1-BUTANOL

1-Butanol is a type of alcohol with four carbon atoms being contained per molecule. 
1-Butanols molecular formula is CH3CH2CH2CH2OH with three isomers, namely iso-butanol, sec-butanol and tert-butanol. 
1-Butanol is colorless liquid with alcohol odor.

CAS Number: 71-36-3
Molecular Formula: C4H10O
Molecular Weight: 74.12
EINECS Number: 200-751-6

Synonyms:1-butanol, Butan-1-ol, n-butanol, 71-36-3, Butyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, Propylcarbinol, 1-hydroxybutane, Butyl hydroxide, Methylolpropane, Propylmethanol, Hemostyp, n-Butan-1-ol, Butyric alcohol, 1-Butyl alcohol, Butanolen, Butanolo, Propyl carbinol, Alcool butylique, Butylowy alkohol, Normal primary butyl alcohol, RCRA waste number U031, CCS 203, Alcohol, Butyl, FEMA No. 2178, FEMA Number 2178, 1 Butanol, Butyric or normal primary butyl alcohol, DTXSID1021740, 8PJ61P6TS3, CHEBI:28885, NSC-62782, DTXCID701740, n-Propyl carbinol, n Butanol, n Butyl Alcohol, Alcohol, n-Butyl, RefChem:6600, 200-751-6, butanol, BuOH, 35296-72-1, n-BuOH, MFCD00002964, n-Butylalkohol, butanol-1, NSC 62782, Butyl alcohol (NF), Butyl alcohol [NF], n-Butyl--d6 Alcohol, CHEMBL14245, 1-BUTANOL-3,3,4,4,4-D5, 64118-16-7, NCGC00090961-02, Butanols, 1219794-84-9, Butanol [French], Butanolen [Dutch], 1-butanol (n-butyl alcohol), Butanolo [Italian], Butyl alcohol (natural), VANADIUM TETRABUTOXIDE, n-Butanol, Butan-1-ol, 1-Butanol, 6167-45-9, Alcool butylique [French], Butylowy alkohol [Polish], 1-Butanol, ACS reagent, >=99.4%, CAS-71-36-3, 1BO, HSDB 48, Butanol, 1-, CCRIS 4321, EINECS 200-751-6, RCRA waste no. U031, UNII-WB09NY83YA, butaneol, butylalcohol, UNII-8PJ61P6TS3, butan-1-olate,vanadium(4+), butyl-alcohol, n-butylalcohol, normal butanol, 1-butylalcohol, AI3-00405, n-Butanolbutanolen, nBuOH, 1 -butanol, 1- butanol, 1-Butanol, ACS, 99.4+%, 1-n-Butanol, 1-Butanol, anhydrous, ALCOHOL,BUTYL, 1-Butanol, for HPLC, n-Butanol, HPLC grade, 1-Butanol, 99%, 1-Butanol, HPLC Grade, n-C4H9OH, SCHEMBL532, bmse000447, 1-Butanol, 99.9%, EC 200-751-6, BUTYL ALCOHOL [II], SCHEMBL2713, SCHEMBL3917, SCHEMBL5199, SCHEMBL5571, BUTYL ALCOHOL [FCC], WB09NY83YA, SCHEMBL38365, SCHEMBL39343, BUTYL ALCOHOL [FHFI], BUTYL ALCOHOL [HSDB], WLN: Q4, 1-BUTANOL [USP-RS], ALCOHOL,BUTYL [VANDF], BIDD:ER0611, N-BUTYL ALCOHOL [MI], SCHEMBL183428, SCHEMBL483706, SCHEMBL652826, 1-Butanol, analytical standard, BUTYL ALCOHOL [MART.], SCHEMBL1355556, SCHEMBL1355557, SCHEMBL1931156, SCHEMBL2123900, SCHEMBL2125874, SCHEMBL5584926, SCHEMBL5598443, SCHEMBL5932060, SCHEMBL7784082, 1-Butanol [for HPLC Solvent], 1-Butanol, LR, >=99%, SCHEMBL27530758, SCHEMBL27562858, BDBM36173, 1-Butanol, anhydrous, 99.8%, MSK6708, N-Butanol, ACS, 99.4+%, N-BUTYL ALCOHOL [WHO-DD], 1-Butanol [for Spectrophotometry], 1-Butanol, AR, >=99.5%, 1-Butanol, for HPLC, 99.8%, Butyl alcohol, >=99.9%, FCC, HBA58614, HY-Y0340, NSC62782, Tox21_111046, Tox21_200741, LMFA05000109, STL264186, AKOS000249218, 1-Butanol 500 microg/mL in Methanol, 1-Butanol, for HPLC, >=99.7%, DB02145, Butyl alcohol, >=99.9%, FCC, FG, NCGC00090961-01, NCGC00090961-03, NCGC00258295-01, BP-30034, 1-Butanol, SAJ first grade, >=99.0%, 1-Butanol, for molecular biology, >=99%, 1-Butanol, JIS special grade, >=99.0%, 1-Butanol, p.a., ACS reagent, 99.4%, 1-Butanol, for HPLC, >=99.8% (GC), 1-Butanol, spectrophotometric grade, 99.5%, 1-Butanol, UV HPLC spectroscopic, 99.5%, B0228, B0704, B0944, NS00009227, 1-Butanol, anhydrous, ZerO2(TM), 99.8%, EN300-19305, 1-Butanol, Ultrapure, Spectrophotometric Grade, Butyl alcohol, natural, >=99.5%, FCC, FG, C06142, D03200, Q16391, F075156, TRIBUTYL ACETYLCITRATE IMPURITY D [EP IMPURITY], F0001-1830, InChI=1/C4H10O/c1-2-3-4-5/h5H,2-4H2,1H, 1-Butanol, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, >=99.5% (GC), BDBC6468-886D-4F6C-8746-734F2B63E6CE, 1-Butanol, ACS reagent, reag. ISO, reag. Ph. Eur., 99.5%, 1-Butanol, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard, 1-Butanol, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material, 1-Butanol, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, reag. ISO, reag. Ph. Eur., >=99.5% (GC), alcoolbutylique(french), butanol(french), Butanol-1, Butanolen, Butanolo, butanols, butylalcohol(non-specificname), Butylowy alkohol

