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1,2,3-Benzotriazole is an aromatic nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound composed of a benzene ring fused with a three-nitrogen triazole ring.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole functions primarily as a corrosion inhibitor, metal-passivating agent, tarnish inhibitor, photographic restrainer, analytical reagent, and specialty chemical intermediate.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is widely used in cooling-water systems, metalworking fluids, antifreeze formulations, deicing fluids, protective coatings, cleaning products, metal conservation, electrochemical processing, photography, and specialty synthesis.
CAS Number: 95-14-7
EC Number: 202-394-1
Molecular Formula: C6H5N3
Molecular Weight: 119.12 g/mol
Synonyms: 1,2,3-Benzotriazole, Benzotriazole, BTA, BTAH, 1H-Benzotriazole, 1H-1,2,3-Benzotriazole, 1,2,3-1H-Benzotriazole, 2H-Benzotriazole, Benzotriazol, Benztriazole, Benzotriazol-1H, 1,2,3-Benztriazole, Benzisotriazole, Benzene Azimide, Azimidobenzene, Aziminobenzene, 1,2-Aminoazophenylene, 1,2,3-Triazaindene, 1,2,3-Triaza-1H-Indene, 2,3-Diazaindole, 1,2,3-Benzotriazole BTA, Copper Corrosion Inhibitor BTA, Yellow-Metal Corrosion Inhibitor, Copper Passivator, Copper Tarnish Inhibitor, Copper-Alloy Corrosion Inhibitor, Brass Corrosion Inhibitor, Bronze Corrosion Inhibitor, Metal-Deactivating Benzotriazole, Cooling-Water Benzotriazole, Metalworking-Fluid Benzotriazole, Antifreeze Corrosion Inhibitor, Photographic Benzotriazole, Photographic Antifoggant, Photographic Restrainer, Cobratec 99, Cobratec No. 99, Cobratec 35G, CAC-BT99, NCI-C03521, NSC-3058, U-6233, High-Purity Benzotriazole, Industrial-Grade Benzotriazole
APPLICATIONS
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used as a corrosion inhibitor for copper surfaces.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used to suppress oxidation and electrochemical dissolution of copper.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used to form a protective molecular film on copper.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used to extend the service life of copper-containing equipment.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used as a corrosion inhibitor for brass.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used to protect brass components from tarnishing and surface discoloration.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used to reduce dezincification-related surface damage in compatible environments.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used to protect brass fittings, valves, and heat-transfer components.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used as a corrosion inhibitor for bronze.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used to passivate bronze surfaces exposed to moisture.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used to reduce chloride-assisted corrosion of bronze articles.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used to preserve the appearance and structural integrity of bronze components.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used as a tarnish inhibitor for copper alloys.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used to reduce atmospheric staining of polished copper.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used to preserve the appearance of decorative metal surfaces.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in temporary and long-term metal-protection treatments.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in industrial cooling-water systems.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used to protect copper heat-exchanger tubes.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used to inhibit corrosion of copper-containing condensers.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used as part of multicomponent circulating-water treatment programs.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in open recirculating cooling towers.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in closed-loop cooling systems.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in process-water circuits containing copper or brass components.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used with complementary steel and aluminum corrosion inhibitors.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in chilled-water systems.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning water circuits.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used to protect copper coils and brass fittings.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used after water chemistry and inhibitor compatibility have been evaluated.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in industrial heat-transfer fluids.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in aqueous glycol heat-transfer formulations.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used to protect yellow-metal components in thermal-management equipment.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in inhibited heat-transfer concentrates and ready-to-use fluids.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in ethylene-glycol antifreeze formulations.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in propylene-glycol antifreeze formulations.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used to protect copper and brass components in cooling circuits.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used with silicates, phosphates, organic acids, and other compatible inhibitor technologies.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in automotive engine-coolant research and selected formulations.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used to inhibit corrosion of copper-containing radiators and heater cores.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used to protect brass connections within mixed-metal cooling systems.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used after compatibility testing with elastomers, plastics, and coolant additives.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in industrial antifreeze products.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in thermal fluids for refrigeration systems.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in low-temperature process-cooling formulations.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used to maintain metal protection during freeze-thaw cycling.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used as a corrosion inhibitor in aircraft deicing and anti-icing formulations.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used to protect metal components exposed to glycol-based deicing fluids.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in selected airport and airfield deicer formulations.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used only after environmental and aviation-fluid requirements have been evaluated.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in metalworking fluids.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used to protect copper and copper-alloy machine components.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used to prevent staining of yellow-metal workpieces.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in soluble-oil, semisynthetic, and synthetic metalworking formulations.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in cutting fluids.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in grinding fluids.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in machining coolants.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used to reduce corrosion during manufacturing and temporary storage.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in metal-forming lubricants.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in drawing and stamping fluids.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in rolling and extrusion lubricants.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used when copper alloys contact aqueous or oil-containing process fluids.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in metal-cleaning formulations.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used to inhibit flash corrosion after aqueous cleaning.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used to protect copper during alkaline and neutral cleaning.