, additives, and electrical conditions.
These factors influence deposition efficiency and the morphology of the deposited zinc.
A nominal stock concentration cannot independently establish coating thickness, brightness, adhesion, or corrosion performance.
Zinc Chloride ZnCl2 65% can also provide starting material for experimental studies of zinc deposition.
Research involving aqueous zinc chloride and an imidazole additive examines how electrolyte chemistry affects dendritic growth.
Such studies illustrate the importance of interfacial chemistry while remaining distinct from a qualified commercial plating process.
Battery electrolyte preparation
Zinc Chloride ZnCl2 65% can supply the zinc chloride component of appropriately formulated zinc-carbon battery electrolytes.
The dissolved salt contributes to the ionic environment connecting the electrochemical components of the cell.
Its role differs from that of the metallic zinc electrode and the cathode materials.
Zinc Chloride ZnCl2 65% intended for battery manufacture requires the purity and composition appropriate to that application.
Water content, other salts, and impurity levels belong to the complete electrolyte specification.
The concentration designation alone does not establish battery-grade suitability or predict the performance of the finished cell.
Activated carbon preparation
Zinc Chloride ZnCl2 65% can provide a concentrated impregnation feedstock for zinc chloride chemical activation of carbonaceous precursors.
The solution is adjusted and distributed through the precursor before the selected thermal treatment.
Zinc chloride influences carbonization and development of the pore structure subsequently exposed through washing and recovery.
Zinc Chloride ZnCl2 65%-derived activation systems require a defined relationship between zinc chloride and the precursor.
Impregnation ratio, thermal conditions, and washing influence the resulting carbon.
The stock concentration therefore describes the starting solution rather than the surface area or adsorption capacity of the finished material.
Zinc Chloride ZnCl2 65% is relevant to activation research involving several biomass-derived precursors.
Published studies include plant wastes and coffee residues, with the resulting carbons evaluated for adsorption applications.
The adsorption function belongs to the prepared carbon, so it should not be presented as direct contaminant removal by the concentrated zinc chloride solution.
DESCRIPTION
Solution identity and concentration
Zinc Chloride ZnCl2 65% is an aqueous mixture, not an anhydrous salt or a separately isolated crystalline hydrate.
A nominal concentration of 65% by weight corresponds to 65 parts zinc chloride in 100 parts total solution.
The remaining mass is principally water, with any minor constituents determined by the particular commercial specification.
Zinc Chloride ZnCl2 65% has no single molecular weight applicable to the whole liquid.
The formula ZnCl2 and its formula weight describe the dissolved salt on an analytical composition basis.
They do not imply that every dissolved zinc-containing species exists as an isolated neutral ZnCl2 molecule.
Appearance and physical form
Zinc Chloride ZnCl2 65% is generally a clear, colorless to light-yellow liquid.
A documented commercial example has an approximate density of 1.85 g/mL, although that data sheet does not state the measurement temperature.
This solution density must remain separate from the substantially higher density reported for solid zinc chloride.
Zinc Chloride ZnCl2 65% can be mixed with water to prepare lower-concentration solutions.
Changes in temperature or water content can also influence crystallization behavior during storage.
The exact crystallization boundary belongs to the actual solution composition rather than the melting point of the anhydrous salt.
Hydration and chloride coordination
Zinc Chloride ZnCl2 65% contains interacting zinc species, chloride, and water in a concentrated liquid environment.
Water participates in zinc hydration while chloride can enter the coordination sphere and form chloride-containing complexes.
The distribution of species depends on concentration and the chloride-to-zinc relationship.
Zinc Chloride ZnCl2 65% therefore differs from a very dilute solution represented only by separated hydrated ions.
Scattering and spectroscopic studies of concentrated zinc chloride solutions identify several coordination environments.
These findings explain why analytical salt concentration and microscopic solution structure are related but different descriptions of the material.
Concentration and viscosity
Zinc Chloride ZnCl2 65% has physical behavior influenced by interactions among hydrated ions, chloride-containing species, and water molecules.
Research connects changes in solution microstructure with concentration-dependent viscosity.
The liquid consequently should not be assigned a universal viscosity value without concentration and temperature conditions.
Zinc Chloride ZnCl2 65% can change its handling characteristics when diluted or when water evaporates.
Those changes affect more than the quantity of salt per unit mass because the surrounding coordination and hydration environment also changes.
A property measured for another concentration should therefore not be transferred directly to the 65% material.
Acidic and corrosive behavior
Zinc Chloride ZnCl2 65% has acidic aqueous chemistry and must be handled as a corrosive concentrate.
Its hazard cannot be inferred adequately from a single pH value because zinc chloride concentration and chemical interactions also matter.