1-Butanol has the boiling point of being 117.7 ℃, the density (20 ℃) being ​​0.8109g/cm3, the freezing point being-89.0 ℃, flash point being 36~38 ℃, self-ignition point being 689F and the refractive index being. 
At 20 ℃, its solubility in water is 7.7% (by weight) while the water solubility in 1-butanol was 20.1% (by weight). 

1-Butanol is miscible with ethanol, ether and other kinds of organic solvents. 
1-Butanol can be used as the solvents of a variety of paints and the raw material for producing the plasticizers, dibutyl phthalate. 

1-Butanol can also be used for the manufacture of butyl acrylate, butyl acetate, and ethylene glycol butyl ether and also used as the extract of intermediates of organic synthesis and biochemical drugs and can also used in the manufacture of surfactants. 
Its steam can form explosive mixtures with air with the explosion limit being 3.7%~10.2% (volume fraction).
1-butanol was first discovered by C-A. Wurtz (French) from the fusel oil obtained from the fermentation process of alcohol in 1852. 

In 1913, the British Strange-Graham Companies have used corn as raw material for production of acetone through the fermentation process with butanol being the main byproduct. 
Later, due to the increasing demand for butanol, the fermentation production factory began to mainly synthesize n-butanol with acetone and ethanol being the major byproduct. 
During the Second World War, the German chemical company (Ruhr) began to apply propylene carboxyl method for the production of 1-butanol. 

With the rise of the oil industry in 1950s, the 1-butanol synthesis method had gotten rapid development with the propylene carboxyl method having the fastest speed.
1-Butanol, also known as butan-1-ol or n-butanol, is a primary alcohol with the chemical formula C4H9OH and a linear structure. 
Isomers of 1-butanol are isobutanol, butan-2-ol and tert-butanol. 