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in rinse and post-treatment stages after compatibility testing.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in precision-parts cleaners.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in electronics-cleaning formulations.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used to protect exposed copper during cleaning and rinsing.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used where low residue and controlled surface passivation are required.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in automatic dishwasher detergent formulations.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used to reduce corrosion or tarnishing of silver and metal tableware.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used as part of metal-protection packages in machine-dishwashing products.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used only at concentrations and under conditions permitted by applicable regulations.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in industrial dishwashing and warewashing products.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used to protect metal surfaces under alkaline washing conditions.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used to reduce discoloration during repeated wash cycles.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used after detergent-performance and environmental testing.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in corrosion-protective cleaners.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in cleaner-protectant products for copper and brass.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in maintenance products for metal surfaces.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used to leave a protective passivating layer after cleaning.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in protective coatings for copper.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in clear coatings applied to decorative copper articles.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used to inhibit underfilm corrosion.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used to improve resistance to tarnishing beneath compatible coating films.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in protective coatings for brass and bronze.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in lacquers for architectural and decorative metalwork.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in coating primers intended for copper-alloy substrates.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used after evaluating adhesion, clarity, color, and weather resistance.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in temporary corrosion-protection coatings.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in removable protective films.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in wax- and oil-based metal protectants.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used to protect parts during packaging, transportation, and storage.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in corrosion-inhibiting wrapping papers.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in protective tissues for copper and copper-alloy parts.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in packaging systems that create a protected local environment.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in industrial preservation of metal components before assembly.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in metal-conservation treatments.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used to stabilize archaeological copper and bronze objects.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in treatment programs for chloride-contaminated copper alloys.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used by trained conservators after examination of the artifact.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in the treatment of bronze disease.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used to reduce continued chloride-assisted deterioration.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used to form protective complexes on corroded bronze surfaces.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in conjunction with cleaning, desalination, drying, and protective coating.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in museum conservation.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in preservation of sculptures, coins, tools, and archaeological objects.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in treatment of historical brass and copper artifacts.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used only after reversibility, appearance, and long-term stability have been considered.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in electroplating operations.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used to control copper-surface activity during selected plating processes.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in post-plating passivation treatments.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used to reduce tarnishing of deposited copper layers.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in printed-circuit-board processing.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used to passivate exposed copper conductors.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in temporary copper-protection treatments between manufacturing stages.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used after compatibility testing with photoresists, solder masks, and metallization processes.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in electronics manufacturing.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used to protect copper contacts and conductive surfaces.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in aqueous process solutions containing exposed copper.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used to reduce oxidation before soldering, bonding, or final assembly.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in chemical-mechanical-planarization research and selected process formulations.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used to inhibit excessive copper dissolution.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used to control the balance between oxidation, complexation, and material removal.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used after wafer-, slurry-, and process-specific optimization.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in copper-etching and microfabrication research.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used to moderate copper-surface reactions.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used to improve selectivity in controlled electrochemical processes.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used only after evaluating residues and downstream processing.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in hydraulic-fluid formulations.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used to protect copper-containing pumps, valves, and fittings.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in water-glycol and selected synthetic functional fluids.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used after seal, metal, and fluid compatibility testing.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in brake-fluid research and selected formulations.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used to inhibit corrosion of copper and brass components.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used with complementary antioxidant and corrosion-control additives.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used only after complete compliance and performance testing.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in lubricating oils.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used as a copper-corrosion inhibitor and metal deactivator.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used to reduce catalytic oxidation caused by soluble copper species.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used after ensuring sufficient solubility or suitable additive delivery.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in lubricating greases.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used to protect copper-alloy bearings and bushings.