Contact can cause serious damage to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes.
Zinc Chloride ZnCl2 65% can expose workers through splashes or airborne mist.
Low volatility of the dissolved salt does not prevent exposure when mechanical operations disperse the liquid.
Heated processes require separate consideration of fumes and decomposition products.
Interactions with cellulose
Zinc Chloride ZnCl2 65% can interact with oxygen-containing groups in cellulose.
Concentrated hydrated zinc chloride media alter the interactions responsible for maintaining the original cellulose structure.
The extent of modification depends on solvent composition, temperature, and the characteristics of the polymer.
Zinc Chloride ZnCl2 65% should not be equated with every concentrated zinc chloride hydrate medium reported in the literature.
Research on specifically defined hydration ratios describes coordination interactions associated with cellulose solubility.
Changing the water-to-salt ratio can therefore change solvent behavior even though the same zinc chloride component remains present.
Grade distinctions
Zinc Chloride ZnCl2 65% identifies concentration without defining free acidity, metallic impurities, or application qualification.
Commercial grades can differ in these characteristics while sharing the same nominal zinc chloride content.
The complete material specification determines whether the solution meets the requirements of a flux, electrolyte, or cellulose-processing operation.
Zinc Chloride ZnCl2 65% also differs from zinc chloride solutions blended with ammonium chloride or other functional salts.
Those additions can alter coordination, processing behavior, and the intended application.
A blended flux or electrolyte should therefore be identified separately rather than treated as another name for the unblended concentrate.
PROPERTIES
Chemical nature: Concentrated aqueous solution of zinc chloride
Nominal zinc chloride concentration: 65% by weight
Physical form: Liquid
Appearance: Clear, colorless to pale yellow
Dissolved salt formula: ZnCl2
Zinc chloride formula weight: Approximately 136.3 g/mol
Formula of the whole solution: Not applicable; mixture of dissolved salt and water
Molecular weight of the whole solution: Not applicable
Zinc content: Approximately 31.2% by weight, calculated for a solution containing exactly 65% ZnCl2
Density: Approximately 1.85 g/mL in a documented 65% commercial grade; measurement temperature not stated
Water dilution: Mixes with water to form lower-concentration solutions
Acid–base character: Acidic; measured pH depends on composition and measurement conditions
Viscosity: Concentration and temperature dependent
Crystallization behavior: Composition and temperature dependent
Anhydrous-salt melting point: Not applicable to the aqueous solution
Boiling behavior: Depends on solution composition and pressure; not the boiling point of anhydrous ZnCl2
Combustibility: Noncombustible aqueous material
Principal exposure hazards: Corrosive to skin and eyes; harmful if swallowed; mist can damage the respiratory tract
Environmental hazard: Zinc-containing releases are hazardous to aquatic organisms
Storage temperature and shelf life: Specific to the commercial grade and packaging
FIRST AID
Inhalation:
Move the affected person to fresh air without exposing rescuers.
Keep them at rest and obtain urgent medical attention after mist or fume exposure.
Breathing symptoms can be delayed, so apparent early improvement does not eliminate the need for assessment.
Skin contact:
Remove contaminated clothing and rinse the affected skin immediately with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes.
Obtain prompt medical attention for this corrosive exposure.
Eye contact:
Begin immediate irrigation with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses if easily possible and continue rinsing for at least 15 minutes.
Obtain emergency medical attention.
Ingestion:
Rinse the mouth and do not induce vomiting.
Contact a poison center or emergency medical service immediately.
Give nothing by mouth to an unconscious person.
Note to physicians:
Assess corrosive injury and respiratory effects, including delayed complications following inhalation.
Provide symptomatic and supportive treatment.
HANDLING AND STORAGE
Handling:
Use closed transfer where practicable and prevent splashing.
Wear chemical-resistant gloves, protective clothing, splash goggles, and a face shield where liquid splash is possible.
Ventilation:
Provide local exhaust for operations generating mist or fumes.
Use suitable respiratory protection when engineering controls are insufficient.
Storage:
Keep in compatible, tightly closed containers with secondary containment.
Separate from strong bases and strong oxidizers.
Protect against conditions causing unwanted evaporation or crystallization.
Spill and leak procedures:
Restrict access and stop the leak only if safe.
Contain with compatible inert absorbent and collect for appropriate disposal.
Prevent entry into drains and avoid improvised neutralization.
Handling precautions:
Use corrosion-compatible transfer equipment and keep emergency washing facilities accessible.
During dilution, add the concentrate gradually to water with controlled mixing and temperature monitoring.
Manage collected solution and contaminated materials through an authorized waste procedure.