The unmodified term butanol usually refers to the straight chain isomer.
1-Butanol occurs naturally as a minor product of the ethanol fermentation of sugars and other saccharides and is present in many foods and drinks.
1-Butanol is also a permitted artificial flavorant in the United States, used in butter, cream, fruit, rum, whiskey, ice cream and ices, candy, baked goods, and cordials.

1-Butanol is also used in a wide range of consumer products.
The largest use of 1-butanol is as an industrial intermediate, particularly for the manufacture of butyl acetate (itself an artificial flavorant and industrial solvent). 
It is a petrochemical derived from propylene, estimated production figures for 1997 are: United States 784,000 tonnes; Western Europe 575,000 tonnes; Japan 225,000 tonnes.

1-Butanol is a colorless flammable liquid with a strong alcoholic odor. 
1-Butanol is a highly refractive liquid and burns with a strongly luminous flame. 
It is incompatible with strong acids, strong oxidizing agents, aluminium, acid chlorides, acid anhydrides, copper, and copper alloys. 

1-Butanol has extensive use in a large number of industries. 
For instance, it is used as a solvent in industries associated with the manufacturing of paints, varnishes, synthetic resins, gums, pharmaceuticals, vegetable oils, dyes, and alkaloids.
1-Butanol is used in the manufacture of artificial leather, rubber, and plastic cements, shellac, raincoats, perfumes, and photographic films. 

1-Butanol is a solvent, chemical intermediate and an additive in unleaded gasoline.
1-Butanol is a colorless, volatile liquid with a rancid sweet odor. 
The air odor threshold of 1-butanol was reported to be 0.83 ppm ; others have identified the minimum concentration with identifiable odor as 11 and 15 ppm.

1-Butanol is a natural product found in Vitis rotundifolia, Cichorium endivia, peppermint oil from Brazil, Achillea ageratum, tea, apple aroma, American cranberry, black currants, guava fruit, papaya, cooked asparagus, tomato, Swiss cheese, Parmesan cheese, heated butter, cognac, Armagnac, rum and cider.
1-Butanol is a straight-chain alcohol with the chemical formula C₄H₁₀O, consisting of four carbon atoms and one hydroxyl group.
It belongs to the group of primary alcohols and is also known by several names, including n-butanol, butan-1-ol, and normal butyl alcohol.

At room temperature, it appears as a clear, colorless liquid with a strong, characteristic alcoholic odor.
1-Butanol occurs naturally in small amounts during the fermentation of carbohydrates and can also be synthetically produced from propylene or syngas.
Industrial production commonly uses the oxo process, where propylene reacts with synthesis gas to form butyraldehyde, which is then hydrogenated to 1-butanol.

Because of its versatile chemical nature, it serves as an important intermediate in both chemical synthesis and manufacturing industries.
Physically, 1-butanol has a boiling point of about 117°C and a melting point near −89°C.
1-Butanol is moderately soluble in water but mixes easily with most organic solvents such as ether, acetone, and ethanol.

Its relatively high boiling point and slow evaporation rate make it suitable for use in coatings, lacquers, and chemical formulations that require controlled drying.
Chemically, 1-butanol is reactive due to the hydroxyl group attached to the terminal carbon atom.
1-Butanol can undergo oxidation, esterification, and dehydration reactions to form various useful derivatives.

For example, oxidation produces butyric acid, esterification yields butyl esters, and dehydration can form butenes used in fuel and polymer industries.
1-Butanol is a primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. 
1-Butanol produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes. 

1-Butanol has a role as a protic solvent, a human metabolite and a mouse metabolite. 
It is a primary alcohol, a short-chain primary fatty alcohol and an alkyl alcohol.
1-Butanol has been proposed as a substitute for diesel fuel and gasoline. 

1-Butanol is produced in small quantities in nearly all fermentations (see fusel oil). 
Clostridium produces much higher yields of 1-Butanol. 
Research is underway to increase the biobutanol yield from biomass.

1-Butanol is considered as a potential biofuel (butanol fuel). 
1-Butanol at 85 percent strength can be used in cars designed for gasoline without any change to the engine (unlike 85% ethanol), and it provides more energy for a given volume than ethanol, almost as much as gasoline.
Therefore, a vehicle using butanol would return fuel consumption more comparable to gasoline than ethanol. 