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in grease-additive packages containing antioxidants and extreme-pressure agents.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used after evaluating base-oil compatibility and water resistance.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in transformer-fluid additive research.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used as a metal-deactivating compound in selected dielectric-fluid systems.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used to reduce copper-catalyzed degradation of insulating fluids.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used only after dielectric and electrical-equipment qualification.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in fuel- and petroleum-additive research.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used to study deactivation of copper and other catalytic metal surfaces.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used as an intermediate for oil-soluble benzotriazole derivatives.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used after evaluating solubility, deposit formation, and fuel stability.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used as a photographic restrainer.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used to control unwanted development of silver-halide photographic materials.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used to reduce photographic fog.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used to improve image clarity and unexposed-area stability.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used as an antifoggant in photographic developers.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in black-and-white photographic processing.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in specialty photographic emulsions and developing formulations.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used at controlled concentrations to avoid excessive suppression of image development.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in silver-halide photographic research.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used to investigate adsorption on silver-halide crystals.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in studies of development kinetics.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in photographic chemistry after sensitometric evaluation.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used as a chemical intermediate.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used as the parent structure for substituted benzotriazole compounds.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in N-alkylation and N-arylation reactions.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in specialty organic synthesis.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used as an intermediate for ultraviolet-absorbing benzotriazole derivatives.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in multistep synthesis of polymer light stabilizers.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used to provide the benzotriazole ring in specialty ultraviolet absorbers.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in derivative manufacture under controlled reaction conditions.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used as an intermediate for substituted corrosion inhibitors.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used to prepare alkylbenzotriazoles and other functional derivatives.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used to tailor solubility and compatibility for oil- or water-based systems.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in additive manufacture after purification and specification testing.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in pharmaceutical and medicinal-chemistry research.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used as a heterocyclic building block.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in synthesis of investigational biologically active derivatives.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used only as a research or manufacturing intermediate unless separately authorized.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in agrochemical intermediate research.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used to prepare functional nitrogen-containing aromatic compounds.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in synthesis of experimental crop-protection molecules.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used under applicable chemical-manufacturing and regulatory controls.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in dye and pigment chemistry.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used as an intermediate for specialty colorants.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in synthesis of nitrogen-containing aromatic derivatives.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used after evaluating color, purity, and application performance.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in analytical chemistry.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used as a reference standard in chromatographic analysis.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in environmental monitoring of water, soil, sediment, and industrial effluent.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used to validate extraction, separation, and detection methods.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in high-performance liquid chromatography.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in liquid-chromatography mass-spectrometry methods.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in gas-chromatographic research after appropriate derivatization or instrumental selection.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used as a calibration standard of known purity.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in electrochemical corrosion research.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used to investigate adsorption and passivation on copper.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in polarization and impedance measurements.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used to compare corrosion-inhibition mechanisms under different solution conditions.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in surface-science research.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies of copper surfaces.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in infrared and Raman studies of metal–inhibitor films.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in microscopy and computational studies of surface adsorption.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in coordination chemistry.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used as a nitrogen-donor ligand.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used to prepare copper, silver, zinc, nickel, and other metal complexes.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in research on polymeric and multinuclear coordination structures.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in materials-science research.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in preparation of functional metal-organic structures.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used to study proton transfer and tautomerism.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in solid-state, solution, and computational chemistry.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in laboratory organic synthesis.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used as a leaving-group auxiliary in selected reactions.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in benzotriazole-mediated acylation, alkylation, and heterocycle synthesis.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used by trained chemists under controlled laboratory conditions.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used in commercial formulations after dosage optimization.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used according to metal type, pH, temperature, and fluid composition.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used after evaluating interactions with oxidizers, surfactants, salts, and other inhibitors.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is used according to current technical, safety, environmental, and regulatory documentation.