1-Butanol can also be added to diesel fuel to reduce soot emissions.
The production of, or in some cases, the use of, the following substances may result in exposure to 1-butanol: artificial leather, butyl esters, rubber cement, dyes, fruit essences, lacquers, motion picture, and photographic films, raincoats, perfumes, pyroxylin plastics, rayon, safety glass, shellac varnish, and waterproofed cloth.

Melting point: -90 °C (lit.)
Boiling point: 116–118 °C (lit.)
Density: 0.81 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
Vapor density: 2.55 (vs air)
Vapor pressure: 6.7 hPa (20 °C)
FEMA: 2178 | BUTYL ALCOHOL
Refractive index: n20/D 1.399 (lit.)
Flash point: 95 °F
Storage temperature: Store at +5 °C to +30 °C
Solubility: Water – soluble
Form: Liquid
pKa: 15.24 ± 0.10 (Predicted)
Color: APHA ≤10
Relative polarity: 0.586
pH: 7 (70 g/L, H₂O, 20 °C)
Odor: Alcohol-like; pungent; strong; characteristic; mildly alcoholic; non-residual
Odor threshold: 0.038 ppm
Odor type: Fermented
Evaporation rate: 0.46
Relative density (gas, air=1): 0.81
Explosive limit: 1.4–11.3% (V)
Biological source: Synthetic
Water solubility: 80 g/L (20 °C)
Sensitive: Moisture sensitive
λmax: λ 215 nm (Amax 1.00); λ 220 nm (Amax 0.50); λ 240 nm (Amax 0.10); λ 260 nm (Amax 0.04); λ 280–400 nm (Amax 0.01)
Merck: 14,1540
JECFA Number: 85
BRN: 969148
Henry’s Law Constant: 49.2 at 50 °C; 92.0 at 60 °C; 152 at 70 °C; 243 at 80 °C (headspace-GC, Hovorka et al., 2002)
Exposure limits: TLV-TWA 300 mg/m³ (100 ppm) (NIOSH); 150 mg/m³ (50 ppm) (ACGIH); IDLH 8000 ppm (NIOSH)
Dielectric constant: 17.1 (25 °C)
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with strong acids, strong oxidizing agents, aluminium, acid chlorides, acid anhydrides, copper, copper alloys. Flammable.
LogP: 0.88
Surface tension: 23.476 mN/m at 298.15 K

1-Butanol is a colourless flammable liquid with strong alcoholic odour. 
1-Butanol is a highly refractive liquid and burns with a strongly luminous flame. 
It is incompatible with strong acids, strong oxidising agents, aluminium, acid chlorides, acid anhydrides, copper, and copper alloys. 

1-Butanol has an extensive use in a large number of industries. 
For instance, it is used as solvent in industries associated with the manufacturing of paints, varnishes, synthetic resins, gums, pharmaceuticals, vegetable oils, dyes, and alkaloids. 
1-Butanol finds its use in the manufacture of artificial leather, rubber, plastic cements, shellac, raincoats, perfumes, and photographic films.

The principal commercial source of 1-butanol is n-butyraldehyde obtained from the oxo reaction of propylene, followed by hydrogenation in the presence of a catalyst . 
1-Butanol has also been produced from ethanol via successive dehydrogenation to acetaldehyde, followed by an aldol process. 
The earliest commercial route to 1-butanol, which is still used extensively in many Third World countries, employs fermentation of molasses or corn products with Clostridium acetobutylicum .

1-Butanol attacks plastics. 
Mixtures with concentrated sulfuric acid and strong hydrogen peroxide can cause explosions. 
May form explosive butyl hypochlorite by reacting with hypochlorous acid. 

May form butyl explosive 1-Butanol hypochlorite with chlorine.
Since the 1950s, most 1-butanol is produced by the hydroformylation of propene (oxo process) to preferentially form the butyraldehyde n-butanal. 
Typical catalysts are based on cobalt and rhodium. 

1-Butanol is then hydrogenated to produce butanol.
A second method for producing butanol involves the Reppe reaction of propylene with CO and water: CH3CH=CH2 + H2O + 2 CO → CH3CH2CH2CH2OH + CO2
In former times, butanol was prepared from crotonaldehyde, which can be obtained from acetaldehyde.

1-Butanol can also be produced by fermentation of biomass by bacteria. Prior to the 1950s, Clostridium acetobutylicum was used in industrial fermentation to produce butanol. 
Research in the past few decades showed results of other microorganisms that can produce butanol through fermentation.
1-Butanol can be produced via furan hydrogenation over Pd or Pt catalyst at high temperature and high pressure.

1-Butanol occurs naturally as a result of carbohydrate fermentation in a number of alcoholic beverages, including beer, grape brandies, wine, and whisky.
1-Butanol has been detected in the volatiles of hops, jack fruit, heat-treated milks, musk melon, cheese, southern pea seed, and cooked rice.
1-Butanol is also formed during deep frying of corn oil, cottonseed oil, trilinolein, and triolein.

1-Butanol is one of the "fusel alcohols" (from the German for "bad liquor"), which include alcohols that have more than two carbon atoms and have significant solubility in water.
1-Butanol is a natural component of many alcoholic beverages, albeit in low and variable concentrations.
It (along with similar fusel alcohols) is reputed to be responsible for severe hangovers, although experiments in animal models show no evidence for this.

1-Butanol is used as an ingredient in processed and artificial flavorings, and for the extraction of lipid-free protein from egg yolk, natural flavouring materials and vegetable oils, the manufacture of hop extract for beermaking, and as a solvent in removing pigments from moist curd leaf protein concentrate.
1-Butanol plays a significant role as a solvent in paints, coatings, varnishes, and printing inks.
It dissolves both resins and dyes effectively, improving fluidity and film formation in coatings.

In addition, it serves as a medium for chemical reactions in laboratories and industrial processes.
It is also a valuable feedstock for producing plasticizers, butyl acrylate, butyl acetate, and glycol ethers.
These derivatives are used in producing flexible plastics, adhesives, and other polymeric materials.

Furthermore, 1-butanol has gained interest as a potential biofuel due to its high energy density and low vapor pressure.
In biological and renewable contexts, 1-butanol can be produced by fermentation using bacteria such as Clostridium acetobutylicum.
This process, known as the ABE fermentation (acetone-butanol-ethanol), provides a sustainable route for bio-based fuel production.

Its higher energy content compared to ethanol makes it an attractive candidate for next-generation biofuels.
Despite its wide range of applications, 1-butanol must be handled carefully due to its toxic and flammable nature.
Inhalation of its vapors can cause dizziness, headache, and irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract.

Prolonged exposure or ingestion can affect the nervous system and internal organs, necessitating proper protective equipment during handling.
In summary, 1-butanol is a versatile industrial chemical that bridges traditional petrochemical and modern bio-based technologies.
Its roles as a solvent, intermediate, and potential renewable fuel make it a compound of considerable importance in manufacturing and research.

However, its use requires careful management to ensure both worker safety and environmental protection.
In the past, the production of butanol has also used potatoes, grain or sugar as raw material and through their hydrolysis fermentation. 
The resulting product from the fermentation broth contains a butanol content of 54.8%~58.5%, acetone content of 30.9%~33.7%, and the ethanol content of 7.8%-14.2%. With the development of petrochemical industry, fermentation method has been gradually phased out. 

The reaction equation is as follows: (C6H10O5) n [n (H2O)] → [strain] n-C6H12O6 [fermentation] → CH3COCH3 + C4H9OH + C2H5OH
The resulted fermentation broth was further fractionated to obtain acetone, ethanol and n-butanol separately.
Take acetaldehyde as raw material, add dilute alkali solution to give 2-hydroxybutyraldehyde at temperature below 20 ℃ with the reaction being stopped upon reaching 50%. 