DESCRIPTION
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is a fused aromatic heterocyclic compound.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole consists of a benzene ring fused to a five-membered 1,2,3-triazole ring.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole contains three adjacent nitrogen atoms.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole contains one exchangeable ring hydrogen in its neutral form.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole has the molecular formula C6H5N3.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole has a molecular weight of approximately 119.12 g/mol.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole has CAS number 95-14-7.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole has EC number 202-394-1.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is commonly represented as 1H-benzotriazole.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole can exist in tautomeric forms involving migration of the ring hydrogen.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole solution behavior depends on pH and solvent environment.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole may be present as neutral, protonated, or deprotonated species.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is generally supplied as white to light-tan crystals or crystalline powder.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole may appear slightly yellow or brown in lower-purity industrial grades.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is generally odorless or nearly odorless.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is solid at normal room temperature.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole commonly melts at approximately 96–100°C.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole high-purity material may have a melting range close to 98.5–100°C.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole melting behavior depends on purity and analytical method.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole should not be confused with methylbenzotriazole mixtures having different properties.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole has a reported reduced-pressure boiling point near 204°C at approximately 15 mmHg.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole may decompose before reaching a conventional atmospheric boiling point.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole thermal decomposition becomes significant near approximately 260°C.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole should not be subjected to uncontrolled vacuum distillation or severe overheating.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole has a representative solid density of approximately 1.36 g/cm³.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole has very low vapor pressure at ambient temperature.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole evaporation at room temperature is negligible.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole airborne exposure therefore occurs mainly through dust rather than vapor.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is moderately soluble in water.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole has a representative water solubility near 20 g/L under referenced conditions.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole solubility generally increases with temperature.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole aqueous solubility changes with pH because of ionization.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is soluble in ethanol.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is soluble in benzene, chloroform, toluene, and dimethylformamide.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole solvent compatibility depends on concentration and temperature.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole may require neutralization or use of a suitable solvent in concentrated aqueous products.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is a weakly acidic heterocyclic compound.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole has a representative acid-dissociation constant near pKa 8.37.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole becomes increasingly deprotonated under alkaline conditions.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole forms water-soluble sodium, potassium, and amine salts.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole adsorbs strongly onto copper surfaces.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole coordinates with copper through its triazole nitrogen atoms.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole forms copper–benzotriazole complexes at the metal interface.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole protective structures can include chemisorbed molecules, dimers, chains, and polymeric complexes.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole reduces access of oxygen and aggressive ions to copper.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole reduces anodic copper dissolution.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole can suppress pitting and localized corrosion.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole performance depends on surface condition, inhibitor concentration, and exposure environment.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole provides particularly strong protection for copper and copper alloys.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole can also influence corrosion of other metals in mixed-metal systems.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole should not be treated as a universal inhibitor for every metal.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is commonly combined with inhibitors selected for steel, aluminum, and other materials.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole effectiveness depends on solution pH.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole effectiveness depends on chloride concentration and oxidizing conditions.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole effectiveness depends on flow velocity, temperature, and water chemistry.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole dosage should be determined through laboratory and field testing.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole can be applied through immersion treatment.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole can be incorporated continuously into circulating fluids.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole can be included in cleaners, coatings, lubricants, and packaging treatments.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole can also be applied as a soluble alkali-metal salt.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole has a representative log octanol-water partition coefficient near 1.44.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is sufficiently water compatible to enter industrial wastewater.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole can persist through some conventional wastewater-treatment processes.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole environmental release should therefore be minimized.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is classified by many suppliers as harmful if swallowed.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is commonly classified as causing serious eye irritation.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole may be classified as toxic to aquatic life with long-lasting effects.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole exact classification should be checked in the current regional safety data sheet.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole powder may form combustible dust mixtures with air.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole has a reported closed-cup flash point near 170°C.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole has an open-cup flash point reported near 190–195°C.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole has a reported autoignition temperature near 210°C.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole combustion or decomposition can produce carbon oxides and nitrogen oxides.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole should be kept away from strong oxidizing agents.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole should be handled cautiously around reactive heavy-metal compounds.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole should not be heated in closed or inadequately controlled equipment.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is stable under recommended dry storage conditions.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole should be kept in tightly closed packaging.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole should be protected from moisture, contamination, and excessive heat.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole should be stored away from drains and environmentally sensitive areas.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole commercial quality is commonly assessed by assay.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole quality may also be assessed through melting point, moisture, ash, color, and solution clarity.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole high-purity grades commonly contain approximately 99% active substance or more.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole specifications vary among crystalline, granular, flaked, and solution products.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is available as solid material and formulated aqueous solutions.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole may be converted into sodium or potassium benzotriazole for easier aqueous handling.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole salt solutions have different pH, concentration, and hazard profiles.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole products should be identified by active ingredient, concentration, and counterion.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is distinct from tolyltriazole.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is distinct from 4-methylbenzotriazole and 5-methylbenzotriazole.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is distinct from hydroxyphenyl benzotriazole ultraviolet absorbers.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole should be specified using its complete name and CAS number.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole is available in industrial, electronic, analytical, and laboratory grades.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole grade selection depends on purity, color, moisture, particle size, and intended use.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole regulated applications require appropriate supplier documentation.