Use alkali to neutralize the acid and recycle the unreacted acetaldehyde and extract the 2-hydroxybutyraldehyde. 
Then use acidic catalyst such as sulfuric acid and acetic acid for dehydration to obtain crotonaldehyde at 105~137 ℃, then use copper complex catalyst for hydrogenation at 160~240 ℃ to obtain the crude butyraldehyde and 1-butanol with distillation to obtain the products. CH3CH = CHCHO + H2 [catalyst] CH3CH2CH2CHO + CH3CH2CH2CH2OH

Its synthesis method including the following several ways:
Put propylene, carbon monoxide and hydrogen to the catalytic bed for reaction with catalyst being zeolite for absorbing cobalt salt or fatty acid cobalt with the reaction temperature being 130~160 ℃ and the reaction pressure being 20~25MPa.
The reaction can generate n-butyraldehyde and iso-butyraldehyde with separation via distillation and further catalytic hydrogenation of the 1-Butanol to obtain the 1-butanol. CH3CH2CH2CHO + H2 → CH3CH2CH2CH2OH

1-Butanol applies the mixture of iron pentacarbonyl, n-butyl pyrrolidine and water. 
However, the one-way conversion of the propylene is low with only 8% to 10%. 
Reaction equation: CH3CH = CH2 + 3CO + 2H2O → n-C4H9OH + 2CO2

Clear, colorless liquid with a rancid sweet odor similar to fusel oil. 
Experimentally determined detection and recognition odor threshold concentrations were 900 μg/m3 (300 ppbv) and 3.0 mg/m3 (1.0 ppmv), respectively. 
Odor threshold concentration in water is 500 ppb. 

The least detectable odor threshold in concentration water at 60 °C was 0.2 mg/L. 
1-Butanol is obtained by fermentation of glycerol, mannite, starches, and sugars in general, using Bacillus butylicus sometimes synergized by the presence of Clostridium acetobutryricum; synthetically, from acetylene.
1-Butanol in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location, away from smoking areas. Fire hazard may be acute. 

Outside or detached storage is preferred. 
Separate from incompatibles. Containers should be bonded and grounded for transfer to avoid static sparks
1-Butanols may form explosive mixture with air. 

In all cases they are Incompatible with oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires or explosions. 
Keep away from alkaline materials, strong bases, strong acids, oxoacids, epoxides. 
Attacks some plastics, rubber and coatings.

1-Butanol is incompatible with strong acids; halogens, caustics, alkali metals; aliphatic amines; isocyanates. sec-Butanol forms an explosive peroxide in air. Ignites with chromium trioxide. 
Incompatible with strong oxidizers; strong acids; aliphatic amines; isocyanates, organic peroxides. 

1-Butanol is incompatible with strong acids (including mineral acid), including mineral acids; strong oxidizers or caustics, aliphatic amines; isocyanates, alkali metals (i.e., lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, francium). 
1-Butanol is incompatible with strong acids; strong oxidizers; caustics, aliphatic amines; isocyanates, alkali metals and alkali earth. May react with aluminum at high temperatur

Uses Of 1-Butanol:
1-Butanol is the most important in industries and the most extensively studied. 
1-Butanol is a colorless liquid with a strong, mildly alcoholic odor. 
1-Butanol is used in chemical derivatives and as a solvent for paints, waxes, brake fluid, and cleaners.

1-Butanol is the allowable food flavors documented in the "food additives health standards" of China. 
1-Butanol is mainly used for the preparation of food flavors of bananas, butter, cheese and whiskey. 
For the candy, the usage amount should be 34mg/kg; for baked foods, it should be 32mg/kg; for soft drinks, it should be 12mg/kg; for cold drinks, it should be 7.0mg/kg; for the cream, it should be 4.0mg/kg; for alcohol, it should be 1.0mg/kg.

1-Butanol is mainly used for the manufacture of the n-butyl plasticizers of phthalic acid, aliphatic dicarboxylic acid and phosphoric acid that are widely applied to various kinds of plastic and rubber products. 
It can also be used as the raw material of producing butyraldehyde, butyric acid, butyl-amine and butyl lactate in the field of organic synthesis. 
1-Butanol can also be used as the extraction agent of oil, drugs (such as antibiotics, hormones and vitamins) and spices as well as the alkyd paint additives. 

1-Butanol can be used as the solvent of organic dyes and printing ink and de-waxing agent.
1-Butanol is used in the production of butylacetate, butyl glycol ether, and plasticizerssuch as dibutyl phthalate; as a solvent in thecoating industry; as a solvent for extractionsof oils, drugs, and cosmetic nail products;and as an ingredient for perfumes and flavor.
1-Butanol occurs in fusel oil and as aby-product of the fermentation of alcoholicbeverages such as beer or wine. 

1-Butanol is presentin beef fat, chicken broth, and nonfilteredcigarette smoke.
As solvent for fats, waxes, resins, shellac, varnish, gums etc.; manufacture of lacquers, rayon, detergents, other butyl Compounds; in microscopy for preparing paraffin imbedding materials.
1-Butanol is widely used as an industrial solvent due to its ability to dissolve both polar and nonpolar substances.

1-Butanol is commonly found in paint thinners, varnishes, and coatings, where it helps improve smoothness, drying rate, and adhesion.
Its slow evaporation and compatibility with various resins make it ideal for use in high-quality surface finishing applications.

In the printing and ink industries, 1-butanol acts as a solvent and viscosity regulator.
It enhances the flow and spread of inks, providing uniform color and clarity on printed materials.
Because of its controlled volatility, it prevents ink from drying too quickly during the printing process.

In the production of chemical intermediates, 1-butanol serves as a raw material for synthesizing esters such as butyl acetate and butyl acrylate.
These derivatives are used to manufacture adhesives, coatings, and flexible plastics.
It also participates in reactions that yield glycol ethers, which are widely used in cleaning and formulation products.

The compound is extensively used in the manufacture of plasticizers for PVC and other polymers.
Plasticizers derived from 1-butanol improve flexibility, durability, and resistance to cracking in plastics.
This application makes it an essential chemical in the production of cables, flooring materials, and automotive components.

In the laboratory, 1-butanol is employed as a reagent and extraction solvent.
Its moderate polarity allows it to dissolve organic compounds effectively during synthesis and purification.
It is also used in chromatography and biochemical extractions where precise solubility control is required.

In the fragrance and cosmetic industries, 1-butanol functions as a carrier solvent for perfumes and essential oils.
It helps dissolve aromatic ingredients while providing a stable medium that evaporates gradually.
This controlled evaporation rate ensures longer-lasting fragrance release in sprays and personal care formulations.

1-Butanol plays an important role in the production of butylamines and other fine chemicals.
These compounds are key ingredients in pharmaceuticals, herbicides, and surface-active agents.
Its predictable reactivity and availability make it a preferred alcohol for chemical synthesis at both laboratory and industrial scales.

It is also used in fuel and energy research as a potential biofuel or fuel additive.
Compared to ethanol, 1-butanol has a higher energy content and lower hygroscopicity, which makes it compatible with gasoline engines.
Its use as a renewable biofuel derived from fermentation processes contributes to sustainable energy development.

In textile and leather processing, 1-butanol acts as a solvent and leveling agent.
It assists in the uniform distribution of dyes and finishes across fabrics and hides.
This property ensures consistent coloration and improved material quality.

Finally, it can be used as a cleaning and degreasing agent in industrial maintenance and machinery care.
It dissolves oils, waxes, and resins effectively, leaving minimal residue on cleaned surfaces.
This makes it useful for precision equipment cleaning where solvent purity and evaporation control are essential.

1-Butanol is a versatile compound with applications across coatings, chemicals, fuels, textiles, and cosmetics.
Its role as both a solvent and a chemical building block makes it indispensable in numerous manufacturing sectors.
Ongoing research into bio-based production continues to expand its significance in sustainable chemical and energy industries.

Health Hazard Of 1-Butanol:
Exposures to n-butyl alcohol by inhalation, ingestion, and/or skin absorption are harm ful. 
1-Butanol is an irritant, with a narcotic effect and a CNS depressant. 
1-Butanol have been reported to cause poisoning with symptoms that include, but are not limited to, irritation to the eyes, nose, throat, and the respiratory system. 

Prolonged exposure results in symptoms of headache, vertigo, drowsiness, corneal infl amma tion, blurred vision, photophobia, and cracked skin. 
1-Butanol is advised that workers com ing in contact with n-butyl alcohol should use protective clothing and barrier creams. 
Occupational workers with pre-existing skin disorders or eye problems, or impaired liver, kidney or respiratory function may be more susceptible to the effects of the substance.