1,2,3-Benzotriazole should always be used according to the current certificate of analysis and safety data sheet.
PROPERTIES
Chemical Name: 1,2,3-Benzotriazole
Preferred Name: 1H-Benzotriazole
Common Name: Benzotriazole
Abbreviation: BTA or BTAH
IUPAC Name: 1H-1,2,3-Benzotriazole
CAS Number: 95-14-7
EC Number: 202-394-1
PubChem CID: 7220
NSC Number: NSC-3058
Chemical Family: Benzotriazoles and fused aromatic nitrogen heterocycles
Chemical Type: Aromatic triazole
Molecular Formula: C6H5N3
Molecular Weight: 119.12 g/mol
Physical State at 20°C: Solid
Typical Appearance: White to light-tan crystalline powder, needles, flakes, or granules
Odor: Odorless or nearly odorless
Typical Purity: Approximately 99% or higher for high-purity commercial grades
Melting Point: Approximately 96–100°C
Representative Melting Point: Approximately 98.5°C
Reduced-Pressure Boiling Point: Approximately 204°C at 15 mmHg
Thermal Decomposition: Approximately 260°C
Density at 20°C: Approximately 1.36 g/cm³
Water Solubility: Approximately 20 g/L under representative conditions
Water-Solubility Description: Moderately soluble
Organic-Solvent Solubility: Soluble in ethanol, benzene, chloroform, toluene, and dimethylformamide
Vapor Pressure at 20–25°C: Very low
Vapor Density: Approximately 4.1 relative to air
Log Pow: Approximately 1.44
Acid Dissociation Constant: Approximately pKa 8.37 at 20°C
Aqueous Character: Weakly acidic
Flash Point: Approximately 170°C, closed cup
Alternative Flash Point: Approximately 190–195°C, open cup
Autoignition Temperature: Approximately 210°C
Combustibility: Combustible solid with possible dust-explosion hazard
Primary Functions: Copper corrosion inhibitor, metal passivator, tarnish inhibitor, photographic restrainer, antifoggant, ligand, analytical reagent, and chemical intermediate
Protected Metals: Primarily copper, brass, bronze, and related copper alloys
Primary Fluid Uses: Cooling water, heat-transfer fluids, antifreeze, deicing fluids, metalworking fluids, hydraulic fluids, lubricants, and cleaners
Primary Surface Uses: Protective coatings, passivation treatments, metal conservation, electroplating, electronics, and corrosion-protective packaging
Other Uses: Photographic processing, automatic-dishwashing formulations, analytical standards, coordination chemistry, and specialty synthesis
Common Hazard Classifications: Acute oral toxicity Category 4, eye irritation Category 2, and aquatic chronic hazard, depending on supplier and jurisdiction
Storage Conditions: Cool, dry, well-ventilated conditions in tightly sealed packaging
Shelf Life: Grade and manufacturer dependent
Regulatory Suitability: Product type, concentration, region, environmental release, and intended application dependent
FIRST AID
Inhalation:
Move the affected person to fresh air and keep at rest.
Obtain medical advice if coughing, irritation, dizziness, or breathing discomfort persists.
Skin Contact:
Remove contaminated clothing and wash thoroughly with soap and water.
Seek medical advice if irritation or an allergic reaction develops.
Eye Contact:
Rinse cautiously with clean water for at least 15 minutes.
Remove contact lenses if easy to do and obtain prompt medical attention.
Ingestion:
Rinse the mouth and do not induce vomiting.
Contact a physician or poison center promptly.
Note to Physicians:
Treat symptomatically and provide supportive care.
Consult the current product-specific safety data sheet.
HANDLING AND STORAGE
Handling:
Avoid generating or inhaling dust and wear gloves, protective clothing, and safety glasses.
Keep away from heat, ignition sources, strong oxidizers, and incompatible reactive materials.
Ventilation:
Provide effective local exhaust at charging, milling, mixing, and transfer points.
Use suitable particulate respiratory protection when dust cannot be adequately controlled.
Storage:
Store in tightly closed original packaging in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area.
Protect the product from moisture, excessive heat, contamination, and environmental release.
Spill and Leak Procedures:
Collect the material without generating airborne dust and place it in a sealed labeled container.
Prevent entry into drains, surface water, soil, and wastewater systems.
Handling Precautions:
Control dust accumulation and ground equipment where combustible-dust risks may exist.
Follow the current supplier technical data sheet, safety data sheet, and environmental regulations.