The toxicity of 1-butanol is lower than thatof its carbon analog. Target organs are theskin, eyes, and respiratory system. 
Inhalationcauses irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat.
1-Butanol was found to cause severe injury to rabbits’eyes and to penetrate the cornea uponinstillation into the eyes. 

Chronic exposureof humans to high concentrations may causephotophobia, blurred vision, and lacrimation.
A concentration of 8000 ppm was maternallytoxic to rats, causing reduced weightgain and feed intake. 
Teratogenicity wasobserved at this concentration with a slightincrease in skeletal malformations.

In a single acute oral dose, the LD50 value(rats) is 790 mg/kg; in a dermal dose theLD50 value (rabbits) is 4200 mg/kg.
1-Butanol is oxidized in vivo enzymaticallyas well as nonenzymatically and iseliminated rapidly from the body in the urineand in expired air. 

1-Butanol inhibits the metabolismof ethanol caused by the enzyme alcoholdehydrogenase.
Based on the available data, the useof 1-Butanol as an ingredient is consideredsafe under the present practices andconcentrations in cosmetic nail products(Cosmetic, Toiletry and Fragrance Association1987a).

Fire Hazard Of 1-Butanol:
Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. 
Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. 
Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. 

Most vapors are heavier than air. 
They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). 

Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. 
Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. 
Containers may explode when heated many liquids are lighter than water.

Safety Profile Of 1-Butanol:
A poison by intravenous route moderately toxic by skin Review: Group 3 IMEMDT 7,56,87; Animal Inadequate Evidence IMEMDT 39,67,86* contact, ingestion, subcutaneous, and intraperitoneal routes. 
Human systemic Reported in EPA TSCA Inventory community fight-To-Ihow List. 
1-Butanol Classifiable as a Carcinogen DFG MAK: 2 ppm (11 mg/m3) DOT CLASSIFICATION: 3; Label: Flammable Liquid ingestion, inhalation, skin contact, and intraperitoneal routes. 

Experimental reproductive effects a skin and eye irritant. 
Questionable carcinogen a flammable fight fire, use foam, CO2, dry chemical. 
Incompatible with oxidzing materials when heated to decomposition it emits acrid and irritating fumes. 

1-Butanol effects by inhalation: conjunctiva irritation, unspecified respiratory system effects, and nasal effects. 
Experimental reproductive Though animal experiments have shown the butyl alcohols to possess toxic properties, they have produced few cases of poisoning in industry, probably because of their low reported to have resulted in irritation of the eyes, with corneal inflammation, slight headache and H2ziness, slight irritation of the nose and throat, and dermatitis about fingers. Keratitis has also been reported. 

The primary effects observed following oral and inhalation exposure in rats and mice to n-butyl alcohol include neurological and neurodevelopmental effects. 
1-Butanol has been evaluated in a large number of experimental animal and in vitro studies examining possible mechanisms for alcoholinduced neurotoxicity. 
One proposed mechanism is that alcohols, in general, produce neurological changes by disrupting the lipid bilayer. 

A few experimental animal studies have shown that n-butyl alcohol, like other alcohols, can disrupt membrane integrity. 
Other in vitro and experimental animal studies have demonstrated that 1-Butanol interacts with protein-receptors and modulates their effects such that it potentiates inhibitory g-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine receptors and inhibits excitatory neuronal receptors such a glutamate. 
This modulatory action of 1-Butanol is supportive of the observed neurobehavioral changes (e.g., central nervous system (CNS) depressant profile) associated with n-butyl alcohol exposure in humans.

In addition, experimental animal studies have shown that 1-Butanol inhibits fetal rat brain astroglial cell proliferation by disrupting the phospholipase D (PLD) signaling pathway. 
Inhibition of astroglial cell proliferation, which has been postulated as a mode of action for ethanol-induced microencephaly and mental retardation observed in cases of fetal alcohol syndrome. 
These mechanisms can also be relevant to the observed dilation in the brain that has been noted in animals gestationally exposed to n-butyl alcohol.